When mothers initially feed their babies, they make them lie on their laps, however, the same position may not be safe when the baby is feeding off the bottle.

It is important to feed your baby through the bottle in a semi-upright position and support their head. Do not feed them lying down, as formula or the milk from the bottle can flow into the middle ear, and cause infection. Also, unlike breast and its nipple, the bottle does not have the mechanism to ensure that milk is being overflowed. Also, in order to prevent your little ones from swallowing air as they suck, tilt the bottle so that the formula fills the neck of the bottles and covers the nipple.

How can you choose the right bottle for you?

While some babies happily drink from any bottle, some are much pickier. Yes, you read it right, babies need different bottles, based on how their bodies react after being fed.

If you have a baby with gas, it is best to try a bottle with a venting system. Now, this allows your baby to avoid air in the milk while feeding. Such bottles mimic the shape and feel of a breast or an actual nipple. Bottles with fewer parts are also easier to clean, which could be great during the middle-of-the-night feedings.

For new moms, it is also a great advice to start with a slow-flow nipple to avoid overwhelming your baby and switch to a faster flow when they seem to hold the bottle themselves and can finish milk in less time.

What should you follow when you bottle feed your baby?

As per the National Health Scheme (UK), NHS UK, it is important to be prepared to experiment well with the kind of bottles that suits your baby the best. Thee is no evidence that only one type of teat or bottle is better than any other.

It is always best to ensure that you screw the top tightly into the bottle before you feed your baby.

Bottle Feeding and The Right Positions

Bottle feeding is more than just feeding and nourishing your baby, it is also an opportunity to bond with your babies. Babies also feel secure when their caregivers are feeding. This is why it is important that even before you start bottle feeding, you first find a comfortable spot to sit with your baby close to you. Look at them and gently hold the and talk as you feed.

Hold your baby in a semi-upright position during bottle feeds, with their head supported. This ensures they can breathe and swallow comfortably. Brush the teat gently against their lips, and when they open their mouth wide, let them draw the teat in.

Take your time—babies feed at their own pace, so be patient and allow them plenty of time to enjoy their meal.

Do not leave your baby un-monitored

Always supervise your baby during feeding sessions. Do not prop the bottle or leave them alone with it. This can also cause choking hazard, or the milk could pool in their mouth which could increase ear infections.

The bottle's position matters as much as baby's position. When feeding, hold the bottle in a horizontal position, tipping it slightly. This helps the milk flow steadily and reduces the amount of air your baby may swallow. If the teat flattens, gently pull the corner of your baby’s mouth to release the suction. Should the teat become blocked, replace it with a fresh, sterile one.

While infertility has long been viewed as a women’s issue, experts stress that men account for nearly half of all cases. According to fertility specialists, male infertility contributes to around 40% of infertility cases, with female factors responsible for another 40%, and combined or unexplained causes making up the rest. Alarming trends show a steady rise in male infertility, largely due to low sperm count, lifestyle factors, and sexual health issues.

Dr. Avantika Vaze Parab, Fertility Specialist at Nova IVF Fertility, Vashi, Mumbai, explains that several reproductive health conditions in men can impact their ability to father a child, many of which are treatable if identified early.

Common Medical Conditions That Affect Male Fertility

One of the most common causes of male infertility is varicocele, a swelling of the veins in the scrotum that increases testicular temperature and hampers sperm production. “It often goes unnoticed but can be treated through medication or, in some cases, surgery,” says Dr. Parab.

Hormonal imbalances also play a significant role in fertility. Hormones such as FSH, LH, and prolactin, released from the pituitary gland, along with testosterone produced in the testes, are essential for healthy sperm production. Any disruption in these hormones can reduce sperm quality and quantity.

Infections of the reproductive tract, including untreated sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or illnesses like mumps during childhood, may cause long-term damage to sperm-producing tissues, leading to infertility.

When Sperm Can’t Reach the Ejaculate

In some men, sperm production occurs normally, but blockages in the reproductive tract prevent sperm from being ejaculated. “In such cases, sperm can still be retrieved directly from the testes through procedures like TESE (Testicular Sperm Extraction) or PESA (Percutaneous Epididymal Sperm Aspiration),” explains Dr. Parab. These sperm can then be used in advanced fertility treatments such as ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection), allowing men to father children with their own sperm despite the obstruction.

The Impact of Sexual and Lifestyle Factors

Sexual dysfunctions such as erectile dysfunction or premature ejaculation are another major contributor to male infertility. These issues are often linked to stress, obesity, or chronic conditions like diabetes, and they can strain both fertility and relationships.

Lifestyle habits also play a major role. Dr. Parab emphasizes that smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, obesity, lack of physical activity, and exposure to chemicals or radiation can all impair sperm health. “Even when sperm are produced, their count or motility may be too low for natural conception,” she notes. In such cases, assisted reproductive treatments like IUI (Intrauterine Insemination) or IVF/ICSI may be recommended.

Genetic and Hormonal Conditions

Certain genetic disorders, such as Klinefelter’s syndrome or Y-chromosome microdeletions, can lead to very low sperm counts or even azoospermia (zero sperm count). These require specialized diagnosis and fertility support.

