Leafy greens, we all know are one of the healthiest foods on the earth. It offers so much, the benefits are countless, whether it is brain health, heart health or to control your blood sugar levels. But there is always a debate between which one is better. Spinach or kale?

So let's get into it!

Kale, we often must have heard its name listed as a "superfood". The reason is because of the rich nutrients it has to offer. However, both, spinach and kale are powerhouse leafy greens, rich in various nutrients.

If one must break down its nutrients, then we can broadly divide it between the fiber content, vitamin K, vitamin C, vitamin A, calcium, and folate.

Fiber

All leafy greens are rich in dietary fiber and thus is essential for feeding your gut microbiome. This is the community of good bacteria that lives in your gut and supports your digestive health. The recommended daily amount or the RDA of fiber is 25 grams per day. So, if you go for a cup of raw spinach, this gives you around .7 grams of dietary fiber, whereas one cup of raw kale gives you a bit more. It has .9 grams of fiber.

A study published in M J Lifestyle Med titled . Closing America's fiber intake gap: Communication strategies from a food and fiber summit, found that most Americans actually do not get their RDA for fiber met. So, adding spinach and kale could be a great way to give your RDA fiber a start!

Vitamin K

Vitamin K is necessary for blood clotting or lowering blood flow following an injury so that the wound can heal. In addition to calcium and vitamin D, it also supports healthy bones. While some animal products and fermented foods include vitamin K2, a 2020 study titled Vitamin K2 needs an RDI separate from vitamin K1, notes that lush greens like spinach and kale have vitamin K1.

The recommended daily intake of vitamin K is 120 microgrammes (mcg). A cup of raw kale has 82 microgrammes of vitamin K, while a cup of raw spinach contains 145 microgrammes.

Vitamin C

It is a water-soluble vitamin and antioxidant that protect cells from damage and supports immune health. While it is often attributed to citrus fruits like oranges, vitamin C can also be found in leafy greens and both kale and spinach could be a great source. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends around 80 milligram of daily vitamin C. In one cup of raw spinach, you can get 8.5 milligrams, while kale provides 20 milligrams of daily vitamin C.

Vitamin A

As per the FDA, vitamin A is important not only for your immune system, but also for your eye health. One must have at least 3,000 international units daily. The Office of Dietary Supplements notes that spinach and kale contain compounds called carotenoids, which our bodies convert to a usable form of vitamin A. This way you can have these leafy greens in your diet to fulfill your requirement of vitamin A. In one cup of spinach, you can get 2,810 international units of vitamin A, whereas in one cup of kale, you will find 1,010 international units of vitamin A.

Calcium

Leafy greens are a rich source of calcium, an important nutrient which supports healthy bones and teeth, nerve communication, and muscle movement. The RDA for calcium in adults is 1,300 milligrams and one cup of raw spinach contains 30 milligrams of calcium, whereas in kale, it has 53 milligrams.

Folate

It is a B vitamin which is best known for its important in pregnancy and that provides neural tube defects like spina bifida in fetuses. The RDA for folate is 400 micrograms in pregnant mothers and 600 for those who are lactating. In one cup of spinach, one can get 58.2 micrograms of folate, whereas kale contains 13 micrograms of folate.

How to Decide Your Diet?

Now that you know the nutrients that kale and spinach contain, you make your own decision. This could be decided based on your requirement. The best way to do this is by talking to a healthcare expert, or a nutritionist who can recommend you better based on your body's need.

When it comes to saving time, we have built many things, from quicker transportation to smart home appliances. These things reduce not just the process as well as the effort so that we can focus on more important things. Similarly, protein bars were not only an easy but also efficient way to get your daily nutrient intake. However, are they as healthy as they seem?

Less Protein, Lower Quality?

A new study published in Scientific Reports (Nature) raises questions about the actual nutritional value of many protein bars. The study found that a significant number of the 1,600+ bars tested contained less protein than advertised. Even more concerning, the quality of the protein in most bars was often poor, impacting how well your body can absorb it.

What the Study Found?

Researchers looked at information from a large online database of food products. They started with about 4,600 protein bars. Many of these bars were from the U.S., so it's likely that a lot of the 1,641 bars they ultimately tested are available where you shop. The researchers divided the bars into groups based on their protein type:

• Only plant protein (like from peas or rice)
• Only animal protein (like from milk)
• A mix of milk, egg, and soy protein
• A mix of milk, collagen, and soy protein

They then put the bars through a simulated digestion process to see how much protein the body would truly absorb. Here's what they found:

Many bars weren't actually "high protein"

While most bars got at least 20% of their calories from protein, about one-fifth of them didn't. This standard is actually stricter than what our food authorities consider "good" or "excellent" sources of nutrients.

