Raw milk, long debated as healthier and nutritious than pasteurized milk by enthusiasts but strongly cautioned against by health practitioners, is now a hot topic in health and wellness circles with the increasing popularity of "natural" and "unprocessed" foods. The dangers surrounding raw milk have been brought to the forefront with the outbreak of H5N1 bird flu, highlighting the risk of contamination in raw milk supplies. All about raw milk, its risks, and the latest science.

What Is Raw Milk?

Raw milk is unpasteurized milk taken directly from cows, goats, or other similar animals. Unpasteurized milk does not go through the heat treatment process meant to destroy harmful pathogens and bacteria. Raw milk proponents say that pasteurization kills nutrients and enzymes. And that might be one false claim after another, as science continues to disprove it.

According to Dr. Meghan Davis of Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, pasteurization does not significantly alter the concentration of minerals or the quality of proteins in milk. In fact, it's a critical step to ensure food safety, particularly for animal-derived products prone to contamination.

Wellness influencers have in recent times advocated for raw milk as the "clean" and "natural" alternative to commercial milk distributed in stores, using claims from improved digestion to the stimulation of the immune system. However, these claims are not scientifically proven. Although raw milk contains antibodies, the amounts are too small to be worth anything for health.

Health Risks of Drinking Raw Milk

Raw milk consumption poses immense risks. It can become contaminated in two major ways:

1. Internal Contamination: Pathogens such as E. coli, Salmonella, and Campylobacter can seep into milk through infected animals.

2. External Contamination: Polluted water, dirt, manure, and contaminated equipment introduce harmful microorganisms.

The infections acquired from raw milk include diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, and fever, and severe effects can be experienced by infants, the elderly, pregnant women, and even immunocompromised people. Some other rare but serious diseases like hemolytic uremic syndrome, which may bring about renal failure or stroke, have also been associated with raw milk.

Bird Flu Impact on Raw Milk Safety

Raw milk has become a focal point of the latest bird flu outbreak as preliminary genetic analysis indicates the H5N1 virus, which causes avian flu, may have begun infecting cattle earlier than thought. And the CDC says viral particles have been found in raw milk, which adds one more risk to consuming unpasteurized dairy.

A notable case was with sick and dead cats on a Texas dairy farm that resulted from ingesting unpasteurized milk from infected cows. This presents how unpasteurized milk can be a vector for transmitting diseases.

Legal Status of Unpasteurized Milk

To reduce the risk, the FDA prohibited the interstate sale of unpasteurized milk in the United States. Different states, however, have their respective regulations on this matter:

- 20 states completely banned the sale of unpasteurized milk.

- 30 states allow raw milk sales under specified conditions.

Although these laws exist for protection of public health, many consumers are not even aware of the dangers associated with their consumption.

Why Pasteurization Is Important

Pasteurization destroys harmful bacteria without affecting the nutritional content of milk. Several studies in *Nutrition Today* report that pasteurization does not change the nutrient profile of milk. Pasteurized milk is free from pathogens and, therefore, also a safer alternative for all consumers, especially vulnerable ones.

Myths About Raw Milk Products

It's not just raw milk that's hazardous. Cheese, yogurt, and ice cream with unpasteurized milk carry the same dangers. To anyone tempted by the supposed health value of raw dairy, experts say in one voice: stick to pasteurized, and avoid illnesses like bird flu or salmonella infection.

Should You Drink Raw Milk?

Health organizations, including the FDA, CDC, and American Academy of Pediatrics, strongly advise against consuming raw milk. Beyond the personal health risks, drinking raw milk can also endanger others by increasing the spread of harmful bacteria and viruses.

The emergence of H5N1 in cattle and its link to raw milk calls the world to wake up to better preparedness. Like COVID-19, bird flu has demonstrated vulnerabilities in our food safety systems. The presence of avian flu in raw milk underscores the imperative for strict rules, public education, and investments in the prevention of these diseases.

Could this outbreak push governments and health organizations to step up surveillance and vaccination efforts against zoonotic diseases? The lessons learned from COVID-19 suggest a coordinated approach is essential to prevent future pandemics.

On the other hand, raw milk is far riskier and has far fewer benefits than its apparent healthy, "natural" choice. From bacterial contamination to the allowance of viruses like H5N1, there is evidence that is clear: pasteurization cannot be wished away. As we face new health challenges, it will be science over trends that safeguard public health.

