When mothers initially feed their babies, they make them lie on their laps, however, the same position may not be safe when the baby is feeding off the bottle.

It is important to feed your baby through the bottle in a semi-upright position and support their head. Do not feed them lying down, as formula or the milk from the bottle can flow into the middle ear, and cause infection. Also, unlike breast and its nipple, the bottle does not have the mechanism to ensure that milk is being overflowed. Also, in order to prevent your little ones from swallowing air as they suck, tilt the bottle so that the formula fills the neck of the bottles and covers the nipple.

How can you choose the right bottle for you?

While some babies happily drink from any bottle, some are much pickier. Yes, you read it right, babies need different bottles, based on how their bodies react after being fed.

If you have a baby with gas, it is best to try a bottle with a venting system. Now, this allows your baby to avoid air in the milk while feeding. Such bottles mimic the shape and feel of a breast or an actual nipple. Bottles with fewer parts are also easier to clean, which could be great during the middle-of-the-night feedings.

For new moms, it is also a great advice to start with a slow-flow nipple to avoid overwhelming your baby and switch to a faster flow when they seem to hold the bottle themselves and can finish milk in less time.

What should you follow when you bottle feed your baby?

As per the National Health Scheme (UK), NHS UK, it is important to be prepared to experiment well with the kind of bottles that suits your baby the best. Thee is no evidence that only one type of teat or bottle is better than any other.

It is always best to ensure that you screw the top tightly into the bottle before you feed your baby.

Bottle Feeding and The Right Positions

Bottle feeding is more than just feeding and nourishing your baby, it is also an opportunity to bond with your babies. Babies also feel secure when their caregivers are feeding. This is why it is important that even before you start bottle feeding, you first find a comfortable spot to sit with your baby close to you. Look at them and gently hold the and talk as you feed.

Hold your baby in a semi-upright position during bottle feeds, with their head supported. This ensures they can breathe and swallow comfortably. Brush the teat gently against their lips, and when they open their mouth wide, let them draw the teat in.

Take your time—babies feed at their own pace, so be patient and allow them plenty of time to enjoy their meal.

Do not leave your baby un-monitored

Always supervise your baby during feeding sessions. Do not prop the bottle or leave them alone with it. This can also cause choking hazard, or the milk could pool in their mouth which could increase ear infections.

The bottle's position matters as much as baby's position. When feeding, hold the bottle in a horizontal position, tipping it slightly. This helps the milk flow steadily and reduces the amount of air your baby may swallow. If the teat flattens, gently pull the corner of your baby’s mouth to release the suction. Should the teat become blocked, replace it with a fresh, sterile one.

A new study published in The Lancet Obstetrics, Gynaecology, & Women's Health has revealed an alarming rise in infertility rates among women aged 35 years and older.

The analysis, based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023, found that global female infertility could affect nearly 80 million women aged 35–49 by 2036 if current trends continue.

In 2023, an estimated 53.60 million women aged 35–49 were affected by infertility. Nearly 54 million women in this age group sought fertility care, including fertility testing and assisted reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization (IVF).

Asia Bears Highest Burden

According to the study, Asia has the highest need for fertility care particularly East Asia reported the highest regional burden, while Australasia has the lowest. At country level, the Central African Republic had the highest reported burden, while Nepal had the lowest.

Although disparities between low- and high-income regions have narrowed, the burden is shifting toward high-income settings, where women are more likely to delay pregnancy and seek fertility testing and treatment.

Also read: AI Now Reading Sperm, Giving Hope of Fatherhood to Infertile Men

The researchers said, "This shift reflects broader social and economic changes, including delayed family planning and greater access to fertility services in some affluent regions".

"Advanced-age female infertility represents a growing global health challenge. Despite improved regional equity, low-SDI countries continue to face significant burdens. This necessitates implementing tailored public health strategies and prioritizing resource allocation to mitigate future burdens," said the researchers from China, Hong Kong, and Singapore in the paper.

To address the rising demand, the authors called for

• expanding and integrating fertility services into primary health care, reducing financial barriers to treatment,
• using innovative delivery methods,
• mobile health tools,
• improve equitable access to fertility care.

Infertility A Growing Global Health Concern

The World Health Organization defines infertility as the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months of regular unprotected intercourse.

Approximately 8–12 per cent of reproductive-aged couples worldwide experience infertility, with the burden disproportionately affecting women aged 35–49 years.

Read More: Yoga May Boost Fertility And Hormonal Health In Women With PCOS, Finds AIIMS Studies

The study noted that this higher risk is largely biological, driven by age-related declines in ovarian reserve and oocyte quality, which reduce natural fertility, increase miscarriage risk, and lower the success rates of assisted reproductive technologies (ART).

As populations age and socioeconomic transitions continue, the number of women exposed to advanced-age infertility risk is increasing, making it an increasingly important public health issue.

How Was The Study Conducted?

The researchers analyzed data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2023 study to provide what they describe as the first comprehensive assessment of infertility among women aged 35–49 across 204 countries and territories.

Since 1990, both the age-standardized prevalence rate and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to infertility have risen steadily, by 0.45 per cent and 0.47 per cent every year, respectively.

The study projects that infertility cases in women aged 35–49 will continue to rise, reaching nearly 80 million by 2036 in the absence of targeted interventions.