Protein in some bars was hard to digest

How well the protein in the bars could be digested varied a lot, from less than half to over three-quarters. Surprisingly, some bars with proteins generally considered "high-quality" (like animal protein or soy) were harder to digest. High-quality proteins are important because they contain all the necessary building blocks your body can't make itself, and they're usually well-absorbed for muscle repair and growth.

Protein Bars: Go or No Go

Because so many people are trying to eat more protein, it's easy to think all protein bars are healthy. But this new study shows an important truth: the overall nutrition of a food can't always be judged by just one thing, like its protein content. Even if a bar has good protein, your body might not fully use it.

It's also worth remembering that protein bars are often highly processed. Eating a lot of these ultra-processed foods might be linked to health problems like a higher risk of obesity, heart disease, and type 2 diabetes.

On the other hand, for some people, protein bars can be very useful. If you have higher protein needs, or if your appetite isn't great (maybe due to medication or illness), a protein bar offers a convenient way to get a protein boost in a small serving. But even then, they shouldn't be your only protein source; they should be a supplement.

For better quality protein in a less processed form, consider options like Greek yogurt, cottage cheese, hard-boiled eggs, jerky, nuts, and seeds. These also offer other good nutrients like calcium, healthy fats, and fiber.

How to Pick a Healthier Protein Bar

If you still want to choose a protein bar, here are some tips:

Look for higher protein

Even if other ingredients affect how well protein is digested, it's still smart to choose bars with more protein. Ideally, this protein should come from animal sources like whey or milk, or from plant sources like soy or pea.

Check for low added sugar

While there isn't a strict rule for "low" added sugars, it's recommended to keep your added sugar intake to less than 10% of your total daily calories.

As the United States gears up for festive summer gatherings and red-white-and-blue desserts ahead of the Fourth of July, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a high-alert warning for one holiday staple—organic blueberries.

12,000 Pounds of Berries Recalled

On Tuesday, the FDA announced a recall involving 12,000 pounds of organic bulk blueberries distributed by Alma Pak International LLC, a company based in Alma, Georgia. The berries, according to the agency, tested positive for Listeria monocytogenes, a potentially dangerous bacteria known to cause foodborne illness.

“During routine testing, the firm received positive test results of Listeria monocytogenes on their finished product,” the FDA said in its official notice. The blueberries were reportedly shipped to a single customer in North Carolina, although the agency did not clarify whether that customer was a retailer, distributor, or foodservice business.

The recalled products include:

Product: Organic Bulk Blueberries

Lot Numbers: 13325 G1060 and 13325 G1096

Quantity: 400 boxes weighing 30 pounds each

Recalling Firm: Alma Pak International LLC, Alma, GA

While the recall was first initiated on June 9, it wasn’t until this week that the FDA categorized it as a Class I recall—the most severe classification. Class I recalls are reserved for situations in which there is a reasonable probability that the product will cause serious health consequences or even death.

Listeria Concerns Continue to Rise

This incident is part of a broader trend in recent months, with Listeria monocytogenes making frequent appearances in food safety recalls. Just this year, products like shrimp, pasta, and cheese have been pulled from shelves over similar contamination concerns.

Listeria infection, or Listeriosis, is particularly risky for vulnerable populations such as pregnant people, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems. According to the Cleveland Clinic, symptoms may include fever, headache, muscle aches, vomiting, and diarrhea. In more severe cases, Listeriosis can lead to complications such as meningitis or miscarriage.

Food Safety in Summer

Food poisoning incidents tend to spike in the summer, largely because perishable items are often left unrefrigerated for long periods during picnics and barbecues. With blueberries often used in patriotic-themed desserts and salads, this recall serves as a timely reminder to double-check product labels and lot numbers.

If you’re uncertain about the origins of berries at your upcoming holiday gathering, experts advise erring on the side of caution. “When in doubt, leave it out,” remains sound food safety advice—especially when vulnerable guests are involved.

As of now, no illnesses have been reported in connection with the recalled blueberries. Consumers are encouraged to monitor FDA announcements for further updates and to discard or return any product that may be part of the affected lot.

The connection between your plate and your pillow might be stronger than you think. While most sleep advice focuses on screen time, stress levels, and bedtime routines, a growing body of research suggests that what you eat—particularly before bed—can significantly affect not only how well you sleep but even the kinds of dreams you have. And in a surprising twist, one of the biggest culprits might be sitting in your refrigerator: dairy.

From cheesy nightmarish tales of yore to contemporary arguments over late-night munching, the question lingers: Do dinner plates actually control dreams? A recent study released in Frontiers in Psychology brings new evidence to this classic question, with a look at how dairy and other food influences sleep quality and dream patterns, particularly in young adults.

