It's a frequent misconception that identical twins share fingerprints. Each twin has a unique set of fingerprints that convey a different tale, despite the fact that they may appear remarkably alike and share a lot of DNA.

Are you wondering how identical twins might differ so much from one another in such a small way?

Let's look at the intriguing science that underlies it.

Twin Types: Not All Twins Are Created Equal

To understand why fingerprints differ, we must first look at the two main types of twins—identical and fraternal—and how they form.

Twins That Don’t Look Alike, or Non-Identical Twins

Fraternal twins are produced when two different sperm fertilize two different eggs. Since they share about half of their DNA, they are genetically identical to any other sibling. But, what are fraternal twins? They are also known as dizygotic twins. They come from two separate eggs, fertilized by two different sperm. They also share about 50% of their genetic material, and have unique physical traits, often different sexes at birth too.

Because of this genetic variability, fraternal twins, like non-twin siblings, can have different sexes or distinct hair and eye colors.

Twins That Are Identical

Identical twins, on the other hand, develop from a single fertilized egg that divides into two embryos. Their DNA is almost the same, but not exactly the same, thanks to this process. Also known as the monozygotic twins come from a single fertilized eggs that splits into two embryos. These twin share the same genetic material, which is what leads to their identical physical traits and the same sex at birth. However, there are slight differences that can emerge due to environmental factors during pregnancy, including the space in the womb.

According to a 2021 study referenced by Smithsonian Magazine, only 38 pairs of identical twins and two sets of triplets had completely identical genes. Because of their tight genetic ties, they have remarkable physical similarities, such as similar skin tones, eye colors, and hair colors. However, minor distinctions like height, weight, and fingerprints distinguish them.

Fingerprints: Not Just Genetic Information

Although fingerprint patterns are influenced by heredity, environmental variables within the womb provide a twist.

Experts in forensic science say there is almost little likelihood that identical twins' fingerprints will match. Although they may have similar overall characteristics, such ridges and loops, the specifics are different.

The following factors affect fingerprints:

• Access to nutrition during pregnancy
• The length of the umbilical cord influences blood flow.
• Growth rates of fingers
• Placement inside the womb
• Both DNA and these environmental influences shape fingerprints, which are fixed for life by the 13th to 19th week of foetal development.

Solving the Fingerprint Mysteries

According to some research, twins' fingerprints could seem similar at first glance, but a deeper look reveals variations in the pattern branches and ridge spacing.

According to the National Forensic Science Technology Centre, no two individuals—not even identical twins—have ever been found to have the same fingerprints.

It adds even more individuality because even your own fingers have different prints!

A 16-year-old mother in Peru delivered a baby who was in placenta that attached to her liver.

This is a rare milestone as the baby has been safely delivering from an abdominal ectopic pregnancy in which the placenta was attached to the mother’s liver.

The case involved 19 year old Valeria Vela, whose pregnancy continued to 40 weeks and resulted in the birth of a healthy baby girl. Health authorities in Peru say this is the first documented case of its kind in the country and only the fourth reported worldwide in which both mother and baby survived.

Understanding the Rarity of Ectopic Pregnancies

Ectopic pregnancies occur when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus. In most situations, they develop in the fallopian tubes.

Around 96 percent of ectopic pregnancies happen there and only a very small number occur in the abdominal cavity. These pregnancies cannot safely continue because the organs where the egg may attach are not designed to support a growing fetus. In this case, the egg implanted directly on the liver, which meant the fetus relied on the liver’s arteries for blood supply. This created a situation that demanded extremely careful monitoring, as even small shifts in blood flow could have been dangerous.

The Challenges Doctors Faced

For doctors, the biggest challenge was the placenta. Removing a placenta that has attached itself to the liver can cause severe bleeding that can quickly turn fatal. Peru’s Health Minister Luis Quiroz Avilés explained that any attempt to detach it without preparation could have caused life threatening hemorrhage in the mother.

To manage this, the medical team used a technique that closes the arteries feeding the placenta by blocking their blood flow. This approach helped prevent massive bleeding during surgery and gave both mother and baby a chance at survival.

Another extraordinary aspect of this case was that the pregnancy reached 40 full weeks. Previous live abdominal ectopic pregnancies that resulted in birth reached only up to 36 weeks. Doctors followed Valeria closely through her pregnancy and relied on advanced imaging and interventional radiology techniques to keep the situation stable. According to local reports, the clinical management required constant coordination among specialists from obstetrics, radiology, surgery and intensive care.

A Baby Born Against All Odds

The baby, named Aylin, was born on November 30 and weighed 7.9 pounds. Officials revealed the case only after both mother and child were safely discharged from the hospital. Valeria is now in stable condition and recovering well, while Aylin is reported to be healthy.

Why This Does Not Change Standard Care

Although the case has been described as a medical milestone, specialists emphasize that such pregnancies are exceptionally rare. Most ectopic pregnancies cannot continue and trying to carry them comes with severe risks that include hemorrhage, organ damage and even death. For this reason, early diagnosis and timely intervention remain the safest and most widely recommended approach. This case highlights what is medically possible under very specific circumstances, but it does not change established guidelines for managing ectopic pregnancies.

Do you feel like your attention span has gone down? Thanks to multiple social media platforms and its shorter duration content, we find ourselves losing attention and cannot keep up with anything that goes a little bit over a minute. This has not just affected us, but children are now being diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) more.

A latest peer-reviewed study by Karolinska Institutet, which monitored more than 8,300 US-based children from age of 10 to 14 noted that social media use has lead to increased inattention symptoms.

The researchers of the aforementioned institute in Sweden, along with the Oregon Health & Science University in the US found that children spent an average of 2.3 hours a day watching television or online videos, 1.4 hours on social media and 1.5 hours playing video games.

