Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects millions of people, both children and adults. The key characteristics are hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention. Because of many obstacles, researchers have been searching for other therapies—inclining to include diet intervention to control the symptoms of ADHD more effectively. One interesting area of research is that for chili peppers! Yes, you read it correctly, scientists are studying the effects of chilli peppers in order to help ease symptoms of ADHD through their action on gut microbiota and the gut-brain axis.

The gut-brain axis (GBA) is a two-way communication system that connects the gastrointestinal tract with the central nervous system. It has significant roles in brain function, emotional control, and cognitive processes. The most recent research indicates that gut microbiota- bacteria living in the digestive system can potentially affect ADHD by impacting the production of neurotransmitters and brain structure.

People with ADHD tend to have reduced levels of healthy gut bacteria, including Lactobacillus, and a less diverse gut microbiota. This imbalance can contribute to greater neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, both of which are involved in ADHD pathology.

Gut microbiota also control the production of dopamine and serotonin, two neurotransmitters critical for attention, impulse control, and emotional stability.

Can Chili Peppers Be A Natural Treatment For ADHD?

Chili peppers have bioactive molecules, such as capsaicin, vitamin C, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), that could affect symptoms of ADHD through modulation of the gut microbiota and neurotransmitter concentration.

Capsaicin, the phytochemical in chili peppers, has been found to modulate neurotransmitter levels. Experiments with animals reveal that capsaicin boosts the levels of serotonin and dopamine in the brain, which has the potential to enhance attention and impulse control.

Additionally, capsaicin has been shown to inhibit neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, both of which are associated with ADHD pathology. Through the reduction of these variables, capsaicin could help to decrease some ADHD symptoms. While animal models offer promising information, human studies are needed to ascertain if capsaicin supplementation can produce a concrete effect on ADHD symptoms.

Role of Vitamin C and Gut Microbiobe

Chili peppers are a rich source of vitamin C, a potent antioxidant that enhances immune function, neurotransmitter production, and iron absorption. New evidence indicates that vitamin C can also increase the prevalence of helpful microbes such as Lachnospiraceae in the gut microbiota. Gut microbial balance has been implicated in neurodevelopmental diseases such as ADHD, and vitamin C's activity in regulating gut microbes could potentially be used as a therapy.

Moreover, vitamin C also decreases brain inflammation, which tends to be higher in patients with ADHD.

Chili peppers are also rich in PUFAs, such as omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Studies have established that patients with ADHD tend to have lower levels of omega-3 PUFAs, which are important for brain function, synaptic plasticity, and regulation of neurotransmitters. Omega-3 supplementation has been shown to enhance memory function and boost short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing gut bacteria, which promote brain and gut health.

Given that PUFAs have anti-inflammatory properties and maintain cognitive function, their occurrence in chili peppers contributes to the accumulating data indicating dietary intervention may be effective in modulating ADHD symptoms.

Although chili peppers have bioactive substances that could affect the gut-brain axis and help alleviate ADHD symptoms, their impact is speculative until stricter human trials are carried out. Being a readily available food item, peppers can be used as a possible adjunct therapy, which can be added to conventional ADHD treatments. Peppers, however, cannot be used as a substitute for established medical therapies, including behavioral therapy and prescription drugs.

The developing connection between nutrition, gut microbiome, and ADHD has paved the way for exploring non-medication interventions. Chili peppers, rich in capsaicin, vitamin C, and PUFAs, represent a novel yet unproven method for modulating ADHD symptoms. While early research points towards a possible intervention by chili peppers in modulating neurotransmitter content and minimizing neuroinflammation, human studies are essential to validate the observations.

Many people are now aware that microplastics have entered the food and drink we consume every day. Seafood, in particular, has been widely discussed, as studies have found plastic particles in nearly all samples of fish and shellfish tested.

How Plastic Pollution Turned Into A Food Problem

Plastic production has been rising steadily since the 1960s, with around eight million metric tonnes entering the oceans each year. Over time, sunlight and wave action break this waste down into microplastics, tiny fragments measuring less than five millimetres. These particles persist in the environment and gradually move through the food chain.

It Is Not Just Seafood, Experts Warn

Writing in The Conversation, environmental expert Catherine Rolph explains that while seafood has received most of the attention, it is far from the only source of exposure. Public awareness is growing, she notes, but microplastics are found in many everyday foods, often in higher amounts than people expect.

Chewing Gum

Chewing gum is one of the more surprising sources of microplastics. Most gum is made from a synthetic base containing plastics and rubber, along with added sweeteners and flavours. As the gum is chewed, microplastic particles are released. Research suggests that just one gram of gum can release hundreds of these particles.

