It was a typical morning. My mother was getting ready; this was her usual routine: bustling around the house. When she suddenly stopped and shouted, blood was oozing from her nose. As kids, my siblings and I were terrified. We scrambled to help, but it wasn't until later that we learned the cause of that alarming moment: high blood pressure. That day was our first lesson in the silent yet powerful effects of hypertension. Nosebleeds, or epistaxis, are common, and nearly everyone experiences at least one in their lifetime.

While most are minor and often caused by dry air or irritation, some can signal underlying health concerns. One recurring question is whether high blood pressure causes nosebleeds or is merely coincidental.

Where Exactly Does a Nosebleed Occur?

The nose is covered by a rich plexus of small blood vessels, making it prone to bleeding. Most nosebleeds are anterior in origin, occurring at the front of the nose, and are relatively benign. They often occur because of irritants such as dry air, frequent nose-blowing, or trauma.

On the other hand, posterior nosebleeds are caused by a source that is located deeper within the nasal cavity. They are less common but more severe, as the blood tends to flow backward into the throat, making them more difficult to control. Common causes of posterior nosebleeds include trauma, medical conditions, or high blood pressure.

Connection Between Nosebleeds and High Blood Pressure

Hypertension is the condition whereby the pressure of blood against the arterial walls is consistently too high. Over time, this may damage the fine blood vessels in the nose, causing them to rupture more easily.

Significant studies have shown a strong relationship between hypertension and severe cases of nosebleeds necessitating urgent care. A certain study showed that patients diagnosed with high blood pressure had 2.7-fold increased chances of having nosebleeds that were not slight.

However, it should be noted that mild hypertension by itself does not cause nosebleeds. Nosebleeds are more likely to happen during a hypertensive crisis when the blood pressure suddenly rises to above 180/120. A hypertensive crisis can also have other symptoms such as a severe headache, shortness of breath, and anxiety. Therefore, it is considered a medical emergency.

Why Does Hypertension Increase the Risk?

Chronic hypertension makes the walls of blood vessels weaker and less elastic, which easily causes them to tear. In the nose, this is especially vulnerable because the blood vessels are close to the surface. Sudden surges in blood pressure, such as in a hypertensive crisis, can cause tears in these weakened vessels, resulting in nosebleeds.

While hypertension is a contributing cause, nosebleeds occur infrequently as the only manifestation of high blood pressure. This makes regular monitoring for blood pressure all the more crucial, as hypertension has the reputation of being the "silent killer" since people often do not present symptoms until the disease has run its course.

Other Causes of Nosebleeds

• Dry Air: Cold weather or house heating dries out membranes that line the nose, hence susceptible to cracking.
• Trauma: Blows in the nose, nose picking or excessive nose blowing can traumatize blood vessels.
• Intrinsic Disease: Liver disease and kidney disease and drug therapy that affect clotting such as blood thinners enhance the risk of nose bleeding.
• Foreign Bodies: Children especially tend to insert objects up their noses, which can be irritating and bleed.
• Allergies or Infections: Chronic nasal inflammation resulting from allergies or colds causes irritation to the nasal mucosa.

Managing Nosebleeds at Home

For most nosebleeds, you can manage them yourself at home:

1. Sit up and lean slightly forward to prevent swallowing blood.

2. Press your nostrils together for at least 10 minutes.

3. Use a cold compress on the bridge of your nose to constrict blood vessels.

4. If the bleeding continues, use a nasal decongestant spray.

Consult a doctor if the bleeding persists beyond 20 minutes, is heavy, or follows a head injury.

Preventing Nosebleeds

Preventive measures can decrease the incidence of nosebleeds:

• Use a humidifier to maintain moisture in the air.
• Apply saline sprays or gels to keep nasal passages hydrated.
• Avoid nasal trauma by being gentle when blowing your nose.

For patients with hypertension, managing blood pressure is the best way to minimize the risk of complications. A combination of lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a healthy diet, regular exercise, and prescribed medications, can help keep blood pressure in check.

When to Worry About Nosebleeds

Most nosebleeds are harmless, but they can sometimes be signs of an underlying health condition. In adults with high blood pressure, frequent or severe nosebleeds should never be ignored. A health provider should be consulted in order to rule out any serious conditions and ensure appropriate treatment.

