Nutrition is essential in all phases of life but becomes more crucial during pregnancy. Why? This is when for a woman, she eats not only for her, but also for her baby. The fetus completes its structure from the mother's nutrition, this is why it is important for mothers to ensure they are eating well.

It is especially important in the 9th month, the last month when the baby completes the full development and prepares to be born. Here is a guide that pregnant woman can use to ensure a healthy and nutritious diet in their 9th month.

Why 9th Month Is So Important?

At the 9th month, the mother goes through many contractions so she often eats less. This is also the time when the mother needs to control the amount of salt in the diet and minimise body oedema. During this month, fibre is the main nutrient that helps with bowel movements and prevents constipation. This is also helpful because when the fetus grows, it increases the burden on the mother and causes constipation, which may lead to internal haemorrhoids or external haemorrhoids in future.

What Vitamins And Minerals Should They Focus On?

Apart from fibre through bread, celery, carrots, sweet potatoes, bean sprouts, cauliflower, vegetables and fresh fruits, it is also important to consume iron, calcium and thiamine. Lack of thiamine in the body can lead to a mother feeling nauseated and depressed. It can also lead to prolonged labour and difficulty during delivery.

What Should A Mother Eat In Her 9th Month?

• Fibre: Corn, brown rice, fruits, beans of all kinds, artichoke flowers, fresh vegetables, nuts, whole wheat bread
• Iron: Salmon, chicken, red meat, raisins, pumpkin seeds, egg yolks, broccoli, spinach
• Folic acid: This helps fight birth defects in children and supports formation of red blood cells and DNA structure. You can consume dark green vegetables, citrus fruits, sunflower seeds, broccoli, egg yolks, asparagus, cantaloupe, and avocado.
• Calcium: Fish, eggs, lean meat, bananas, oats, almonds, nuts, green leafy vegetables
• DHA-rich foods: This helps with brain development and can be consumed through cooked egg yolks, avocados, peanuts, fresh milk, cereals, pumpkin, and shrimp.
• Vitamin A: carrots, tomatoes, watermelon, bell peppers, sweet potatoes, spinach
• Protein: Egg whites, beans, milk, mushrooms
• Vitamin C: Oranges, cauliflower, strawberries, tomatoes

What To Avoid?

• Unpasteurised milk
• Alcoholic drinks
• Caffeine
• Smoking

Globally, one in six people of reproductive age experiences infertility at some point in their lifetime. Smoking is one of the key reasons for infertility among men and women worldwide, according to a new World Health Organization (WHO) knowledge summary.

The report, the 12th in a series of Tobacco Knowledge Summaries, highlights evidence linking tobacco use to infertility in women, harmful effects on sperm and sexual function in men, and potentially lower chances of success with some fertility treatments. It also warns that second-hand smoke may affect reproductive health.

Infertility is defined as the failure to achieve pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sex.

What Does the WHO Report Say?

Infertility can have multiple causes. However, cigarette smoking and exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke are associated with infertility in women.

The harmful effects of cigarette smoking on women’s reproductive health are well documented, while evidence on other tobacco products, including waterpipe and smokeless tobacco, as well as nicotine products such as e-cigarettes, is still emerging.

Current data suggest potential risks to fertility, but further research is needed to fully understand these effects. Among

men, cigarette smoking is associated with harmful effects on semen and sperm, as well as sexual function, which can contribute to infertility.

On the other hand, women who quit smoking may have a lower risk of infertility compared with women who continue to smoke.

WHO recommends that healthcare providers inform individuals and couples planning pregnancy about the reproductive risks of tobacco use and offer evidence-based support to help them quit.

How Smoking Affects Fertility?

“Smoking is an important fertility consideration for both men and women. It can affect the quality of both eggs and sperm, and the concern is not limited to people who smoke themselves,” Dr Neelam Suri, Senior Consultant, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, Delhi, told HealthandMe.

Smoking also accelerates follicular depletion, which may contribute to an earlier onset of menopause compared with women who do not smoke.

Second-hand smoke can expose individuals to harmful substances that may affect reproductive health. Eggs and sperm are rapidly developing cells, and exposure to tobacco smoke can increase the risk of DNA damage and other cellular changes that may affect fertility and reproductive outcomes.

Dr Shalu , Senior Clinical Director, Cloudnine Group of Hospitals, Gurugram, told HealthandMe that while passive smoking may not directly cause infertility in every individual, regular exposure to tobacco smoke can affect reproductive health and have significant implications during pregnancy.

These include ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, preterm birth, pre-eclampsia, fetal growth restriction, low birth weight, stillbirth, placental complications and neonatal complications.