Even gums labelled as natural appear to release similar amounts, which points to contamination during production or packaging. Studies also show that most microplastics are released within the first few minutes of chewing.

Salt

Salt may seem like a basic, natural ingredient, but studies show that microplastics are present in the vast majority of salt products tested worldwide. In fact, contamination has been found to be higher in some land-based salts, such as Himalayan salt, than in sea salt.

Experts believe much of this contamination occurs during processing and packaging. Plastic grinders can also add to the problem by releasing additional particles while grinding.

Apples and Carrots

Microplastics have been detected in a wide range of fruits and vegetables. Very small plastic particles can enter plants through their roots, while larger fragments may settle on their surfaces.

Research has found that apples and carrots tend to contain higher levels compared to other produce, while leafy greens such as lettuce show lower contamination. Despite this, experts stress that the health benefits of fruits and vegetables remain far greater than the potential risks.

Tea And Coffee

Hot drinks are another overlooked source of microplastic exposure. Tea leaves, coffee, milk, and disposable takeaway cups can all contribute to contamination. Heat increases the release of microplastics, which is why hot beverages often contain more particles than cold drinks. Using loose-leaf tea and reusable cups made from glass or metal can help reduce exposure.

Seafood

While most seafood does contain microplastics, studies suggest the actual levels are often lower than people assume. Filter-feeding shellfish such as mussels have been found to contain relatively small amounts compared to some processed foods and drinks prepared using plastic materials.

What You Can Do to Cut Your Intake

Experts say completely avoiding microplastics is unlikely, but small changes can help reduce exposure. Storing food in glass containers, avoiding plastic packaging where possible, and using non-plastic grinders and utensils can make a difference.

Switching from bottled water to tap water may also lower intake, as studies suggest single-use plastic bottles release more microplastics than tap water.

As a harsh cold wave swept across North India, doctors noticed a quiet but worrying trend inside emergency rooms—more people were showing up dehydrated, even though temperatures were at their lowest. Health and Me spoke to Dr. Swadesh Kumar, Cluster Head – Emergency and Trauma Care & Casualty, Gurugram, to understand why winter dehydration is often missed and how it can turn dangerous if ignored.

When Cold Weather Creates a False Sense of Safety

Winter is usually associated with hot drinks, cozy layers and fewer reminders to sip water. According to Dr. Kumar, this mindset is exactly where the problem begins. “People assume that because they’re not sweating or feeling thirsty, their body doesn’t need as much water. That’s a misconception,” he explains.

During cold spells, thirst signals are naturally suppressed. At the same time, the body continues to lose fluids through dry air, indoor heating and even breathing. “The loss is gradual and silent, which makes winter dehydration harder to spot,” Dr. Kumar adds.

A Rise in Winter Emergency Cases

Hospitals across northern states reported a seasonal increase in dehydration-related complications during the cold wave. These weren’t always dramatic cases. Patients often came in with dizziness, fatigue, confusion or sudden changes in blood pressure.

“In many emergency visits, dehydration wasn’t suspected initially because there was no heat exposure or fever,” says Dr. Kumar. This delay allowed symptoms to worsen before treatment was started.

How Dehydration Worsens Existing Conditions

Low fluid intake doesn’t just cause weakness, it can aggravate underlying health problems. When the body is dehydrated, blood becomes thicker, increasing the risk of clot formation. This is particularly dangerous for older adults and people with heart disease.

Kidneys are also affected. Reduced hydration puts extra strain on them, sometimes leading to acute kidney injury. “We see patients with palpitations, fainting spells and extreme weakness, only to later realize dehydration is the root cause,” Dr. Kumar notes.

Respiratory Infections Add to the Risk

Winter illnesses further complicate the situation. Fever, rapid breathing and certain medications increase fluid loss. Yet many people intentionally avoid drinking water to reduce bathroom visits in the cold.

“This combination is especially risky for children and the elderly,” Dr. Kumar says. Children depend on caregivers for hydration reminders, while older adults naturally feel less thirsty. Both groups can slip into dehydration quickly during winter infections.

Indoor Heating: The Hidden Culprit

Room heaters and blowers dry out indoor air, leading to unnoticed moisture loss through the skin and breath. People spending long hours indoors often underestimate this effect.

Early signs like dry lips, headaches and muscle cramps are commonly ignored. By the time medical help is sought, dehydration may already have disrupted blood pressure or electrolyte balance.

Subtle Warning Signs Often Missed

Unlike summer dehydration, winter dehydration doesn’t come with intense thirst. Dark urine, reduced urination, constant tiredness and mild confusion are frequent clues but are often blamed on cold weather or poor sleep.

