When mothers initially feed their babies, they make them lie on their laps, however, the same position may not be safe when the baby is feeding off the bottle.

It is important to feed your baby through the bottle in a semi-upright position and support their head. Do not feed them lying down, as formula or the milk from the bottle can flow into the middle ear, and cause infection. Also, unlike breast and its nipple, the bottle does not have the mechanism to ensure that milk is being overflowed. Also, in order to prevent your little ones from swallowing air as they suck, tilt the bottle so that the formula fills the neck of the bottles and covers the nipple.

How can you choose the right bottle for you?

While some babies happily drink from any bottle, some are much pickier. Yes, you read it right, babies need different bottles, based on how their bodies react after being fed.

If you have a baby with gas, it is best to try a bottle with a venting system. Now, this allows your baby to avoid air in the milk while feeding. Such bottles mimic the shape and feel of a breast or an actual nipple. Bottles with fewer parts are also easier to clean, which could be great during the middle-of-the-night feedings.

For new moms, it is also a great advice to start with a slow-flow nipple to avoid overwhelming your baby and switch to a faster flow when they seem to hold the bottle themselves and can finish milk in less time.

What should you follow when you bottle feed your baby?

As per the National Health Scheme (UK), NHS UK, it is important to be prepared to experiment well with the kind of bottles that suits your baby the best. Thee is no evidence that only one type of teat or bottle is better than any other.

It is always best to ensure that you screw the top tightly into the bottle before you feed your baby.

Bottle Feeding and The Right Positions

Bottle feeding is more than just feeding and nourishing your baby, it is also an opportunity to bond with your babies. Babies also feel secure when their caregivers are feeding. This is why it is important that even before you start bottle feeding, you first find a comfortable spot to sit with your baby close to you. Look at them and gently hold the and talk as you feed.

Hold your baby in a semi-upright position during bottle feeds, with their head supported. This ensures they can breathe and swallow comfortably. Brush the teat gently against their lips, and when they open their mouth wide, let them draw the teat in.

Take your time—babies feed at their own pace, so be patient and allow them plenty of time to enjoy their meal.

Do not leave your baby un-monitored

Always supervise your baby during feeding sessions. Do not prop the bottle or leave them alone with it. This can also cause choking hazard, or the milk could pool in their mouth which could increase ear infections.

The bottle's position matters as much as baby's position. When feeding, hold the bottle in a horizontal position, tipping it slightly. This helps the milk flow steadily and reduces the amount of air your baby may swallow. If the teat flattens, gently pull the corner of your baby’s mouth to release the suction. Should the teat become blocked, replace it with a fresh, sterile one.

The birth of a baby is often marked with celebration and joy. But when a baby arrives weeks before the expected date, it could take a psychological toll on the parents who, all of a sudden, are rushing in and out of the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) instead of settling into routine with their newborn.

While premature babies need urgent medical attention, their parents also deal with a silent emotional burden that can continue long after the baby is discharged.

Anxiety about the baby's survival, concerns about development and the fear of managing them outside the hospital can turn the transition from NICU to nursery into another challenging phase.

On World Prematurity Day, the focus is not only on the medical needs of premature babies, but also on the psychological impact on the families.

Impact Of Premature Birth On Parents

Also read: AIIMS Delhi Performs India's First Open Fetal Surgery To Repair Spina Bifida

Premature birth can abruptly change the experience of becoming a parent. Birth plans may be disrupted, mothers may be separated from their newborns as even holding or feeding the baby can depend on the doctors.

For parents, watching a newborn receive respiratory support, feeding assistance and continuous monitoring can be nerve-wrecking. They may feel helpless or disconnected, especially when hospital protocols due to treatment limit their involvement.

Dr Chaitra N, Paediatrician at Milann Fertility and Birthing Hospital, Bengaluru, told HealthandMe, “Parents often enter pregnancy with a personal picture of how childbirth and the first few weeks with their baby will unfold. When a premature birth changes that experience, they may also experience a sense of loss for the moments they had imagined.”

