Ishita Roy

What Are The Different Types Of Twins?

Different Types of Twins

We have all seen <span>twins</span>, some of us even have one! While whenever the word "twins" come to our mind, we think of fraternal or identical pairs. But did you know that there are many other types and subtypes of twins, including <span>mirror twins</span>, conjoined twins, and even semi-identical twins?

This is what we are going to dive in a little today. 

<h4>What are the two most common types of twin:</h4>

<strong><span rel="noindex">Identical Twins</span>:</strong> Identical twins or monozygotic twins come from a single fertilized eggs that splits into two embryos. These twin share the same genetic material, which is what leads to their identical physical traits and the same sex at birth. However, there are slight differences that can emerge due to environmental factors during <span>pregnancy</span>, including the space in the womb. 

<strong>Fraternal Twins: </strong>They are also known as dizygotic twins. They come from two separate eggs, fertilized by two different sperm. They also share about 50% of their genetic material, and have unique physical traits, often different sexes at birth too. 

Some researchers speculate about a third category: polar body twins or half-identical twins. This rare phenomenon might occur when an egg splits into two parts before fertilization, and each part is fertilized by a different sperm. Polar twins share chromosomes from their birthing parent but differ in those from the non-birthing parent, explaining why they might look similar yet not identical.

<strong>Mirror Twin: </strong>They are literal mirror of each other, with opposite hair whorls, birthmarks, and even dominant hands. This happens when an egg splits later than usual, around 7 to 12 days post fertilization. 

<strong>Conjoined Twins: </strong>In cases where the egg splits after 12 days, incomplete separation can result in conjoined twins. They are physically connected, often sharing vital organs. Advances in surgical techniques have improved outcomes, including the possibility of separation in some cases.

<strong>Parasitic Twins: </strong>Parasitic twins occur when one twin stops developing and relies on the other for survival. The smaller twin, often incomplete, may appear as extra limbs or other appendages.

<strong>Semi-identical Twins: </strong>Extremely rare, semi-identical twins occur when one egg is fertilized by two sperm and then splits. Only two known cases of such twins have been reported.

A rare phenomenon called superfetation allows a second egg to be fertilized after a pregnancy has already begun, resulting in twins of slightly different ages.

In heteropaternal superfecundation, two eggs released in the same cycle are fertilized by sperm from two different people.

Twins with varying skin tones can occur due to unique combinations of genetic material, especially in biracial parents or cases of heteropaternal superfecundation.

<strong>Medical Risks in Twin Pregnancies</strong>

Twin pregnancies come with higher risks, including:

<h4>Prematurity and low birth weight</h4>

<ul><li>Placental complications (e.g., <span rel="noindex">placenta previa</span> or abruption)</li><li>Gestational diabetes or hypertension</li><li>Postpartum hemorrhage</li></ul>

Health Conditions A-Z

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types of twins

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We have all seen twins, some of us even have one! While whenever the word "twins" come to our mind, we think of fraternal or identical pairs. But did you know that there are many other types and subtypes of twins, including mirror twins, conjoined twins, and even semi-identical twins?This is what we are going to dive in a little today. What are the two most common types of twin:Identical Twins: Identical twins or monozygotic twins come from a single fertilized eggs that splits into two embryos. These twin share the same genetic material, which is what leads to their identical physical traits and the same sex at birth. However, there are slight differences that can emerge due to environmental factors during pregnancy, including the space in the womb. Fraternal Twins: They are also known as dizygotic twins. They come from two separate eggs, fertilized by two different sperm. They also share about 50% of their genetic material, and have unique physical traits, often different sexes at birth too. Is there a third type of twin?Some researchers speculate about a third category: polar body twins or half-identical twins. This rare phenomenon might occur when an egg splits into two parts before fertilization, and each part is fertilized by a different sperm. Polar twins share chromosomes from their birthing parent but differ in those from the non-birthing parent, explaining why they might look similar yet not identical.Rare and unique twin subtypes:Mirror Twin: They are literal mirror of each other, with opposite hair whorls, birthmarks, and even dominant hands. This happens when an egg splits later than usual, around 7 to 12 days post fertilization. Conjoined Twins: In cases where the egg splits after 12 days, incomplete separation can result in conjoined twins. They are physically connected, often sharing vital organs. Advances in surgical techniques have improved outcomes, including the possibility of separation in some cases.Parasitic Twins: Parasitic twins occur when one twin stops developing and relies on the other for survival. The smaller twin, often incomplete, may appear as extra limbs or other appendages.Semi-identical Twins: Extremely rare, semi-identical twins occur when one egg is fertilized by two sperm and then splits. Only two known cases of such twins have been reported.Unique Fraternal Twin CasesDifferent AgesA rare phenomenon called superfetation allows a second egg to be fertilized after a pregnancy has already begun, resulting in twins of slightly different ages.Different FathersIn heteropaternal superfecundation, two eggs released in the same cycle are fertilized by sperm from two different people.Different Skin ColorsTwins with varying skin tones can occur due to unique combinations of genetic material, especially in biracial parents or cases of heteropaternal superfecundation.Medical Risks in Twin PregnanciesTwin pregnancies come with higher risks, including:Prematurity and low birth weightPlacental complications (e.g., placenta previa or abruption)Gestational diabetes or hypertensionPostpartum hemorrhage

