ADHD

Overview

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder that impacts attention, impulse control, and hyperactivity. Affecting both children and teens, ADHD can persist into adulthood. It is commonly first recognized in school-aged children, where symptoms often cause classroom disruptions or difficulties with schoolwork. ADHD influences how individuals focus, stay still, and manage their behavior, making early identification and intervention crucial for effective management and support.

What is ADHD?

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in children, well-researched but not preventable or curable. Early detection and a well-developed treatment and education plan are crucial for managing ADHD symptoms effectively and supporting your child’s development.

Despite being most often linked to childhood, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects millions of adults worldwide as a neurodevelopmental condition. ADHD often goes undiagnosed and, as a result, it’s possible for individuals with this condition to persist through it till adulthood.

Fundamentally, differences in executive function are what define ADHD. This includes important skills like organisation, planning, impulse control, and attention control, which are governed by these cognitive processes. These functions don't operate as usual in people with ADHD, which can cause problems in different areas of life. The symptoms can have a majorly negative influence on an individual’s day-to-day functioning, making it difficult to manage relationships, job, school, and emotional health.

Symptoms of ADHD

Many children experience challenges such as difficulty sitting still, waiting their turn, maintaining attention, being fidgety, and acting impulsively. However, children with Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit these behaviors to a degree that is significantly more severe than what is expected for their age or developmental stage. The symptoms of ADHD—hyperactivity, impulsivity, disorganization, and inattention—can cause considerable distress and lead to difficulties in various aspects of life, including at home, in school, or within relationships. It is important to note that these symptoms are not due to defiance or an inability to understand tasks or instructions.

ADHD is categorized into three main types:

1. Predominantly Inattentive Presentation: This type is characterized by significant issues with attention and organization. Children with this presentation may struggle to focus, follow instructions, and complete tasks, often appearing forgetful or easily distracted.

2. Predominantly Hyperactive/Impulsive Presentation: This type is marked by excessive hyperactivity and impulsiveness. Children may be overly restless, unable to stay seated, and act without thinking about the consequences, which can disrupt their daily activities.

3. Combined Presentation: This type includes symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. Children with this presentation exhibit a mixture of issues with attention and organizational skills, along with hyperactive and impulsive behaviours.

Causes of ADHD

The exact causes of ADHD are still not fully understood. While research indicates that genetics play a significant role and has linked several genes to the disorder, no single gene or gene combination has been definitively identified as the cause. It is noted that ADHD often runs in families, suggesting a hereditary component. Additionally, studies have shown anatomical differences in the brains of children with ADHD compared to those without the condition.

Certain factors may increase the likelihood of developing ADHD, including:

- Brain injury
- Maternal smoking or alcohol consumption during pregnancy
- Low birth weight or premature birth
- Exposure to lead or other harmful substances before birth or during childhood

Tests and Treatments for ADHD

There is no single test to diagnose ADHD, making it challenging, especially in children. Doctors rely on the American Psychiatric Association's guidelines, which consider the number and duration of symptoms. They also rule out other potential causes, such as mental health conditions like depression or anxiety. These guidelines are intended for children ages 4 to 17.

ADHD treatment typically involves a combination of therapy and medication. For preschool-age and younger children, the initial approach usually includes behavioral strategies such as parent management training and school interventions. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) is an evidence-based method that supports young children with ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder.

The primary goal of ADHD treatment is to alleviate symptoms, enabling your child to function more effectively both at home and at school.

Treating ADHD in Children

Behavioral Therapy- Parent Training in Behavior Management teaches parents methods for managing their child’s behavior, including establishing clear routines, using positive reinforcement, and handling unwanted behavior. This approach is crucial for young children, who need parental guidance to control their behavior. Play/Talk Therapy is beneficial for older children and teens, offering them a space to express their emotions and discuss their problems.

Treating ADHD in for Adults

Therapy- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) helps adults reframe negative thought patterns, manage emotions, and develop coping skills for ADHD symptoms.

ADHD Coaching in areas such as organization, time management, and task completion.

Medication - Stimulants and non-stimulants may be used.