Regular check-ups, a healthy lifestyle, and awareness about the relationship between nosebleeds and high blood pressure would go a long way to protect your health. Indeed, prevention is always better than cure.

Epistaxis and hypertension. Post Graduate Medical Journal. 1977

A cancer diagnosis in your 20s or 30s could be a life-altering event as it brings several difficult questions that you may not be prepared to answer.

Depending on the cancer type and treatment, the possibility of you having children in the future could get significantly affected. Chemotherapy, radiation and certain surgeries can have a profound impact on reproductive health in both men and women. However, infertility is not an inevitable outcome of cancer treatment.

On National Cancer Awareness Day, experts help us understand the impact of cancer treatment on fertility by discussing options that can help young patients make informed decisions.

Dr Jeyhan B. Dhabhar, Medical Oncologist at Head Neck Cancer Institute India (HNCII), told HealthandMe that the effect of cancer treatment on fertility depends on several factors, including the type of chemotherapy, the area exposed to radiation, the patient's age and the treatment regimen.

“Cancer treatment can affect fertility in both men and women, but it is important to understand that not every cancer treatment causes infertility,” he said.

Dr Vijayalaxmi Koppad, Fertility Consultant at Birthright Fertility, HRBR, Marathahalli, Bengaluru, told HealthandMe that treatments designed to target rapidly dividing cancer cells can also damage reproductive cells. She said, "Chemotherapy may affect ovarian egg reserves or sperm production, while radiation and surgery can also affect reproductive organs."

How Does Cancer Treatment Affect Fertility In Men And Women?

Also read: FDA Probes Cancer Risk After Tumours Reported In Children Given Novartis's SMA Gene Therapy

The impact of cancer treatment can differ between men and women. In men, certain chemotherapy drugs may reduce sperm count or disrupt sperm production. Although sperm production can recover after treatment, the extent and timing of recovery vary.

In women, treatment may damage the remaining egg supply or affect ovarian function and menstrual cycles. Dr Dhabhar said, "In women, some treatments may affect the number of healthy eggs remaining in the ovaries or cause changes in menstrual cycles. Age is an important factor, as women naturally have a declining egg reserve as they grow older."

Dr Koppad explains that the biological differences between men and women influence their chances of recovery. “Men continuously produce new sperm throughout life, so their reproductive system might recover over time, whereas women are born with a fixed supply of eggs that cannot be replaced once damaged by treatment, making age a critical factor for women,” she said.

However, fertility outcomes cannot be predicted by age or gender alone. As Dr Dhabhar points out, two patients of the same age may have very different outcomes depending on the treatment they receive.

Can Cancer Treatment Cause Permanent Infertility?

Also read: NCCN Issues First-Ever Guidelines For Cancer Caregivers

Dr Dhabhar said that some cancer treatments can cause permanent infertility but this does not happen to everyone. The risk may be higher with certain chemotherapy drugs, particularly alkylating agents, high-dose chemotherapy and radiation directed at reproductive organs.

Surgeries that involve removing the ovaries or testes can also result in permanent loss of fertility. However, advances in fertility preservation have given young patients options to consider before starting cancer treatment.

Dr Koppad said, “High-dose chemotherapy, pelvic radiation, or surgeries that remove reproductive organs (like the ovaries or testes) can lead to permanent loss of fertility. However, modern fertility preservation techniques—such as freezing eggs, embryos, or sperm before treatment begins—give young patients a crucial safety net for the future.”

Men may be able to freeze sperm, while women can consider egg or embryo freezing. These procedures can preserve fertility post after treatment.

Dr Dhabhar said, "My advice to young patients is simple: if having children in the future is important to you, speak to your oncologist before starting treatment. Even a short discussion can make a meaningful difference to your future choices."

Can Fertility Return Naturally After Cancer Treatment?

Also read: After Olympian Ciara Mageean’s Death At 34, Irish Health Authorities Are Being Urged To Lower Screening Age For Bowel Cancer

Fertility can return naturally after cancer treatment and some survivors go on to have children without fertility assistance. In men, sperm production may gradually recover after chemotherapy. In women, menstrual cycles and ovarian function may return, depending on their age and the treatment.

However, the return of regular periods does not always mean that ovarian function or fertility has fully recovered. Similarly, sperm production may take time to return, and recovery is not guaranteed.

