World Breastfeeding Week (WBW), held in the first week of August every year, is a global campaign supported by the World Health Organisation and UNICEF and many Ministries of Health and civil society partners on the protection, promotion and support of breastfeeding. This initiative was started in 1992 to encourage mothers to breastfeed their children and build a support community for new mothers who face any difficulties in breastfeeding.

Why Did We Need An Awareness Week?

Gynaecologist, obstetrician and founder of Baby Soon Fertility and IVF Center, Dr Jyoti Bali with 26 years of experience says, “A reason why some mothers stopped breastfeeding was because of the increased marketing of formula as a convenient solution compared to breastfeeding.”

Experts agree that women undergo physical changes in their bodies during their pregnancy and while breastfeeding too, however, these have been exaggerated. “Breastfeeding can lead to temporary changes in breast size and shape, but these changes are typically normal and revert to baseline after weaning. Perceptions about breastfeeding causing long-term body changes are often unscientific or exaggerated,” says Dr Rao.

These were some of the reasons why women stopped breastfeeding and thus an initiative like World Breastfeeding Week was started. This also aims to highlight the health benefits to the mother and the child on breastfeeding.

Benefits of Breastfeeding on Mother

Rao says that for the mother, it helps in faster postpartum recovery, reduces the risk of certain cancers, and can help with postpartum weight loss.

“Breast Feeding helps the mothers to shed their pregnancy weight more quickly because the production of milk requires the burning of calories,” agrees Dr Bali.

Other health benefits to mothers are postpartum healing, bonding with the baby and a decrease in the risk of ovarian cancer, mentions Dr Bali.

Breastfeeding Benefits on Baby

There are also nutritional values that help a preterm baby in his or her development. “For example, breast milk's higher protein content makes it easier for premature babies to absorb and digest than formula, which encourages better weight gain. Premature babies often have specific nutritional needs due to their early birth. Breast milk provides a tailored balance of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates that support their rapid growth and development. The composition of breast milk adjusts to meet the changing needs of a preterm infant, including higher levels of certain nutrients,” says Dr Goel.

Dr Bali also points out that breast milk contains antibodies, probiotics and DHA and ARA, a kind of fatty acids that are required for brain development. Thus, a baby can benefit a great deal from breastfeeding.

Health Risks When Not Breastfeeding

Poor breastfeeding practices in infancy and early childhood, resulting in malnutrition, contribute to impaired cognitive and social development, poor school performance and reduced productivity in later life.

Sarwa points out that psychological factors like stress, anxiety, postpartum depression, poor latch due to anatomical issues or improper positioning, and other medical conditions are the common reasons for this. “Identification and management of the specific cause, appropriate counselling by a healthcare provider, support (emotional and workplace both) and alternative feeding options,” he says.

Unable To Breastfeed Your Child? Here is What You Can Do

Do not be worried about its safety, Dr Rao says that donated milk is screened, pasteurised, and distributed to ensure safety and nutrition.

Are You a Working Mother?

“Purchasing a superior electric breast pump can increase the effectiveness of the procedure. Maintaining a consistent pumping schedule—ideally, every three to four hours—helps keep the milk supply steady. Pumped milk can be refrigerated for up to four days if stored in sterile containers or bags that have been labelled with the date and time. Milk can be frozen and thawed for extended storage,” suggests Dr Goel.

Even as the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) issued a yellow alert for heatwave and rising temperature in Delhi, the state government issued guidelines for all schools, focusing on hydration and safety measures.

The IMD has forecast heatwave conditions at isolated places in Delhi from today, with maximum temperatures expected to climb between 41 °C and 44 °C through April 24.

The guidelines issued by the Directorate of Education (National Capital Territory of Delhi) are applied to all government-aided and private unaided recognized schools. The guidelines call for:

Outdoor Assemblies: Outdoor assemblies are to be curtailed or conducted in shaded/indoor areas with minimal duration. No open-air classes are to be conducted.

Water Bell Initiative: Schools shall implement a "Water Bell" system, whereby a bell is rung at regular intervals (every 45-60 minutes), reminding students to drink water to prevent dehydration.

Display of IEC Material: IEC (Information, Education and Communication) material issued by the Health Department, Government of NCT of Delhi, on heat wave precautions shall be prominently displayed at visible locations in schools, including notice boards, corridors, and classrooms.

Awareness Sessions: Schools shall conduct short awareness sessions/briefings for students during class hours/assembly to educate them about preventive measures, the importance of hydration, and the identification of symptoms of heat-related illnesses. Immediate first aid and medical attention must be ensured wherever required.

Buddy System: Establishing a buddy system wherein each student may be paired up with another student during school hours to monitor and take care of each other's physical well-being.

Outdoor Activities: It must be ensured that students avoid outdoor physical activities.

Regular Advisory Updates: Class teachers shall share advisories of the India Meteorological Department (IMD) with parents through their respective class-specific WhatsApp groups, ensuring regular guidance and awareness regarding heat safety measures. Schools shall share daily heat wave forecasts and alerts with students through prayer time/assembly and notice boards to ensure timely awareness and necessary precautions.