She added, “It is important to make space for these feelings without treating them as a sign of weakness or inadequate parenting. Rather than comparing their journey with that of other families, parents should allow themselves to develop their own understanding of parenthood. Recognising small moments of connection, celebrating progress and letting go of unrealistic expectations can help them build a healthier emotional relationship with this new experience.”

Anxiety Due To Previous Pregnancy Losses

Also read: PM2.5 Levels 66x WHO Limit In Delhi: How Air Pollution Could Affect Children's Lung Development

The emotional impact of premature birth is harder on some parents as they may have undergone pregnancy losses in the past.

One case shared by Dr Shilpi Saraswat, Clinical Psychologist at Sakra World Hospital, Bengaluru, involved a 32-year-old woman who had experienced two miscarriages before her subsequent pregnancy.

Although she eventually delivered her baby prematurely at 33 weeks, the arrival of her child did not immediately ease her fears. She remained anxious about the baby's health, safety and developmental milestones. Even minor changes in the baby's behaviour could trigger worry,

Dr Saraswat said, “Her previous pregnancy losses also affected her confidence in handling everyday maternal responsibilities. She found it difficult to trust that her baby was developing normally and remained highly alert to even minor changes in the child's behaviour and health.”

The case highlights how previous trauma, fear of another loss and uncertainty about a premature baby's development can contribute to heightened vigilance and overprotective caregiving.

Returning Home From The NICU Can Be Challenging

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Discharge from the NICU is often celebrated as a major milestone. However, it can also bring a bunch of new worries. Parents who might have felt more secure due to proximity to medical professionals who were monitoring their baby may feel unprepared to take full responsibility for feeding, sleep and routine care.

Dr Shilpi Saraswat highlights the importance of practical and emotional support during this transition.

She said, “Returning home after a prolonged hospital stay can feel like stepping into a completely different phase of parenting. Families should be encouraged to divide caregiving responsibilities realistically rather than expecting one parent to manage everything. Partners can support each other by sharing night-time duties, attending follow-up consultations together and creating space for rest.”

She added, “Extended family members can also contribute by helping with household responsibilities instead of overwhelming parents with advice. Healthcare teams should provide clear discharge guidance and ensure that parents know whom to approach when concerns arise. These practical measures can make the transition less intimidating and help families gradually regain a sense of normalcy.”

According to Dr Saraswat, here are the key psychological concerns parents may face:

• Anticipatory anxiety and fear of uncertainty.
• Fear of losing the baby due to previous pregnancy losses.
• Emotional distress associated with past miscarriages.
• Heightened vigilance about the baby's health and development.
• Fear of developmental delays.
• Overprotective caregiving and difficulty adjusting to motherhood

Parents Need Support Along With Medical Care

A premature birth may change the beginning of parenthood, but it does not have to define the family's experience forever. From a baby's first feed to the first day at home, every milestone is important.

Supporting families through this journey means caring for parents as well as the babies who begin their lives in the NICU.

The emotional needs of parents should be considered alongside the medical treatment of premature babies. Hospitals can help by encouraging parents to participate in appropriate caregiving activities, providing access to counselling and connecting families with others who have experienced similar situations.

Partners and relatives also have an important role. Sharing responsibilities, offering help and avoiding comparisons with other babies can reduce some of the pressure parents experience.

Delhi's air quality remained in the 'very poor' category on Tuesday, with the Air Quality Index (AQI) at 304 around 7:15 am, according to Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) data.

Following Diwali celebrations on November 8, PM2.5 concentrations in several parts of the capital exceeded 66 times the World Health Organization's (WHO) recommended 24-hour guideline, according to The Hindu.

Beyond immediate respiratory problems, repeated exposure to high PM2.5 levels could impair children's lung development and reduce their maximum lung capacity in adulthood, experts warn.

How Does PM2.5 Affect Children's Developing Lungs?

Also read: Delhi Pollution: Is Your Child's Cough Or Wheezing A Warning Sign? When Should Parents Worry?