“Many cancer survivors go on to have healthy children,” says Dr Dhabhar. He recommends that patients planning a family after treatment undergo a fertility assessment and discuss the appropriate time to try for pregnancy with their oncologist.

Fertility Should Be Discussed Before Cancer Treatment

Ideally fertility should be discussed between oncologists and young patients before treatment begins. This gives patients an opportunity to understand the risks and consider preservation options.

Dr Koppad says, “While global medical guidelines urge doctors to discuss fertility before starting any therapy, it still gets overlooked during the initial rush to fight the disease.”

She encourages patients and their families to raise the subject early. One question they can ask their oncologist is: “How will this treatment affect my future family plans?”

Dr Dhabhar also emphasises that fertility planning should be addressed alongside cancer care, rather than becoming a reason to avoid or postpone essential treatment.

His message to young patients is clear. He said, “A cancer diagnosis does not mean giving up the dream of having a family. With the right guidance and timely planning, many patients can successfully balance cancer treatment with their future fertility goals.”

Delhi was ranked the world's most polluted major city on Saturday morning, November 7, 2026, by Swiss air-quality technology company, IQAir. The national capital has been grappling with worsening pollution ahead of Diwali.

IQAir placed Delhi at the top of its live global ranking at 10:35 am, with an air quality index (AQI) reading of 581. The AQI was more than twice that of Lahore in Pakistan, which recorded an AQI of 285 at the time.

However, India's Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) reported different readings as it uses different scales than IQAir to calculate AQI. According to CPCB, Delhi's AQI was 363 at 10 am on Saturday, placing the city under 'very poor' category. According to reports, Friday's air quality was the worst recorded before Diwali in eight years.

Why Delhi Grapples With Severe Air Pollution Every Year?

Also read: High AQI and High Blood Pressure: Is There a Connection People Often Overlook?

Several north Indian states including Delhi choke due to severe air pollution ahead of and during winter due to several reasons. Cold, dense air and slow winds can trap pollutants close to the ground, fueling rising AQI. Vehicular emissions, stubble burning, construction dust, and firecracker smoke from Diwali celebrations only compound to the hazardous environmental crisis.

The Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) introduced restrictions as pollution levels have increased drastically. Schools in and around Delhi have been directed to switch to online classes, while residents have been encouraged to work from home. Authorities have also asked local governments to consider allowing half of public- and private-sector employees to work remotely.

Delhi Environment Minister Manjinder Singh Sirsa warned that weather conditions could worsen further. “From tomorrow, the weather is going to become worse, winds will completely stop, which will worsen the AQI,” he said, according to Reuters.

Experts Recommend Precautions Amid Severe Air Pollution In Delhi

Also read: Delhi Air Pollution: Should You Move Your Morning Walk And Jog Indoors As AQI Nears 400?

PM2.5, fine particulate matter, is a major health concern because its tiny particles can travel deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream.

Exposure to these pollutants can aggravate asthma and other respiratory conditions like COPD and bronchitis, irritate the eyes and airways, and increase the risk of cardiovascular and respiratory disease.

In an X post, Dr. Sudhir Kr. Gupta (MD, Resp. MED), Senior Consultant Chest Physician & Bronchoscopist at Kailash Healthcare said, “Those who struggle with such respiratory problems should strictly avoid going out, especially when pollution levels are severe.”

The effects are not limited to people with existing health conditions. Children, older adults, pregnant women and people with heart or lung diseases may be particularly vulnerable.

As pollution levels remain high, health experts advise limiting strenuous outdoor activity, especially during periods of severe air quality. People who need to go outside can use a well-fitting N95 or N99 respirator.

Dr Viny Kantroo, Senior Consultant, Respiratory Medicine, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, told HealthandMe, “A well-fitted N95 mask filters at least 95% of airborne particles under standard testing conditions and can reduce exposure to PM2.5. Its protection depends on how closely it fits the face. There is no fixed number of hours for which it can be worn. Follow the manufacturer's instructions and replace it if it becomes wet, dirty, damaged or difficult to breathe through. A disposable N95 should not be washed.”

Also read: With Delhi AQI Nearing 400, Pollution & Flu Loom Ahead Of Diwali: What Happens When Both Hit Your Lungs?

Many opt for cloth masks while stepping. The doctor explained if cloth masks are as effective as N95 or N99 masks to protect yourself from toxic air.