what are the different types of twins?

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Aarushi Bhadury

Parents Do Play Favorites - Research Finds What Is The Key To Favoritism Among Parents

Research Finds What Is The Key To Favoritism Among Parents

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While parents often claim they do not have a favorite child, sometimes their favor is evident. Sometimes it is the kid they depend on the most, other times it is the youngest kid of the family. However, is there a specific factor parents enjoy more in their kids? After analyzing factors like age, gender and behavioral pattern, researchers found what parents favored the most in their children 

In a 2025 study published by the <span>Psychological Bulletin</span>, researchers found that parents favor daughters. They are more likely to be the favorite, across both mothers and fathers. Firstborn children also often receive more positive attention. Additionally, children who are described as conscientious – meaning they are responsible, organized, and do what they're supposed to – are also frequently favored. These findings suggest that certain personality traits and birth order can influence how parents interact with their children, even if unintentionally. 

<h2>How Did They Find Parents Favored Certain Kids </h2>

Researchers looked at the results of many different studies. They combined the findings from over two dozen research papers, including articles, school projects, and large collections of data. This allowed them to see broader patterns in how parents treat their children differently. By looking at things like how much affection parents show and how they share resources, the researchers could draw more reliable conclusions than if they had just looked at one single study. This big picture approach helps us understand the common trends in parental favoritism. 

<h2>Why Did The Parents Favor These Traits </h2>

Parents tend to grant older children more freedom and decision-making power, likely due to perceiving them as more mature and responsible based on their age and experience. Having navigated earlier developmental stages, they've often earned more trust, leading parents to offer greater independence compared to their younger siblings who are still learning and growing. 

Social norms and potential emotional closeness might contribute to daughters being favored. Parents may have different communication styles or expectations, possibly leading to a stronger perceived bond. While conscientiousness and agreeableness play a role overall, a general inclination towards daughters could also stem from subtle societal influences on parental perceptions and interactions. 

<h4>Conscientious and Agreeable Children </h4>

Children who are responsible, organized, cooperative, and kind often experience more positive parental interactions. Their agreeable nature leads to less conflict, creating smoother relationships. These traits can make parenting easier, resulting in more praise, trust, and overall favored treatment compared to siblings who may exhibit more challenging behaviors. 

<h2>Avoiding Shows Of Favoritism For Kid’s Well-Being </h2>

When children feel like they are not the favorite, it can have a real impact on their well-being. It's not just about feeling a little sad; it can affect their mental health, their relationships with others, and even how well they do in school. To make sure all their children feel equally loved and valued, parents can try a few practical things. 

It's helpful for parents to regularly think about how they interact with each child. Showing interest in each child's unique hobbies and asking them open-ended questions about what's important to them can make a big difference. 

Spending dedicated one-on-one time with each child and avoiding comparisons between them are also key. Encouraging a positive relationship between siblings and openly talking about everyone's needs can create a more supportive and equitable family environment. 