“In severe cases, dehydration can contribute to sudden falls, worsening chronic illnesses and emergency admissions,” Dr. Kumar warns.

Simple Habits Can Prevent Serious Risk

Doctors advise treating hydration as a routine, not a response to thirst. Warm water, soups, stews and herbal drinks are practical winter options. Fruits with high water content also help, even when appetite is low.

“Monitor urine color, limit excess caffeine and be extra careful if you have a chronic condition,” Dr. Kumar advises.

The cold wave is a reminder that dehydration isn’t just a summer problem. Even in winter, the body needs adequate water to function, and ignoring that need can quietly turn into a medical emergency.

With 28 percent of adults in the UK now classified as obese and another 36 percent considered overweight, it is unsurprising that weight-loss injections have surged in popularity. Estimates suggest around 1.5 million people are currently using these jabs each month.

While the injections can lead to significant weight loss, experts warn that they come with notable risks and often fail to address the root causes of weight gain. Mike Wakeman, a researcher, pharmacist, and founder of Evera Nutrition, explained how these medications work and why they may fall short in the long term.

“These medicines mainly act by increasing two gut hormones, GLP-1 and GIP. These hormones reduce appetite, increase feelings of fullness, and slow stomach emptying,” he said. “The problem is that many people rely on medication alone.”

Why Weight-Loss Jabs May Not Solve the Problem

Wakeman pointed out that several underlying contributors to weight gain are frequently overlooked. “Stress, poor sleep, alcohol misuse, binge eating, and even certain medications or hormonal and medical conditions, such as an underactive thyroid, are often ignored when discussing weight issues,” he said. “If these factors are not addressed, they will still be present at the end of treatment and are likely to trigger weight regain.”

Recent research supports this concern. Studies have found that participants regained almost all of the weight they lost within a year of stopping weight-loss injections.

Weight Loss Jabs Side Effects and Long-Term Risks

Side effects linked to weight-loss jabs are common and include nausea, vomiting, constipation, and acid reflux. More serious health issues have also been reported in some individuals. These include pancreatitis, gallbladder problems, and depression. Rapid weight loss can result in muscle loss, while hair thinning and vision problems have also been associated with the use of these injections.

Natural Ingredients That Work Like Weight Loss Jabs Without Side Effects

According to specialists, growing scientific evidence suggests that certain natural ingredients may help support healthy weight loss when combined with proper diet and lifestyle changes, without the same side-effect profile seen with injections.

“The good news is that some natural ingredients can mimic the effects of GLP-1,” Mike said. “These include glucomannan, which is a type of fibre, along with resveratrol, hibiscus, green tea, berberine, curcumin, cinnamon, and mulberry.”

Ingredients That Act Like ‘Natural Weight-Loss Jabs’

Explaining the science behind these ingredients, Wakeman broke down how each one may support weight management.

“Glucomannan is a natural fibre derived from the konjac root. It expands in the gut, helping you feel full, and may also increase GLP-1 levels,” he said, as per Mirror. “Resveratrol, found in foods such as grapes, has been shown to significantly reduce body weight, waist circumference, and BMI.”

“Hibiscus has been shown to reduce obesity, abdominal fat, and blood lipid levels,” he added. “Catechins like EGCG, found in green tea, have been linked to meaningful reductions in body weight, BMI, and waist circumference, particularly at higher doses and over longer periods, when combined with a healthy diet and exercise. They also help boost metabolism and fat burning.”

“Berberine is a plant compound that, according to a meta-analysis of 12 studies, reduces body weight, BMI, and waist circumference,” he said. “Curcumin, the active compound in turmeric, has also shown strong evidence. An umbrella meta-analysis covering 14 systematic reviews and 39 randomised controlled trials found that curcumin supplementation reduces body weight, BMI, and waist size, while also improving blood sugar and blood fat levels.”

“Cinnamon may help reduce weight by improving blood sugar control,” Wakeman continued. “A meta-analysis of 12 trials involving 734 people found that cinnamon intake lowered body weight, BMI, and waist circumference. Mulberry has also shown anti-obesity effects, including activating brown fat.”

How Some Ingredients May Boost GLP-1 Further

Wakeman also noted that certain ingredients may work by slowing the breakdown of GLP-1 and GIP. “Some compounds may help inhibit Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4, or DPP-4,” he said. “DPP-4 is an enzyme that breaks down GLP-1 and GIP. When this enzyme is blocked, these hormones remain active for longer.”

Ingredients that may play a role in DPP-4 inhibition include curcumin, resveratrol, cinnamon, maritime pine bark extract, blackcurrant, mulberry, quercetin, and rosemary.