She added, “Cloth masks offer limited and inconsistent protection against PM2.5. Their effectiveness depends on the fabric, number of layers and fit, but they generally do not filter fine particles as reliably as an N95. A well-fitted N95 or equivalent respirator is a better choice when stepping outdoors during severe pollution. Even then, reducing time outdoors remains important.”

Dr. Jeenam Shah, Consultant Pulmonology, Wockhard Hospital, Mumbai Central told HealthandMe that scarves, handkerchiefs and loose-fitting surgical masks are also not adequate substitutes for a properly fitted N95 or equivalent respirator. He said, "During severe pollution, an N95 mask is a better option when outdoor exposure is unavoidable."

She also recommended not wearing masks for long hours and disposing them off when they get soiled.

She said, “An N95 can be worn for several hours if it remains dry, clean, undamaged and fits properly. Replace it if breathing becomes difficult or the mask becomes wet or dirty. Disposable N95 masks should not be washed. If wearing one for long periods, take breaks in a cleaner indoor environment when possible. The mask should fit closely around the nose and mouth, as gaps reduce its effectiveness.”

Indoor exposure can also be reduced by keeping windows closed when outdoor pollution is high, using an appropriately sized HEPA air purifier where available and avoiding indoor sources of smoke.

Dr Kantroo said, “Polluted air can enter through gaps in doors and windows, while cooking fumes, incense, smoking and cleaning products can add to indoor pollution. A HEPA air purifier can reduce fine particles, provided it is suitable for the room size and its filters are maintained. During severe pollution, keep windows closed. Ventilate when outdoor air quality improves, rather than relying on a fixed time of day.”

Dr Gupta also recommended using masks and keeping an air purifier at home to maintain indoor air quality.

Dr Kantroo also spoke about morning walks and outdoor exercise when AQI is severe. She explained, “When AQI is Very Poor or Severe, strenuous outdoor exercise should be avoided."

Dr Shah explained that physical activity increases your breathing rate, which means you inhale more pollutants and expose your lungs to higher levels of harmful particles. He advised, "Instead, opt for indoor exercises in a well-ventilated, air-purified environment. If outdoor activity is unavoidable, keep it brief and avoid high-traffic areas."

Air pollution contributes to several common ailments, such as asthma and allergies. There are many less obvious health issues caused by breathing polluted air, including an increase in blood pressure and long-term cardiovascular damage. High air quality indexes and the corresponding effect on blood pressure should be a point of study, especially in cities where poor air quality is a problem that seems to come and go.

AQI & High Blood Pressure

When we breathe in polluted air, it’s not only about the particulate matter; there is also a variety of gases that come along with it. Especially in the case of fine particulate matter, like PM2.5, it’s possible to inhale particulate matter directly into the lungs and from there, into the blood stream. Pollution that enters the bloodstream has the potential to induce inflammation and oxidative stress in the body. The combination of stress and pollution to the body can have a negative impact on blood vessels, potentially even decreasing the flexibility and elasticity of blood vessels, which in turn leads to the heart working overtime, and eventually, increasing blood pressure.

Also read: With Delhi AQI Nearing 400, Pollution & Flu Loom Ahead Of Diwali: What Happens When Both Hit Your Lungs?

Another significant issue is how air pollution interacts with the stress response system. The sympathetic nervous system controls the fight or flight response, and it may cause blood pressure and heart rate to go up temporarily. This can be very harmful to individuals with preexisting conditions like diabetes, hypertension or other heart issues, especially when coupled with recurrent exposure.

The insidious nature of pollution is the biggest concern here. An individual may experience no signs of respiratory health problems but will nonetheless have been exposed to substances that have negatively impacted their overall health. So, bad air quality should not be thought of as a purely respiratory issue.

How To Stay Safe?

Being informed about local air quality forecasts is something people should do more often, especially if there is an increasing trend in AQI levels. Another step people can take to limit exposure is limiting exercise outdoors close to areas with a high amount of traffic, especially if there is a lot of traffic at that time. Other preventive actions can be taking the time to fit N95 masks when it's absolutely necessary to be exposed to air outdoors and keeping all of the windows and doors in their homes closed when air pollution levels become very high and keeping an indoor air purifier turned on.

Individuals should still focus on monitoring their blood pressure and following through with their doctor's orders. If you are mindful of what impacts our health, you may realize how closely linked heart and lung health are.