Parents Do Play Favorites

psychological bulletin

parents favor these traits older siblings parents

Key To Favoritism Among Parents

why do Parents Favored Certain Kids

what traits do parents favour

While parents often claim they do not have a favorite child, sometimes their favor is evident. Sometimes it is the kid they depend on the most, other times it is the youngest kid of the family. However, is there a specific factor parents enjoy more in their kids? After analyzing factors like age, gender and behavioral pattern, researchers found what parents favored the most in their children In a 2025 study published by the Psychological Bulletin, researchers found that parents favor daughters. They are more likely to be the favorite, across both mothers and fathers. Firstborn children also often receive more positive attention. Additionally, children who are described as conscientious – meaning they are responsible, organized, and do what they're supposed to – are also frequently favored. These findings suggest that certain personality traits and birth order can influence how parents interact with their children, even if unintentionally. How Did They Find Parents Favored Certain Kids Researchers looked at the results of many different studies. They combined the findings from over two dozen research papers, including articles, school projects, and large collections of data. This allowed them to see broader patterns in how parents treat their children differently. By looking at things like how much affection parents show and how they share resources, the researchers could draw more reliable conclusions than if they had just looked at one single study. This big picture approach helps us understand the common trends in parental favoritism. Why Did The Parents Favor These Traits Older Siblings Parents tend to grant older children more freedom and decision-making power, likely due to perceiving them as more mature and responsible based on their age and experience. Having navigated earlier developmental stages, they've often earned more trust, leading parents to offer greater independence compared to their younger siblings who are still learning and growing. Daughters Social norms and potential emotional closeness might contribute to daughters being favored. Parents may have different communication styles or expectations, possibly leading to a stronger perceived bond. While conscientiousness and agreeableness play a role overall, a general inclination towards daughters could also stem from subtle societal influences on parental perceptions and interactions. Conscientious and Agreeable Children Children who are responsible, organized, cooperative, and kind often experience more positive parental interactions. Their agreeable nature leads to less conflict, creating smoother relationships. These traits can make parenting easier, resulting in more praise, trust, and overall favored treatment compared to siblings who may exhibit more challenging behaviors. Avoiding Shows Of Favoritism For Kid’s Well-Being When children feel like they are not the favorite, it can have a real impact on their well-being. It's not just about feeling a little sad; it can affect their mental health, their relationships with others, and even how well they do in school. To make sure all their children feel equally loved and valued, parents can try a few practical things. It's helpful for parents to regularly think about how they interact with each child. Showing interest in each child's unique hobbies and asking them open-ended questions about what's important to them can make a big difference. Spending dedicated one-on-one time with each child and avoiding comparisons between them are also key. Encouraging a positive relationship between siblings and openly talking about everyone's needs can create a more supportive and equitable family environment. 

parents do play favorites - research finds what is the key to favoritism among parents

Tanya Dutt

Your Daily Dose Of Sunlight Could Boost Fertility And Ovarian Health After 30

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Trying to conceive in your 30s can feel like a race against time, but what if the secret to increasing your fertility was as easy as taking a walk outside for some sunlight? Yes, you heard that right! New studies indicate moderate sun exposure to have a crucial role in maintaining <span>ovarian health</span> and fertility, particularly for women past the age of 30. The quest for fertility and reproductive well-being assumes greater importance with advancing age for women, more so after passing the 30s. That biological functions change with age for women is not a secret, and with this comes the dip in fertility as well but what if something as easy as sunlight could improve those chances? Research indicates that moderate sunlight exposure may play a big role in ovarian health and fertility, particularly in women aged over 30.

We've known for years that sunlight improves our mood and mental health. Natural serotonin production while being exposed to sunlight is well-documented, but new studies are now connecting sunlight exposure with better fertility rates, especially among women aged over 30.

A study appearing in Steroids, authored by scientists at Tel Aviv University and the Sheba Medical Center, reveals how solar radiation exposure may impact fertility. The study, in particular, examined how sun exposure influenced the level of Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) in women. AMH is an important marker of ovarian reserve—the amount of eggs a woman possesses in her ovaries, which determines her fertility potential.

The scientists followed 2,235 women aged 20 to 40 and discovered an interesting trend: women aged 30 to 40 who were exposed to moderate amounts of sunlight in spring and autumn had more AMH compared to those exposed to little sunlight in winter months. Surprisingly, those who were exposed to more solar radiation in summer had greater levels of AMH than those in the winter. Although the study does not create a direct cause-and-effect relationship, it does imply that moderate sun exposure can be good for ovarian reserve and therefore fertility. 

Vitamin D, or the "sunshine vitamin," is manufactured by our skin after exposure to sunlight. Vitamin D has been found to be very important for fertility, especially for women who are attempting to get pregnant. A deficiency in vitamin D has been linked to unfavorable fertility outcomes, such as lower IVF success rates and an increased risk of pregnancy complications.