In one recent study with more than 1,000 college-age subjects from Canada's MacEwan University, researchers discovered that 40.2% of those surveyed said their diet had a noticeable effect on the way they slept. Even more specifically, roughly 25% indicated certain foods made their sleep worse, and almost 20% said other foods improved their sleep. As far as nightmares went, desserts and dairy had the highest guilty ratings—sweets were responsible for 31% of nightmare complaints, and dairy wasn't far behind with 22%.

Significantly, these were not solitary findings. Individuals with documented food sensitivities, especially lactose intolerance, experienced greater quantities of gastrointestinal symptoms that appeared to correlate with poor sleep and more frequent nightmares. The worse the gastrointestinal symptoms, the worse the nightmares in terms of how distressing and vivid.

Why Dairy Might Be Wreaking Havoc at Night?

So, what’s the science behind this? According to Dr. Tore Nielsen, lead researcher and professor of psychiatry at the University of Montreal, there’s a likely explanation rooted in how our bodies respond to dairy. For individuals with lactose intolerance, consuming milk, cheese, or yogurt can trigger bloating, cramping, gas, and indigestion—symptoms that don’t magically disappear once you’re asleep.

When the body is working through gastrointestinal upset during the night, it can contribute to restlessness during sleep, lighter sleep stages, and more frequent awakenings—all of which have been proven to increase dream recall and vividness. This, in turn, can make bad dreams or nightmares more real and memorable. Anxiety, another frequent reaction to discomfort caused by food, is perhaps also responsible for the rise in bad dreams among participants.

When participants were asked about foods most frequently associated with bad sleep, desserts and sweets, spicy food, and milk, yogurt, and cheese ranked atop the list. In contrast, fruits, herbal teas, and vegetables were most frequently attributed to improved sleep.

The most interesting part of the study, however, was its examination of dreams. 5.5% of the participants reported that food impacted their dre

The notion that food influences dreams is not novel. A 2015 study, for instance, discovered anecdotal evidence that cheese and other dairy foods were associated with unusual or vivid dreams. That said, this newer research is the first to explicitly investigate the mechanisms behind such effects, hypothesizing lactose intolerance as a potential trigger, as opposed to dairy per se.

Even so, professionals are hesitant to make decisive conclusions. The subjects for the study were all psychology students—potentially introducing bias by way of their educational experience with sleep and dream research. In addition, the information was self-reported, which is always likely to bias findings. Even so, however, despite these shortcomings, the relationship between food-based symptoms and disrupted sleeping patterns is an intriguing argument for further research.

Foods That Help or Harm Sleep

Though most frequently accused of causing nightmares and bad sleep were sweets and dairy, other foods had beneficial influences. Participants attributed fruits, herbal teas such as chamomile and lemon balm, and vegetables to improved quality of sleep. These are less demanding on digestion and may induce relaxation, which can facilitate healthy sleep patterns and better dreams.

Conversely, spicy foods, saturated and salty foods (such as pizza, burgers, and fried chicken), and caffeinated or sweet beverages were also found to be linked to disturbed sleep and worse dream experiences.

Although dairy has been the main event in this research, it wasn't the sole food group linked to bad sleep or nightmares. Spicy meals and sweet desserts were also frequently culprits. Such foods have the potential to raise core body temperature, interfere with digestion, or cause a spike in blood sugar—each of which can affect how restful you sleep and how often you wake at night.

Conversely, participants reported improved sleep quality with the consumption of herbal teas, fruits, and vegetables. These findings align with existing nutritional science, which supports a plant-forward, low-inflammatory diet for optimal sleep.

How to Eat for Better Sleep and Dreams?

If you're having unusual or disturbing dreams and suspect that your diet is involved, the answer isn't necessarily to eliminate dairy foods altogether. Rather, you can try it as an experiment in personal health and sleep cleanliness. Although the science is continuing to develop, there are evidence-based measures that you can take in order to reduce the likelihood of food-related sleep disturbances and nightmares:

• Have dinner 2 to 3 hours before going to bed so that your body has time to digest.
• Don't eat spicy foods, drink alcohol, or consume caffeine near bedtime, as they will interfere with sleep.
• Don't overdo fast foods and foods with saturated fat and salt at night.
• Make meals balanced with protein, healthy fats, and complex carbohydrates—satisfying, but not too full.
• Select simple-to-digest bedtime snacks like nut butter and fruit, trail mix, or hummus with crackers or vegetables.
• Maintain a food and sleep diary to monitor patterns between what you consume, your nighttime dreams, and your quality of sleep.
• Drink water or non-caffeinated herbal teas to stay hydrated, but avoid sugary or carbonated beverages in the evening hours.

While there is still much we don't know about the connection between food, sleep, and dreaming, preliminary research indicates that what you're eating before bedtime is influencing your dream life more than you may want to think. So next time you grab that late-night cheese plate or cone of ice cream, think about more than just your stomach but your subconscious.