The study found no connection between ADHD-related behaviors, such as distractibility, and activities like playing video games or watching TV and YouTube. However, long-term social media use was linked to rising inattention symptoms in children. ADHD is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by impulsiveness, trouble focusing and frequently forgetting everyday tasks.

. According to the researchers, “We identified an association between social media use and increased inattention symptoms, interpreted here as a likely causal effect.” They noted that while the impact on each child may be small, widespread behavioral shifts could have a meaningful effect at the population level. The study also suggested that growing social media use may be contributing to the rise in ADHD diagnoses.

Why Social Media May Disrupt Focus

Torkel Klingberg, a professor of cognitive neuroscience at the Karolinska Institute, said the findings pointed specifically to social media as a factor affecting children’s ability to concentrate. He explained that platforms bombard users with constant notifications and messages, and even the anticipation of receiving one can interrupt mental focus. “This affects the ability to stay focused and could explain the association,” he said.

The research also showed that socioeconomic background and genetic risk for ADHD did not change the observed link, suggesting that the distraction-rich environment of social media itself may be responsible. Klingberg added that increasing social media use could partly explain the rise in ADHD diagnoses among children, which grew from 9.5 percent in 2003–07 to 11.3 percent in 2020–22, based on data from the U.S. National Survey of Children’s Health.

Early Social Media Exposure Raises Concerns

The authors stressed that the study does not imply all children who use social media will develop concentration problems. However, they pointed out that many children begin using these platforms well before age 13, the minimum age for apps such as Instagram and TikTok. The report called for stronger age verification measures and clearer guidance from tech companies.

How Much Time Children Spend Online

The study tracked a gradual rise in social media use, from around 30 minutes a day at age nine to about two and a half hours by age 13. The children were enrolled at ages nine and ten between 2016 and 2018. The full findings will appear in the journal Pediatrics Open Science.

Samson Nivins, a postdoctoral researcher at the Karolinska Institute and one of the study’s authors, said the team hopes the results will help parents and policymakers make more informed decisions about healthy digital habits that support children’s cognitive development.

As winter settles in and children move between school, outdoor play, and indoor gatherings, coughs and colds often become unavoidable companions. While many coughs resolve on their own, doctors warn that a cough that lingers for weeks is not something parents should overlook. At the same time, the cold season naturally weakens a child’s defenses, making it important for families to follow simple steps to improve immunity.

When a Cough Lasts Too Long

According to Dr Nishant Bansal, Consultant Pediatrician and Neonatologist at Motherhood Hospitals, Noida, parents must stay alert when a cough stretches beyond the usual duration. He explains, “A cough that lasts for weeks should never be ignored. While many are caused by mild infections, persistent or recurring coughs can point to allergies, asthma, or an underlying health issue.”

Many children are catching respiratory infections during weather changes or after starting school. As temperatures drop, coughs tend to worsen. What may look like a harmless lingering cold could actually be linked to an allergy, asthma, sinusitis, whooping cough, or even exposure to pollutants and smoke.

Dr Bansal adds, “If a child’s cough becomes worse at night, during exercise, or after exposure to dust or pets, it may be triggered by asthma or allergies. These symptoms should be reported to a doctor without delay.” Children exposed to polluted air or cigarette smoke are especially prone to constant coughing and wheezing.

Ignoring these symptoms can interfere with sleep, appetite, growth, and energy levels. Some infections, such as whooping cough or sinusitis, require prompt treatment to prevent complications. That is why early identification of the cause is essential.

Managing and Preventing Persistent Coughs

Parents often try repeated home remedies such as honey, steam, or warm fluids, but these may not be enough. “If the cough lasts more than two to three weeks, it should be evaluated instead of being managed with only home remedies,” says Dr Bansal.

Indoor air quality plays a major role. Avoid smoking around children, improve ventilation, and use an air purifier if possible. Keeping children well hydrated with warm soups, milk, or water can soothe the throat and loosen mucus. Over the counter cough syrups should be avoided unless a doctor prescribes them.

Warning signs such as wheezing, breathing difficulty, coughing fits, or fever need immediate medical care. Timely guidance helps the child breathe better, recover faster, and avoid long term complications.

Why Winter Increases Illnesses in Children

Children are naturally more vulnerable during colder months. They often face sore throats, colds, coughs, and viral infections that spread easily when people gather indoors. Dr Atul Palwe, Consultant Pediatrician and Neonatologist at Motherhood Hospital, Lullanagar, Pune, explains, “Viruses spread more easily in winter, especially when children stay in closed spaces for long hours.”

Strengthening immunity is key to helping children stay healthy throughout the season.

Simple Ways to Boost a Child’s Immunity

Focus on a Nutritious Diet

“A strong immune system begins with a balanced diet,” says Dr Palwe. He recommends plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds. Foods rich in vitamin C such as oranges, guavas, and amla, along with zinc and iron rich foods, help build resistance.

Maintain Hydration

Children tend to drink less water in winter, but staying hydrated helps the body remove toxins. Warm soups and milk are comforting alternatives.

Encourage Regular Activity

Indoor games, yoga, and outdoor play on pleasant days improve blood circulation and strengthen immunity.

Ensure Adequate Sleep

“Children under ten need about ten to twelve hours of sleep every night to keep their immunity strong,” says Dr Palwe.

Teach Hygiene Habits

Handwashing before meals, after play, and covering the mouth while coughing reduces the spread of infections.

Dress Them Warmly

Layering helps protect children from cold winds while still allowing movement.

Get Enough Vitamin D

Limited sunlight in winter can affect vitamin D levels. Dr Palwe suggests encouraging morning outdoor play or discussing supplements with a doctor if needed.