For women attempting conception without medical aid, having optimal levels of vitamin D can maximize the possibility of conception. A number of studies establish that women with higher levels of vitamin D are likely to have better rates of implantation of the embryo and better success when undergoing IVF treatment. The relationship between <span>vitamin D and fertility</span> highlights the need to maximize exposure to sunlight or take supplements, especially for those attempting conception.

While moderate sun exposure will improve fertility by increasing vitamin D levels and AMH levels, it's necessary to counterbalance this with the danger of too much sun. Long-term exposure to strong sunlight can cause sun damage, premature aging, and increased skin cancer risk. So, it's worth striving for safe, moderate sun exposure—usually, about 10 to 30 minutes a few times a week, depending on the type of your skin and sun intensity.

It's essential to pay attention to your body and not expose yourself to the sun during the strongest hours, usually between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. Applying sunscreen to longer exposures and dressing in protective clothing is worth considering to avoid long-term damage to your skin.

<h2>Fertility-Enhancing Lifestyle Changes for Women Age 30 and Above</h2>

Sunlight exposure is only half the solution when it comes to enhancing fertility among women aged 30 and above. Embracing a healthy lifestyle can also contribute in a notable way to enhancing reproductive health. These are some of the most important lifestyle changes that can enhance fertility:

A healthy diet high in antioxidants, healthy fats, and whole foods may also contribute to improving fertility. Foods that are rich in nutrients such as folic acid, zinc, and omega-3 fatty acids play a critical role in maintaining reproductive health. Especially, consuming fruits, vegetables, lean protein, and whole grains can normalize hormones and make conception more likely.

<h4>2. Exercise Regularly, But Don't Overdo It</h4>

Physical exercise is essential for general health and fertility. Regular, moderate exercise—like walking, swimming, or yoga—can help normalize hormones, enhance blood flow, and alleviate stress. Excessive exercise, on the other hand, can have the opposite effect and harm fertility. Women who overexert themselves or have extremely low body weight can suffer from menstrual irregularities, which can prevent ovulation.

Chronic stress is a proven fertility killer, as it can cause hormonal imbalance and affect ovulation. Adding stress-reduction methods like yoga, meditation, or breathing exercises can help balance your body. Also, talking to a counselor or therapist can be helpful in resolving emotional and psychological stress that could be impacting your fertility.

Sleep is necessary for hormone balance and overall health. Lack of sleep can raise cortisol levels and interfere with your reproductive hormones. Get 7 to 9 hours of quality sleep each night to aid your fertility and overall health.

Although no one factor can promise fertility, sunlight exposure may be a natural and inexpensive means of aiding reproductive health. Along with a healthy diet, exercise on a regular basis, and stress management techniques, you can really boost your chances of conception, particularly if you're in your 30s. Fertility is a multifaceted process, and it's always a good idea to consult with a healthcare provider when changing your lifestyle or embarking on a family planning adventure.

Moderate sunlight exposure not only does your mood and mental health good but also has an unsuspected but possibly vital role to play in enhancing ovarian health and fertility beyond the age of 30.