Are you planning to undergo IVF treatment? A healthy thyroid and balanced nutrition are crucial when it comes to improving implantation and supporting a healthy IVF journey. So, make sure to add these three nutrients to conceive successfully and fulfil the dream of motherhood. It is time for women to include these nutrients and focus on their health. Dr Mrunalini Jagne (Ahire), Fertility Consultant and IVF Specialist at Motherhood Fertility & IVF, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, spoke about the rising incidence of IVF and how thyroid health is just as important for better implantation and IVF results.

Currently, many couples are opting for in vitro fertilisation (IVF). It can be physically and emotionally demanding for couples who wish to conceive. So, for those who are opting for IVF, it is also necessary to check thyroid function and pay attention to diet. Are you aware? An uncontrolled thyroid condition can impact hormone balance, egg quality, implantation, and even increase the chances of miscarriage. Along with regular medical guidance, certain nutrients may help prepare the body for implantation and early pregnancy. Hence, women should add these three nutrients without fail after discussing them with an expert.

Make sure to include these vital nutrients in your diet

1. Folic Acid: This is one of the vital nutrients before and during pregnancy. It supports healthy cell growth and helps in the early development of the baby’s brain and spine. It may also help to enhance egg quality and create a healthier environment for implantation. So, opt for foods such as spinach, broccoli, lentils, citrus fruits, and fortified cereals, which are good sources of folic acid. An expert can also recommend supplements before IVF. So, make sure to take them and stay healthy.
2. Vitamin D: This is necessary for hormone balance, immune function, and reproductive health. Low vitamin D levels are seen in women facing fertility issues and may affect implantation success. Safe sunlight exposure, eggs, dairy products, mushrooms, and fatty fish can be recommended to women to improve their vitamin D levels. However, the doctor may suggest blood tests and supplements if a deficiency is detected.
3. Omega-3 Fatty Acids: These improve blood flow to the uterus and reduce inflammation in the body. They support hormone production and overall reproductive health. Go for foods such as walnuts, flaxseeds, chia seeds, and fish such as salmon, which are rich in healthy fats that may support implantation and pregnancy health.

So, women, make sure to discuss your diet with an expert. A balanced diet, healthy lifestyle, regular medical check-ups, and proper management of thyroid conditions are crucial when it comes to supporting implantation and overall reproductive health. Try to avoid junk, oily, canned, sugary, and processed foods. Small lifestyle changes before IVF can help prepare the body better for pregnancy. So, don’t miss these nutrients and include them as per the expert’s advice.

Food allergy in children is becoming a more visible concern in Indian families, especially in urban settings where children are growing up with a different immune environment from earlier generations.

Less outdoor exposure, smaller families, more indoor living, frequent antibiotic use, air pollution, shifts in gut bacteria, packaged foods, and delayed introduction of certain foods may influence how the immune system learns tolerance. A food allergy happens when the body treats a harmless food protein as a threat and reacts against it.

Misleading Early Symptoms

The difficulty for parents is that many early symptoms look ordinary. Gas, bloating, or loose stools after a food may point to intolerance, which can be uncomfortable but is usually not dangerous.

An allergy tends to follow a more recognizable pattern involving hives, itching, swelling of the lips or eyes, repeated vomiting, coughing, wheezing, throat tightness, breathing difficulty, sudden tiredness or faintness soon after eating. In severe reactions, anaphylaxis can affect breathing and blood pressure, making it a medical emergency.

India adds another layer of complexity because possible triggers are often everyday foods. Milk, wheat, egg, peanut, fish, chickpea, lentils, and sesame are part of a child’s routine diet. Removing them altogether can deprive a growing child of protein, calories, and micronutrients, and ignoring repeated reactions can keep the child exposed to a genuine trigger. Both can harm the child.

What Should Parents Watch For

Parents should watch for patterns rather than fear every meal. If eczema flares, vomiting, wheezing, stomach pain, swelling, or rashes repeatedly appear after the same food, the child’s allergies should be evaluated.

A food diary is useful, but diagnosis cannot rest on home-based trial and error. The most important starting point is a careful clinical history: what was eaten, how quickly symptoms appeared, whether it happened again, and which body systems were involved. Based on this, a doctor may advise a skin prick test, serum-specific IgE test, or, in selected cases, a supervised oral food challenge.

The goal is simple: do not label every discomfort as an allergy, and do not dismiss repeated reactions as weak digestion. Children should remain confident around food while genuine triggers are identified, managed, and nutritionally replaced.