Regular exposure to second-hand smoke may also potentially influence the chances of success with fertility treatments such as IVF.

“This is particularly relevant for couples undergoing IVF, where egg and sperm quality can influence the chances of successful treatment,” Dr Suri said.

What Should Couples Planning Pregnancy Do?

For couples planning a pregnancy or undergoing fertility treatment, avoiding tobacco smoke is an important step towards protecting reproductive health.

This means quitting smoking and maintaining a smoke-free environment at home to reduce regular exposure to cigarette smoke.

At the same time, fertility depends on multiple factors. Exposure to second-hand smoke does not necessarily mean a couple will experience infertility or IVF failure. However, reducing preventable risk factors can be beneficial when trying to conceive.

Ideally, couples should create a smoke-free environment before conception rather than waiting until fertility difficulties emerge.

Tylenol is one of the most commonly used pain killers. That’s why a study on the drug’s long-term effect on reproductive health of unborn girl children is concerning.

Researchers in Denmark found that girls exposed to paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen or Tylenol in the US, during fetal development had smaller ovaries, fewer ovarian follicles and smaller uteruses in infancy compared to girls who were not exposed to the component.

It’s essential to understand that study does not show that girls exposed to the drug will certainly have fertility problems later in life.

The researchers say it is still too early to know whether the changes observed during infancy and adolescence will translate into reduced fertility or earlier menopause.

What Did The Study Find?

Published in Human Reproduction Open, the study involved 302 girls from the Copenhagen Analgesic Study, or COPANA.

The researchers tracked mothers' paracetamol use during pregnancy through repeated questionnaires and also measured the drug in urine samples.

The girls were examined at around three months of age, during a period known as minipuberty, when the reproductive hormone system becomes temporarily active.

Of the 302 girls, 92 had first been exposed to paracetamol before 17 weeks of pregnancy; 67 were first exposed from 17 weeks onward and 143 had no reported prenatal exposure.

The researchers found that girls exposed during early fetal development had an approximately 40% smaller ovarian volume and a 13% smaller uterine volume compared to girls who were not exposed.

Girls exposed during mid-to-late fetal development stage had about 23% fewer ovarian follicles. These follicles contain immature eggs that can potentially develop and mature over a woman's reproductive life.

Additionally, girls exposed exclusively during early pregnancy also had lower levels of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), a hormone produced by ovarian follicles that is commonly used as a marker of ovarian reserve.

Also read: Tylenol, Other Medications Linked To 400% Rise In Liver Injuries In US

Changes From Infancy To Adolescence

Researchers also examined an independent group of 1,210 girls who had been followed from infancy through adolescence.

In this group, prenatal paracetamol exposure was associated with a smaller uterus at puberty and smaller ovaries during adolescence.

Study leader Margit Bistrup Fischer of Rigshospitalet in Copenhagen stressed that the long-term implications remain unknown. Whether these early reproductive differences affect fertility or the timing of menopause will require long-term follow-up.

Also read: Lower Doses Of CBD Could Also Cause Liver Damage: FDA Study Finds

Tylenol And Infertility

This was an observational study, which means that researchers looked at an association between prenatal exposure to paracetamol and changes in future reproductive health.

They did not randomly assign pregnant women to take paracetamol, so the study cannot establish that the drug itself caused the changes.

The authors also say that external factors cannot be completely excluded. Women who took paracetamol because they must have been pain and discomfort due to headaches, fever or other illnesses. These underlying conditions could also influence fetal development.

Also, the women used relatively low to moderate amounts of paracetamol. According to COPANA cohort, the most common reasons were headaches or migraines, musculoskeletal pain, illness or cold and fever.

The study also found that increased reported paracetamol exposure, meaning high dose, was too associated with lower ovarian and uterine volumes.

Also read: Paracetamol Is Not Safe For Older People, Finds Study

Earlier Studies That Raised Similar Concerns About Tylenol

It's not the first time that Tylenol has sparked safety concerns. In 2025, new studies by Mount Sinai and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health raised an concerning question: is prenatal exposure to acetaminophen associated with neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children?

A study led by Andrea Baccarelli, dean of Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health’s faculty of environmental health in BMC Environmental Health, systematically reviewed 46 previous studies encompassing data from more than 100,000 participants.

The aim was to investigate whether acetaminophen use during pregnancy correlates with neurodevelopmental disorders in children.

Applying the Navigation Guide Systematic Review method—a strict, gold-standard approach to assessing environmental health evidence—the study team evaluated the quality, risk of bias, and strength of evidence of all included research.