women health

female fertility

fertility and age

vitamin d and fertility

sunlight and fertility

ovarian health

fertility after 30

fertility tips for women

Trying to conceive in your 30s can feel like a race against time, but what if the secret to increasing your fertility was as easy as taking a walk outside for some sunlight? Yes, you heard that right! New studies indicate moderate sun exposure to have a crucial role in maintaining ovarian health and fertility, particularly for women past the age of 30. The quest for fertility and reproductive well-being assumes greater importance with advancing age for women, more so after passing the 30s. That biological functions change with age for women is not a secret, and with this comes the dip in fertility as well but what if something as easy as sunlight could improve those chances? Research indicates that moderate sunlight exposure may play a big role in ovarian health and fertility, particularly in women aged over 30.We've known for years that sunlight improves our mood and mental health. Natural serotonin production while being exposed to sunlight is well-documented, but new studies are now connecting sunlight exposure with better fertility rates, especially among women aged over 30.A study appearing in Steroids, authored by scientists at Tel Aviv University and the Sheba Medical Center, reveals how solar radiation exposure may impact fertility. The study, in particular, examined how sun exposure influenced the level of Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) in women. AMH is an important marker of ovarian reserve—the amount of eggs a woman possesses in her ovaries, which determines her fertility potential.The scientists followed 2,235 women aged 20 to 40 and discovered an interesting trend: women aged 30 to 40 who were exposed to moderate amounts of sunlight in spring and autumn had more AMH compared to those exposed to little sunlight in winter months. Surprisingly, those who were exposed to more solar radiation in summer had greater levels of AMH than those in the winter. Although the study does not create a direct cause-and-effect relationship, it does imply that moderate sun exposure can be good for ovarian reserve and therefore fertility. Role of Vitamin D in FertilityVitamin D, or the "sunshine vitamin," is manufactured by our skin after exposure to sunlight. Vitamin D has been found to be very important for fertility, especially for women who are attempting to get pregnant. A deficiency in vitamin D has been linked to unfavorable fertility outcomes, such as lower IVF success rates and an increased risk of pregnancy complications.For women attempting conception without medical aid, having optimal levels of vitamin D can maximize the possibility of conception. A number of studies establish that women with higher levels of vitamin D are likely to have better rates of implantation of the embryo and better success when undergoing IVF treatment. The relationship between vitamin D and fertility highlights the need to maximize exposure to sunlight or take supplements, especially for those attempting conception.How Much Sun is Too Much?While moderate sun exposure will improve fertility by increasing vitamin D levels and AMH levels, it's necessary to counterbalance this with the danger of too much sun. Long-term exposure to strong sunlight can cause sun damage, premature aging, and increased skin cancer risk. So, it's worth striving for safe, moderate sun exposure—usually, about 10 to 30 minutes a few times a week, depending on the type of your skin and sun intensity.It's essential to pay attention to your body and not expose yourself to the sun during the strongest hours, usually between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. Applying sunscreen to longer exposures and dressing in protective clothing is worth considering to avoid long-term damage to your skin.Fertility-Enhancing Lifestyle Changes for Women Age 30 and AboveSunlight exposure is only half the solution when it comes to enhancing fertility among women aged 30 and above. Embracing a healthy lifestyle can also contribute in a notable way to enhancing reproductive health. These are some of the most important lifestyle changes that can enhance fertility:1. Eat a Balanced DietA healthy diet high in antioxidants, healthy fats, and whole foods may also contribute to improving fertility. Foods that are rich in nutrients such as folic acid, zinc, and omega-3 fatty acids play a critical role in maintaining reproductive health. Especially, consuming fruits, vegetables, lean protein, and whole grains can normalize hormones and make conception more likely.2. Exercise Regularly, But Don't Overdo ItPhysical exercise is essential for general health and fertility. Regular, moderate exercise—like walking, swimming, or yoga—can help normalize hormones, enhance blood flow, and alleviate stress. Excessive exercise, on the other hand, can have the opposite effect and harm fertility. Women who overexert themselves or have extremely low body weight can suffer from menstrual irregularities, which can prevent ovulation.3. Stress ManagementChronic stress is a proven fertility killer, as it can cause hormonal imbalance and affect ovulation. Adding stress-reduction methods like yoga, meditation, or breathing exercises can help balance your body. Also, talking to a counselor or therapist can be helpful in resolving emotional and psychological stress that could be impacting your fertility.4. Get Enough SleepSleep is necessary for hormone balance and overall health. Lack of sleep can raise cortisol levels and interfere with your reproductive hormones. Get 7 to 9 hours of quality sleep each night to aid your fertility and overall health.Although no one factor can promise fertility, sunlight exposure may be a natural and inexpensive means of aiding reproductive health. Along with a healthy diet, exercise on a regular basis, and stress management techniques, you can really boost your chances of conception, particularly if you're in your 30s. Fertility is a multifaceted process, and it's always a good idea to consult with a healthcare provider when changing your lifestyle or embarking on a family planning adventure.Moderate sunlight exposure not only does your mood and mental health good but also has an unsuspected but possibly vital role to play in enhancing ovarian health and fertility beyond the age of 30.

your daily dose of sunlight could boost fertility and ovarian health after 30

US Fertility Rate Remains Below Levels Needed To Sustain Population Growth

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The US is facing a long-term decline in the birth rates. As per experts, this raises a concern in terms of what this means for country's future, especially with regard to health of its population, economy, and caregiving systems. 

As per the new data released by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more than 3.6 million babies were born in 2024. This is just a 1% increase from the previous year, which had been the lowest record in births. While this uptick may seem encouraging, it is not enough to reverse the troubling trend. 

The US fertility rate remains around 1.6 births per woman. This is significantly below the 2.1 births that is required to sustain the population growth without immigration. 

As per the demographers, this continuous drop began during the Great Recession in 2007. It has continued steadily since. 