The researchers also found a 23.10% reduction in the relative disparity in infertility-related DALYs between low- and high-Socio-demographic Index (SDI) regions since 1990, indicating progress in equity while highlighting persistent structural gaps in access to care.

A 20-month-old toddler from West Bengal who suffered from recurring urinary tract infections (UTIs) for six months was eventually diagnosed with cystinuria, a rare inherited metabolic disorder that causes recurrent kidney stone formation.

About The Case

The diagnosis came after the toddler experienced persistent UTIs over a period of six months. After multiple episodes of infection couldn’t be solved despite treatment, the doctors discovered the rare condition.

Initially, the doctors believed that it could be vesicoureteral reflux, a condition in which urine flows backward from the bladder towards the kidneys.

However, more investigations revealed an unusual kidney stone caused by cystinuria, an inherited disorder that leads to excessive amounts of the amino acid cystine in urine.

As cystine dissolves poorly in urine, it can crystallise and form stones, which may block urine flow, trigger recurrent UTIs, and damage the kidneys if left untreated for a long time. Doctors at a Bengaluru hospital treated the child using a minimally invasive procedure to remove the stone.

Read more: New Blood Test May Predict Alzheimer's Symptoms At Least 4 Years In Advance

What Is Cystinuria?

Usually, the kidneys reabsorb cystine after filtering blood. In individuals with cystinuria, this process does not work well.

Large amounts of cystine pass into the urine. As cystine does not dissolve in urine, it forms crystals and eventually stones in the kidneys.

The condition is caused when the child inherits one faulty gene from each parent. Parents who carry one altered gene usually have no symptoms themselves.

Read more: Vitiligo Myths Debunked: It's Not Contagious or Caused by Food

Symptoms & Treatment

Unlike most kidney stones, which are more common in adults, cystinuria presents during childhood or adolescence. Parents must look out for the following symptoms in their children:

• Recurrent urinary tract infections

• Pain while passing urine

• Blood in urine

• Abdominal or flank pain

• Kidney stones at an unusually young age

• Difficulty passing urine if stones obstruct the urinary tract

Although cystinuria has no cure, effective treatment and management can reduce stone formation and protect kidney function. It includes:

• Drinking large amounts of water to dilute urine and reduce the formation of stones

• Reducing salt intake

• Limiting consumption of excessive animal protein

• Medications that make urine less acidic (urine alkalinisation)

• Drugs that reduce cystine stone formation in severe cases

• Surgical or minimally invasive procedures to remove stones when necessary

Parents must seek medical attention when the child faces the following:

• Two or more UTIs within six months or repeated infections over a year

• Recurrent fever without an obvious cause

• Intense pain during urination

• Blood in the urine

• Difficulty in gaining weight

• Persistent irritability

• Recurrent abdominal or back pain

While most recurrent UTIs are caused by common anatomical or behavioural factors, persistent or unusual infections can occasionally point to rare inherited disorders like cystinuria that warrant medical attention.

Early diagnosis and timely treatment can help prevent permanent kidney damage and significantly reduce the frequency of stone formations.

Hypertension or high blood pressure is an increasingly common problem among children and adolescents; many children may not have any obvious signs or symptoms in the early phase. It is said that hypertension in children is a “silent condition,” and therefore, it is of paramount importance that doctors, parents, and teachers are aware of it to detect the condition early.

Symptoms Of High Blood Pressure In Children

While some kids might not have any symptoms at all, there are some signs that shouldn't be overlooked. Recurrent headaches or morning headaches, especially headaches in the back of the head, may occasionally be a sign of high blood pressure. Symptoms can be dizziness, blurred vision, flashers, loss of energy for no known reason, nausea, vomiting, difficulty breathing during exercise, chest pain, palpitations, or frequent nosebleeds for no obvious reason.

There can also be changes in a child's behaviour or physical appearance in the school environment that teachers might observe. Children with high blood pressure often experience headaches, frequent visits to the sick room for weak or dizzy spells and ask to go out of class to rest. Sometimes, symptoms such as difficulty in concentration, sudden drop in school performance, irritability, changes in mood or appearing unusually withdrawn are associated with underlying health problems, such as hypertension.

Some children may be more tired, winded or unwell from sports or physical activity than others and avoid it. These symptoms can be missed and dismissed as stress, poor sleep or lack of interest in studies or sports. Such symptoms may be overlooked and blamed on stress, sleep deprivation or low interest in studies or sports.

Leading Causes & Prevention

Doctors think obesity, poor diet, excessive salt intake, poor sleep, low exercise, and watching too much screen time are all factors that are driving up hypertension rates in kids and teens. Other kidney disease, heart disease, hormone imbalances, or family history can also contribute in some children.

Regular blood pressure checks on children's routine visits are very significant because many children with hypertension may be asymptomatic, experts say. Prompt diagnosis and treatment can prevent complications with the heart, kidneys, brain and eyes in the long term.

It is important that parents and teachers do not shrug off repeated complaints of headaches, fatigue, dizziness or vision problems as insignificant. Early medical assessment can be important in safeguarding a child's long-term health.

By Dr Vaibhav Meshram, Paediatrician, Ruby Hall Clinic