Delhi's pollution is expected to persist, with cracker emissions, stubble burning and geographical factors contributing to recurring PM2.5 spikes. This raises concerns about the long-term effects of repeated exposure on children's developing lungs.

"Childhood is a critical period when airways expand, lung tissue develops and the tiny air sacs responsible for oxygen exchange mature," Dr Neetu Jain, Senior Consultant, Pulmonology, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, PSRI Hospital, told HealthandMe.

Dr Manav Manchanda, Director of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine at Asian Hospital, said fine particles can penetrate deep into children's lungs, triggering inflammation, oxidative stress and irritation of the respiratory lining.

Repeated inflammation may affect lung growth, resulting in lower lung function than a child might otherwise have achieved.

"This does not mean every exposed child will develop permanent damage, but repeated exposure over several winters can potentially reduce their respiratory reserve," Dr Neetu said.

Which Children Are Most Vulnerable?

Also read: Delhi's 'Severe' AQI: Is Your Sore Throat More Than Pollution Irritation? When To See A Doctor

Lung development begins before birth and continues through infancy, childhood and adolescence.

Dr Neetu explained that exposure to air pollution during pregnancy can affect respiratory development. Infancy and early childhood are particularly important as the lungs undergo rapid structural growth, including the development of alveoli.

Lung development continues through adolescence, with lung function generally reaching its peak in early adulthood. Puberty is another important developmental window.

Dr Manav told HealthandMe that infants and preschoolers are especially vulnerable because their respiratory and immune defence systems are still developing. They also breathe more air relative to their body weight than adults, increasing their exposure to pollutants.

School-going children and adolescents are also at risk as their lungs continue to grow and outdoor activities add to their exposure.

Can Pollution Affect Children's Lungs Without Symptoms?

Read More: Air Pollution In Delhi: Experts Warn Of Red Eyes, Itching, Watering In Children

Pollution-related changes in lung function may not produce immediate symptoms. Red flags parents should watch for include:

• Reduced exercise tolerance.
• Getting tired more quickly while playing.
• Occasional or recurring coughing.
• Taking longer to recover after physical activity.
• Breathlessness or wheezing.

Can the Effects On Lung Development Be Reversed?

According to the experts, the recovery depends on the duration and intensity of exposure, the child's age and the nature of the lung-function changes.

Airway irritation and inflammation may improve when exposure is reduced. Children also retain some capacity for lung growth and adaptation.

However, recovery may not always be complete. Changes to lung development during critical growth periods may persist into adulthood.

People who enter adulthood with lower-than-expected peak lung function may have less respiratory reserve as lung function naturally declines with age.

How Can Parents And Schools Protect Children's Lungs?

Reducing children's exposure to polluted air is particularly important during severe pollution episodes. Children with asthma or other respiratory conditions should follow their prescribed treatment plans. Other measures include:

• Limit outdoor activities: Shift running, cycling and strenuous exercise indoors when pollution levels are severe.
• Modify school activities: Suspend outdoor assemblies, sports and physical education when air quality deteriorates.
• Improve indoor air quality: Properly sized HEPA air purifiers can help reduce indoor particulate matter when maintained correctly.
• Avoid indoor pollutants: Smoking, incense, mosquito coils and aerosol sprays can add to indoor pollution.
• Use protective masks: Appropriately fitted N95 masks can reduce inhalation of fine particles in children who can wear them safely.
• Watch for symptoms: Persistent coughing, wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness or unusual fatigue should prompt medical evaluation.

Breast milk is the best source of nutrition for infants, providing essential nutrients and immune protection that support healthy growth and development. Breast milk ensures the required nutrition and immune protection for the child.

Certain maternal and birth-related factors, such as prolonged or complicated labour, caesarean delivery, postpartum complications, maternal illness, and delayed initiation of breastfeeding, may contribute to delayed onset of lactogenesis II (the onset of copious milk production).

Late onset of milk production may lead to the discontinuation of breastfeeding in the early stages and result in increased weight loss in the baby and the need for formula feeding.