Appropriate Clothing and Personal Hygiene: Parents are advised to ensure that their wards come to school dressed in light, breathable cotton clothing. They should also reinforce the importance of personal hygiene, including daily bathing, to help children stay fresh and reduce the impact of heat.

The DoE also directed each school to designate nodal officers who will be responsible for the implementation of monitoring the water bell initiative, awareness sessions, and display of IEC materials.

Heat-Related Illnesses: Symptoms And First Aid Measures

The DoE noted that the symptoms of heat-related illnesses include:

• Nausea and increased sweating
• Vomiting
• Acts or talks confused
• Muscle cramps
• Fainting,
• Weakness,
• Dizziness
• Body temperature rises to 40.5°C (105°F) or higher

First aid measures to follow if you feel dizzy or uneasy

• Drink water to rehydrate
• Move to a cooler place immediately
• Loosen clothes if possible
• Sponge with water
• If unconscious, do not force-feed or give water
• If symptoms persist, immediately visit the nearest health centre or call an ambulance.

Heatwave In India: Which States Are On Alert?

Beyond Delhi, a heatwave alert has been issued for:

• East Uttar Pradesh from April 21 to 25.
• Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and West Uttar Pradesh from April 22 to 25,
• Odisha and Rajasthan between April 23 and 25.
• Gangetic West Bengal and Bihar for April 21 and 22,
• Vidarbha from April 24 to 26.

Digital devices have become the new pacifiers, said Zerodha co-founder Nithin Kamath, raising concerns about the growing impact of excessive screen time on children's behavior and brain development.

Posting a video of cognitive neuroscientist Jared Cooney Horvath on his social media platforms, Kamath warned that while digital devices often help parents manage their schedules, they can also create long-term dependency among children.

"For most parents, digital devices have become a pacifier; it's a way to keep 'em quiet, and it's understandable, but it ends up creating a dependency in the long run," Kamath said.

In the video, Horvath spoke about a decline in learning abilities among younger generations due to the increasing screen time. Horvath said children today appear to lag behind previous generations in areas such as attention span, memory, literacy, numeracy, and executive function, despite spending more time in formal education.

Kamath noted that his son studies at a school where digital devices are not permitted, and screen use at home is restricted to 30 minutes a day. Despite these limits, the billionaire entrepreneur pointed out how quickly children become drawn to short-form digital content.

"At Kiaan's (son's) school, no digital device is allowed, and at home, we restrict screen time to 30 minutes a day. But even then, it is crazy, the addiction to reels/clips; I normally catch him browsing through that," the billionaire entrepreneur said.

Horvath said children today appear to lag behind previous generations in areas such as attention span, memory, literacy, numeracy, and executive function, despite spending more time in formal education.

Long Screen Exposure Can Impact Vision, Brain Development

Dr Sriram Simakurthy, Chief Medical Officer, Sankara Eye Hospital, Hyderabad, flagged the risk of excessive screen exposure in children with eye health.

“Children can develop particular vulnerabilities because they spend extended periods using screens without taking breaks, and they struggle to identify their symptoms before they become serious. Children who spend extended time looking at screens will face an increased risk of developing myopia (near-sightedness),” the expert said.

Prolonged screen exposure causes people to blink less frequently, which leads to unstable tear film production that results in dry eyes and eye irritation.

Dr. Sreenath S Manikanti, Clinical Director & Senior Consultant - Neonatology and Pediatrics, Rainbow Children’s Hospital, said that kids' eye health gets harmed by excessive screen exposure through mechanisms that extend beyond digital eye strain.

Also read: Can 'Eye Strain' Lead To Brain Cancer? Experts Explain

“The extended periods of near-focus work, which include watching screens for too long, create a permanent requirement on the eye to focus, which leads to visual fatigue and alters normal eye development in children. The period of visual system development happens throughout children's growing years,” the expert said.

Dr. B K Madhusudhan, Lead Consultant – Neurology, Aster RV Hospital, Bengaluru, noted the impact of screen time on brain development.

“The brain development process in children gets disrupted when they spend too much time using screens because that time replaces their necessary developmental activities. The continuous use of screens results in decreased attention spans, which makes it difficult for children to maintain focus during extended periods and to complete tasks that require their full attention,” Dr Madhusudhan said.

When screen time replaces parent-child conversations, storytelling, and peer interactions, this change impacts language and communication development. These experiences help children develop vocabulary skills and reasoning abilities as well as social understanding.

“Some children also develop impulsive behavior patterns and struggle with emotional control and information processing because they spend excessive time using screens,” Dr. Madhusudhan said.

How To Prevent?

The experts advised people to balance their screen use with outdoor time.

• Take breaks following the 20-20-20 rule
• Keep a proper viewing distance
• Schedule eye examinations for children at regular intervals.