By doing so, it was possible to conduct a solid synthesis of available scientific literature, and what emerged was a pattern: better-quality studies showed a more pronounced association between prenatal acetaminophen exposure and offspring increased risk of ADHD and autism.

Another recent study observed that liver injuries reported to US poison centres increased by nearly 400% between 2000 and 2024, due to acetaminophen, sold under brand names like Tylenol.

The study also found that exposures involving acetaminophen-containing combination drugs decreased by 60%-85% after the US Food and Drug Administration capped the amount of acetaminophen allowed in combination prescription products.

However, harmful exposures to acetaminophen alone increased steadily over the 24 years. The findings suggest that regulatory action reduced liver injuries linked to combination products, while acetaminophen alone remained a leading contributor to poison-centre-reported liver injuries.

Are your kids completely safe inside the classroom? A new study has raised concerns about the air quality in classrooms, particularly the bacteria that could result in reduced lung function in children.

Recent research presented at the European Respiratory Society (ERS) Congress in Barcelona, Spain intended to ensure that schools have completely healthy environments for children, particularly their developing lungs.

Classrooms Have High Levels Of Two Harmful Bacteria Groups

The study was presented by Dr. Soutrik Banerjee from the Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy, and French technology company, Alten S.A.

Researchers from the University of Ferrara in Italy and French technology company Alten analysed data from the SINPHONIE project, which examined indoor environmental conditions in multiple schools across Europe.

The analysis is based on nearly 300 classrooms across 22 European countries. Researchers measured the levels of Streptomyces and Mycobacterium in classroom dust and compared this with lung function in children using spirometry, a standard test to measure breathing and respiration health.

The researchers adjusted their analysis for several factors that could affect lung function, including children's age, sex, body mass index, exposure to second-hand smoke, pet allergens, socioeconomic factors, age of the school building, region and local outdoor air pollution.

They found that children in classrooms with higher levels of Streptomyces had a 0.08-litre lower forced vital capacity (FVC).

Also read: 6-Year-Old Australian Kid Dies From Rarely Seen ‘19th Century Disease’: Why Is Scurvy Still A Risk Today?

What Is Forced Vital Capacity?

Meanwhile, higher levels of Mycobacterium were associated with a 0.06-litre lower FEV₁ and a 0.13-litre-per-second lower peak expiratory flow (PEF). FEV₁ measures how much air can be exhaled in the first second of a forceful breath, while PEF measures the fastest rate at which air can be expelled.

Dr Banerjee told the Congress, “We know that indoor air quality in schools can be affected by pollutants, humidity, ventilation, temperature, dampness and biological agents like fungi and bacteria. However, much less is known about whether the types of bacteria growing in classroom dust are linked to children’s lung function.”

“We were particularly interested in two bacterial groups, Streptomyces and Mycobacterium spp., which are found in soil, dust and water systems. We wanted to see whether higher exposure to these bacteria in the classroom is associated with children’s lung health across Europe.”

Also read: US Newborns Are Missing A Crucial Vitamin K Shot Which Can Lead To Brain Bleeding

How Dangerous Are These Bacteria?

Both Streptomyces and Mycobacterium are present widespread in the environment. They are found in soil, dust and water systems. The study did not show that children developed a bacterial disease because of classroom exposure.

Instead, researchers are investigating whether exposure to the bacteria could influence the airways and thereby their lung function.

One possibility is that they could irritate the respiratory tract or activate immune and inflammatory pathways. Another is that the bacteria may simply be markers of other problems inside a classroom, like excess moisture, poor ventilation, inadequate cleaning or outdoor dust entering the building.

Dr Soutrik Banerjee, from the University of Ferrara, said: “The bacteria may either have a direct biological effect, or they may be indicators of other indoor environmental factors that influence lung function.”

A small reduction in a lung function measurement does not automatically mean that a child has lung disease. Lung function naturally varies between children according to age, height, sex and other factors. The differences reported in this study were modest for individual children, according to the researchers.

However, Banerjee said the findings could still matter at a population level because children are repeatedly exposed to school environments. “Children are exposed to school indoor environments every weekday, and a mild to moderate reduction in lung function today may be a precursor to preventable lung disease in later life,” he said.

How Can This Be Prevented?

The European Respiratory Society specifically cautioned against taking extreme measures like sterilising classrooms.

Professor Alexander Möller, Head of the ERS Paediatric Assembly and Professor of Paediatric Pulmonology at the University Children's Hospital Zurich, who was not involved in the study, said: “The practical message is not that schools should become sterile environments.”

But he pointed that adequate ventilation, control of dampness and mould, regular cleaning and proper building maintenance could help.