Galactagogues, also called lactagogues, are substances that are believed to support milk production through various mechanisms. Some may influence hormones involved in lactation, including prolactin, although their exact mechanisms and effectiveness vary. They affect milk production in a physiological way. The most effective lactagogue is suckling. There are galactagogues, which increase milk production and can be taken through diet.

What Are Galactagogues

The word “galactagogue” is derived from the Greek words galacta, meaning milk, and agogos, meaning leading or promoting. They may be medicines or natural products such as food and herbs. Galactagogues work by influencing the hormones responsible for promoting milk production, which include prolactin (PRL).

Natural galactagogues have been used for a very long time to facilitate the production of breast milk. They are proven to be both safe and effective even though there is insufficient scientific evidence regarding their efficacy.

How Do Galactogogues works?

The exact mechanism of action of many natural galactagogues is not fully understood. Lactation is regulated by several factors and hormones. Prolactin plays an important role in milk synthesis, while oxytocin is responsible for the milk-ejection or let-down reflex. Some substances may influence hormonal pathways, including prolactin secretion; however, the mechanisms and clinical effectiveness of many herbal galactagogues remain uncertain.

Foods That Support Milk Production

Fenugreek Seeds

Fenugreek is one of the most commonly used herbal galactagogues. Some studies suggest that it may support milk production; however, evidence remains limited and inconsistent. It may also cause side effects such as gastrointestinal discomfort, diarrhoea, sweating, or a maple syrup-like odour of sweat and urine in some individuals.

Garlic

Garlic has been used as a natural lactation booster since ancient times. Garlic is one of the most effective functional foods that help enhance breast milk production. The aroma of garlic gets passed into breast milk and can help prolong the sucking time of babies and even affect their food choices later in life.

Fennel seeds

The consumption of fennel seeds works as a galactagogue by inducing the secretion of prolactin through the mechanism of a dopamine antagonist. These include anethole, a natural plant substance having estrogenic effects that assist in signaling the production of milk.

Barley

Barley contains beta-glucan, a type of soluble fibre. Some preliminary research suggests that beta-glucan may influence prolactin levels; however, more research is needed to determine whether barley consumption directly increases breast milk production. Barley contains gluten and should be avoided by individuals with coeliac disease or gluten-related disorders as advised by their healthcare professional.

Shatavari

It is rich in folic acid, vitamins A, C, and K, as well as phytoestrogens, which play a role in hormone regulation in relation to milk production, just like estrogen. Some of the factors regulating prolactin secretion are estrogens, which promote the growth of prolactin-secreting cells, enhance prolactin secretion, and reduce dopamine concentration. Tryptophan is another constituent that is known to be an essential amino acid that may increase prolactin secretion.

Drumstick leaves (Moringa)

Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaves are traditionally used to support lactation and are also nutritionally rich. Some small studies suggest a possible benefit in supporting milk production, but further high-quality research is required to establish its effectiveness and optimal use.

Cumin seeds (Jeera)

Cumin seeds are commonly used as a culinary spice and have traditionally been included in postpartum diets. However, scientific evidence specifically supporting cumin as an effective galactagogue is currently limited. The plant has been found to contain estrogenic properties because of the increased development of mammary glands and hence milk production.

Ginger

Ginger is widely used as a culinary spice and has been traditionally included in postpartum diets. Limited research has explored its potential role in supporting lactation; however, there is currently insufficient evidence to confirm its effectiveness as a galactagogue.

Conclusion

Galactogogues have become a subject of increasing interest as an emerging field of study, as herbs and spices have been extensively used traditionally to increase milk production. While some plants have traditionally been used as galactogogues over many years, there is still little scientific information on their efficacy and safety, which varies depending on the specific herb.

Some research indicates possible effects, but additional high-quality research is required to prove their efficacy, safety, and mode of action. Therefore, galactagogues should be viewed as an auxiliary measure rather than a replacement for consistent and efficient breastfeeding and proper diet.