One of the biggest shifts is the steep decline in teen births. In 1991, about 62 of every 1,000 teenage girl had a child. This number has now fell to just under 13 by 2024. This is a historic low that reflects a positive shift, better education, access to contraception, and changing attitudes about early parenthood. 

Similar trend is seen among women in their 20s, as the rates their too have dropped. In 2007, about 106 of every 1,000 women aged 20 to 24 gave birth. By 2024, the number has dropped to around 57. For women aged 25 to 29, the rate fell from 118 in every 1,000 women in 2007, to 91 in 2024. 

Though there has been a slight rise in births among women in their 30s, experts say that it is not enough to offset the overall decline. 

“One of the big questions is all these births that haven’t occurred—are they just being delayed?” asked Ken Johnson, a demographer at the University of New Hampshire. “Or are a lot of these births going to be forgone entirely?”

The answer has significant public health implications. A shrinking younger population could lead to fewer caregivers for an aging society, higher burdens on healthcare systems, and a smaller workforce contributing to national health programs like Medicare.

<h4>Why Are Fewer Americans Having Kids?</h4>

As per experts, while people still want children, there is a lingering financial burden and social barriers too that get in a way. High student loans, debt, and the rising coast of child care, unstable housing, along with limited access to paid parental leave are all major concerns. 

“People don’t have kids when they don’t feel good about their own futures,” said Karen Benjamin Guzzo, a family demographer at the University of North Carolina.

Some political leaders are proposing measures to encourage parenthood. Former President Trump, for instance, has suggested “baby bonuses” and scholarships for married couples or parents. However, Johnson believes that without stronger, systemic support, the U.S. birth rate is unlikely to bounce back to replacement level.

Immigration may help slow the effects of falling birth rates. Many immigrants move to the U.S. with plans to start families, Johnson noted. “They bring the potential for babies in the future.”

us birth rate decline

us health news

birth rate decline

us health

The US is facing a long-term decline in the birth rates. As per experts, this raises a concern in terms of what this means for country's future, especially with regard to health of its population, economy, and caregiving systems. A Slight Rise in 2024As per the new data released by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more than 3.6 million babies were born in 2024. This is just a 1% increase from the previous year, which had been the lowest record in births. While this uptick may seem encouraging, it is not enough to reverse the troubling trend. The US fertility rate remains around 1.6 births per woman. This is significantly below the 2.1 births that is required to sustain the population growth without immigration. As per the demographers, this continuous drop began during the Great Recession in 2007. It has continued steadily since. Shift In Teen BirthsOne of the biggest shifts is the steep decline in teen births. In 1991, about 62 of every 1,000 teenage girl had a child. This number has now fell to just under 13 by 2024. This is a historic low that reflects a positive shift, better education, access to contraception, and changing attitudes about early parenthood. Similar trend is seen among women in their 20s, as the rates their too have dropped. In 2007, about 106 of every 1,000 women aged 20 to 24 gave birth. By 2024, the number has dropped to around 57. For women aged 25 to 29, the rate fell from 118 in every 1,000 women in 2007, to 91 in 2024. Though there has been a slight rise in births among women in their 30s, experts say that it is not enough to offset the overall decline. Are Births Being Delayed?“One of the big questions is all these births that haven’t occurred—are they just being delayed?” asked Ken Johnson, a demographer at the University of New Hampshire. “Or are a lot of these births going to be forgone entirely?”The answer has significant public health implications. A shrinking younger population could lead to fewer caregivers for an aging society, higher burdens on healthcare systems, and a smaller workforce contributing to national health programs like Medicare.Why Are Fewer Americans Having Kids?As per experts, while people still want children, there is a lingering financial burden and social barriers too that get in a way. High student loans, debt, and the rising coast of child care, unstable housing, along with limited access to paid parental leave are all major concerns. “People don’t have kids when they don’t feel good about their own futures,” said Karen Benjamin Guzzo, a family demographer at the University of North Carolina.Can Policies Help?Some political leaders are proposing measures to encourage parenthood. Former President Trump, for instance, has suggested “baby bonuses” and scholarships for married couples or parents. However, Johnson believes that without stronger, systemic support, the U.S. birth rate is unlikely to bounce back to replacement level.Immigration may help slow the effects of falling birth rates. Many immigrants move to the U.S. with plans to start families, Johnson noted. “They bring the potential for babies in the future.”

us fertility rate remains below levels needed to sustain population growth

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