We are all aware of the fact that the use of plastics causes harm to our environment, and dangerously so. But what will happen when we realize that plastic can enter our bodies too?

As far as gynecological reproductive health is concerned, the major emphasis has always been on genetic aspects, hormonal imbalance, and even the choice of food and regular exercise. PCOS and endometriosis are both known to cause health concerns in women during menstruation and during or after sex. However, today there is another threat to the health of women’s reproductive organs in the form of microplastics and nanoplastics.

Can these enter the ovaries and result in greater damage to women’s sexual and reproductive health? The answer, unsurprisingly, is a yes. Microplastics, along with nanoplastics, have actually been detected in ovarian tissues and in follicular fluid.

Understanding The Invisible Intruder

To grasp the scale of this issue, one must first define the particles involved. Microplastics are tiny fragments of plastic less than five millimeters in size, while nanoplastics are less than one micrometer. These are so small that they remain invisible to the naked eye and can easily bypass the body’s natural biological barriers.

They can be identified as multiple polymers, including polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), commonly used in packaging and agricultural materials. The 2024 Science of the Total Environment study, which used Py-GC/MS to confirm the presence of polymers such as polyethylene and PVC in human follicular fluid for the first time. Out of the 18 women sampled, over 80% had microplastics in their follicular fluid.

The ovaries were once thought to be a protected zone, shielded by complex filtration systems. It is now understood that these particles enter the bloodstream through food, water, and even the air we breathe. From the bloodstream, they can directly seep into the reproductive organs too. Common polymers like polyethene found in plastic bags, and polystyrene used in packaging, are now being identified in the very fluid that determines the quality and competence of a woman’s oocytes.

The Trojan Horse Effect: How Damage Occurs

From a clinical standpoint, the concern is not just the presence of the plastic itself, but the Trojan Horse effect it creates. These particles often carry Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs). When these particles lodge themselves in ovarian tissue, they trigger several harmful processes:

• Oxidative Stress and Cellular Ageing – The presence of a foreign object in the ovary triggers the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (highly reactive molecules derived from oxygen). This is a form of cellular rusting as oxidative stress can damage the DNA of the oocytes and potentially cause poor maturation and a decline in overall egg quality at an early stage of their life.
• Hormonal Mimicry – Most plastics contain chemicals that mimic estrogen. When these enter the follicular environment, they disrupt the natural signaling of progesterone and estrogen. This can lead to irregular menstrual cycles and has been linked to conditions such as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).
• Mitochondrial Dysfunction – Nanoplastics are particularly invasive because they can penetrate cell membranes. Once inside, they can disrupt the mitochondria, which are known as the cell’s powerhouses. Since an egg cell requires an immense amount of energy to develop and eventually fertilize, any disruption to energy production can compromise fertility. Also, plastic is eternal; it's very difficult for the human body to dissolve it and remove it from the body.

From Environment To Egg: The Journey Of Exposure

It is important to recognize that this is a cumulative issue. Human beings are exposed to these particles through multiple daily touchpoints:

• Ingestion: Microplastics shed from plastic water bottles, especially when heated. They are also found in ultra-processed foods and certain seafood. We should immediately stop using plastic containers for storing food and water, and shifting towards glass containers and copper bottles can be more beneficial both for the environment and for the body. Heat is the primary catalyst that causes plastics to leach into food and water. Switching to glass, ceramic, or stainless steel is a vital step; also, using high-quality carbon or reverse osmosis filters can catch a significant percentage of micro-particles.

• Inhalation: In urban environments, people breathe in synthetic fibers from clothing and carpets. The main component of most clothing today is polyester, especially blankets and sheets, which come in direct contact with skin. Polyester can directly penetrate our body and cause immense harm.

• Dermal Contact: Some personal care products contain microbeads or plastic-based thickeners that can be absorbed through the skin. For this, we need to be very careful before purchasing our products; it is time we start reading product labels – simply flip the product and see the ingredients listed behind.

To What Extent is it Harmful?

While there is strong evidence that these plastics are present in the ovaries, researchers are still studying the long-term, population-wide effects on fertility. This is not a reason for panic, but it is a call for preventive action.

Pre-clinical models suggest that high levels of microplastics can reduce the ovarian reserve, which is the number of healthy eggs remaining with each passing year. In clinical settings, investigators are also beginning to explore whether the presence of these particles can explain why IVF treatments sometimes fail despite profiles being otherwise healthy. The evidence points to a dose-dependent risk, which means that if exposure is reduced now, it may protect future reproductive longevity.

The Path Forward: Advocacy and Awareness

This issue now sits at a critical intersection of environmental science and gynecology. There is a growing movement to go beyond viewing infertility as a purely medical issue and start seeing it as an environmental one. Furthermore, policy-level changes are needed to regulate the use of plastic in the food and beauty industries.

The presence of microplastics in the ovaries is a quiet, invisible threat, but it can be addressed through awareness and intentional living. By making small changes today, individuals are not just protecting their own health but also the biological integrity of generations to come.