Breaking the Stigma Around Male Infertility

Dr. Parab underscores that infertility is a shared responsibility, not solely a woman’s issue. “For generations, men have been hesitant to seek medical help due to social stigma,” she says. A basic semen analysis is often the first step for men who are trying to conceive.

Adopting a healthy lifestyle, quitting tobacco and alcohol, eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and consulting a doctor early can significantly improve fertility outcomes. “Seeking timely medical guidance helps men take the right steps at the right time,” Dr. Parab concludes.

Staying hydrated during pregnancy is crucial, but not every beverage that quenches thirst is safe for a mom-to-be. From morning coffee to bedtime teas, the choices can get confusing. So, how do you know which drinks are actually good for you and your baby?

We spoke to Dr. Sushruta Mokadam, consultant obstetrician at Motherhood Hospital, Kharadi, Pune, who rated the most common beverages consumed during pregnancy — from best to worst — and explained what makes them safe or risky.

Water

She recommends drinking at least three litres of water daily. “If plain water feels boring, try adding slices of lemon, cucumber, or mint. Detox water can be a refreshing and healthy alternative,” she adds.

Milk

Milk is packed with calcium, protein, vitamin D, and iodine, all vital for the baby’s bone, tooth, and brain development. “Milk is one of the most wholesome drinks for expectant mothers, provided it’s pasteurized,” says Dr. Mokadam.

She advises choosing between low-fat or full-fat milk based on your dietary needs. For those who are lactose intolerant or prefer plant-based options, fortified almond or soy milk can be good substitutes — as long as they’re enriched with calcium and vitamin D.

Fresh Fruit Juices

Freshly squeezed juices provide a good dose of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. “Juices like orange, pomegranate, or apple can help boost your well-being,” explains Dr. Mokadam.

However, she cautions against overconsumption: “Juice lacks fiber and is high in natural sugars. One small glass a day is fine, but going overboard can lead to unnecessary calorie intake and affect blood sugar levels.”

Herbal Teas

Many pregnant women turn to herbal teas for relaxation or to ease nausea. “Mild herbal teas like ginger or chamomile in moderation can help with digestion or morning sickness,” says Dr. Mokadam.

But not all herbs are safe. “Avoid teas with licorice root, pennyroyal, or unknown herbal blends. Always check with your doctor before adding any herbal tea to your routine,” she advises.

Coffee and Black/Green Tea

Caffeine crosses the placenta and can affect the baby’s heart rate. “It’s best to limit caffeine to less than 200 mg per day,” warns Dr. Mokadam. That’s roughly one small cup of coffee or two cups of tea. Too much caffeine may increase the risk of miscarriage or low birth weight.

Soft Drinks, Energy Drinks, and Sugary Beverages

These are high in sugar, artificial additives, and caffeine, with no nutritional value. “They can increase the risk of gestational diabetes, excessive weight gain, or even affect fetal growth,” says Dr. Mokadam.

She advises cutting them out completely for better overall well-being.

Pregnancy is a time when woman need to be extra careful with what they consume. There are always endless recommendations, and thus sometimes it could be difficult to separate fact from fiction, especially when it comes to protein intake. While protein is essential for everyone, however, during pregnancy, it plays a critical role in maternal health and fetal development.

Why Does It Matter?

A recent study has shown that lead has been found in popular protein powder, and the highest found in whey protein powder, or the plant-based protein powders. This is concerning, as protein are essential during pregnant as they contribute directly to the growth and development of the baby.

Proteins are made up of amino acids- body's building blocks. These amino acids help build and repair muscle and create hormones and produce enzymes.

A study published in Advances in Nutrition highlights that pregnancy is an “exceptional stage of life defined by rapid growth and development.” From just weeks after conception, the body adjusts protein metabolism to support fetal growth. Most protein deposits occur in the third trimester, reinforcing the importance of consistent protein intake throughout pregnancy.

Read: High Levels Of Lead Found In Protein Powders And Shakes, Reveals Consumer Reports

How Much Protein Do You Need?

Recommended protein intake usually varies by country, for instance in Australia, the RDI for pregnant women s around 60 grams per day, whereas 46 grams for non-pregnant women.

Are Protein Powder Safe During Pregnancy?

Yes, they are safe, unless they contain lead and other contaminants, which must be checked by the list published by the Consumer Reports and your local physician, gynaecologist and nutritionist.

There are several plant-based proteins that have the highest lead content in them, they are:

• Whey protein: Derived from milk; contains all essential amino acids. Not ideal for lactose-intolerant individuals.
• Hemp protein: Plant-based, safe for vegetarians and vegans.
• Pea protein: Plant-based, rich in branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs).
• Rice protein: Vegan-friendly, made from brown rice.

What Is An Alternative?

The RDI could be achieved with a manageable and balanced diet that includes:

Complete proteins: Lean meats, fish, eggs, dairy

Combined plant proteins: Legumes with grains or nuts (e.g., peanut butter on whole-grain toast)

A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and moderate protein sources, whether plant-based or animal, supports both maternal and fetal health. Weight gain is expected during pregnancy, and incorporating protein helps ensure that gain is nutrient-dense. For individual guidance, consulting a GP or dietitian is recommended.

Other alternatives like protein bars, or homemade bars, which use dates, nut butter, and seeds could be a healthier option as they do not contain added sugar.