In India, more than one in four people has hypertension, and cumulatively, over 90 per cent of adults with hypertension are either undiagnosed, untreated, or treated but still live with uncontrolled blood pressure. Experts say this growing burden needs urgent attention.

In an interview with HealthandMe on World Hypertension Day 2026, Professor Vivekanand Jha, Executive Director of The George Institute for Global Health, suggested that one practical solution may be as simple as switching to potassium-enriched low-sodium salt substitutes (LSSS).

Current estimates show that Indians consume between 8 and 11 grams of salt (equivalent to 3.2–4.4 grams of sodium) per day — nearly double the World Health Organization recommended limit of 5 grams of salt (2 grams of sodium).

Low-sodium salt substitutes are composed of approximately 70–75 per cent sodium chloride and 25–30 per cent potassium chloride. They reduce sodium intake while increasing potassium consumption, helping lower blood pressure and reduce cardiovascular risk.

In January 2025, the World Health Organization released guidelines recommending potassium-enriched salt substitutes to combat hypertension and related heart risks. The guidelines suggest replacing regular table salt, which is high in sodium, with potassium-enriched alternatives that may help reduce noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease by lowering blood pressure.

Dr Jha was also part of a consensus statement released by experts in clinical medicine, public health, and nutrition, recommending potassium-enriched low-sodium salt substitutes as an effective intervention to reduce hypertension and cardiovascular disease in India.

Here are excerpts from the interview:

Q. Is asking people to simply switch to a healthier salt more realistic than expecting them to completely change their diets?

Dr Jha: Public health works best when solutions fit naturally into people’s daily lives. Asking families to completely change what they eat is extremely difficult because food habits are emotional, cultural, and built over generations. But asking them to switch the type of salt they use at home is a much simpler and more achievable step. The taste remains familiar, cooking habits do not change, and yet the health benefits can begin immediately.

In a country like India, where a large proportion of sodium intake comes from salt added during cooking, this becomes a very practical intervention. It is not about perfection — it is about finding solutions that ordinary families can realistically adopt and sustain. There are, of course, other dietary factors that also need attention, such as excessive sugar intake, processed foods, and poor fruit consumption.

Q. High blood pressure medicines are often prescribed quickly. Are doctors giving enough importance to simple dietary changes like switching to healthier salt, or is prevention still underestimated?

Dr Jha: The answer is a definite no.

Our healthcare system is designed around managing disease once it appears, rather than reducing people’s need to come to hospitals by preventing disease in the first place.

Also read: Can Hantavirus Spread Through Semen And Breast Milk? What Experts Say

In a busy clinic, physicians often have only a few minutes with each patient, making detailed dietary counselling difficult. At the same time, advice like “eat less salt” can feel abstract or impractical for many patients. There are also systemic incentives that prioritize medicines over preventive care.

We need much stronger integration of nutrition and prevention into routine medical practice. If we truly want to reduce the burden of hypertension and its complications — including cardiovascular disease, stroke, and chronic kidney disease — prevention cannot remain an afterthought.

Q. Low-sodium salt may not suit some people with kidney disease or those on certain medicines. How can these risks be managed without discouraging the wider population from benefiting?

Dr Jha: This is an important conversation and needs to be handled responsibly and transparently. There is a small group of patients — particularly some people with advanced kidney disease or those on specific medications — for whom excess potassium may not be appropriate.

However, for the vast majority of the population, including many people with early-stage kidney disease, low-sodium salt substitutes are safe and beneficial. We have repeatedly shown this through modelling studies.

The challenge is ensuring that a legitimate caution for one group does not unintentionally discourage everyone else. That is why clear labelling, better awareness among healthcare professionals, and honest public communication are essential. Public health decisions are often about balancing risks and benefits, and in this case, the potential population-level benefits are very significant, including for a large majority of patients with chronic kidney disease.

Read More: Heart Diseases, Mental Disorders And Cancer Among 62 Health Risks Linked To Alcohol Use: Study

Q. Emerging evidence suggests increasing potassium may be as important as reducing sodium. Does this change how India should approach hypertension prevention?

Dr Jha: This is a very important point and broadens the conversation in a meaningful way. As it turns out, many physicians are also unaware that potassium intake among Indians is substantially lower than recommended, and that increasing potassium intake can help lower blood pressure and improve cardiovascular health.

What makes low-sodium salt substitutes particularly valuable is that they address both issues together — they reduce sodium while increasing potassium through a product people already use every day. This dual benefit could make a meaningful difference at scale.

It does not replace the need for healthier diets overall, but it does provide a practical and scalable public health tool.