CVT (Cerebral venous thrombosis)

Overview

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a rare but serious condition when a blood clot develops in a brain vein. If not treated promptly, this condition can result in brain enlargement, bleeding, and even a stroke. CVT can be effectively managed if discovered early, avoiding potentially deadly outcomes.

What is a CVT?

CVT occurs when a blood clot blocks a cerebral vein, which drains blood from the brain. The blockage increases pressure, which causes swelling or bleeding. CVT, albeit rare, requires immediate medical attention to prevent catastrophic effects.

Symptoms of CVT

Symptoms of CVT can vary based on the location of the clot but commonly include:

• Severe headaches
• Blurred vision
• Nausea and vomiting

More severe cases may exhibit stroke-like symptoms such as:

• Slurred speech
• One-sided numbness or weakness
• Difficulty understanding others
• Loss of alertness

Other severe symptoms may include fainting, seizures, limited mobility, coma, or even death. If you notice any of these signs, seek emergency medical help immediately.

Causes of CVT

Blood clots disrupting normal blood flow are the root cause of CVT. Several risk factors can increase the likelihood of this condition, including:

• Hormonal factors, such as birth control or estrogen therapy
• Dehydration
• Infections in the ear, face, or neck
• Protein deficiencies
• Obesity, cancer, or tumors
• Head trauma or brain surgery

Less common triggers include pregnancy and clotting disorders, which make blood more prone to clotting. In infants, ear infections are the most frequent cause.

Tests and Treatment for CVT

To diagnose CVT, doctors assess symptoms, review medical history, and use imaging tests to check blood flow in the brain. Common imaging methods include:

MRI Venogram (MRV): Uses special dye to visualize blood flow and detect clots.
CT Venogram: Combines X-ray imaging with dye injection to highlight blood vessels and clots.
Treatment focuses on dissolving or preventing clots and managing symptoms:

Medications:

Injectable or oral anticoagulants (blood thinners) like heparin or warfarin prevent clot growth and formation.
Anti-seizure medications are prescribed for seizure management, while stroke-like symptoms may require intensive care.
Monitoring:

Follow-up imaging tests ensure successful treatment and rule out new clots or complications.

Medical Procedures:

In severe cases, thrombolysis (clot-breaking procedure) or mechanical thrombectomy (surgical clot removal) may be recommended.