Mosquitoes are a big part of the ecosystem, but often are a nuisance as they bite and feed off of us. Their bites cause itchy red bumps and spread infections and allergies in our bodies. But have you ever wondered why they bite certain people more than others? While some people are plagued by mosquito bites, others barely notice them. Here are some interesting facts about mosquitoes that you must know about!

1. Carbon Dioxide:

Mosquitoes are attracted to a certain smell that emits from the human body that is present in the human skin and sweat, mosquitoes can sense the carbon dioxide or CO2 we breathe out. The more active you are, the more CO2 you emit and the more mosquitoes will be attracted to you. Researchers are still investigating the cause of the variation of body odour that brings them to you, possibly genetics or certain bacteria. The unique combination of sweat and skin bacteria creates a scent that mosquitoes find irresistible. Some chemicals in sweat, like lactic acid and ammonia, are especially attractive to them.

2. Colours

While the reason isn't fully understood, mosquitoes seem to be drawn to dark colours like black more than lighter ones. So, ditch the dark outfit next time you're in mosquito territory. It has been noted that mosquitoes are more likely to leave lighter colours alone.

3. Heat and Vapour

Mosquitoes can detect your body's heat and water vapour, acting like a beacon guiding them right to you. So next time you're feeling sweaty, be aware you might be attracting a lot of mosquitoes. If you are working out or doing something that is making you sweat and your body heat rise, the mosquitoes nearby will be instantly attracted to you. Even mosquitoes are careful about who they pick as a host, some studies even suggest that they like a certain body temperature to feed off of.

An interesting fact about mosquitoes is that they can learn to like a host. They have their own preferences and if they meet a certain person who fits their criteria they might be the next host they move onto. In an older study, it showed that 20 per cent of people with mosquito-borne diseases accounted for 80 per cent of diseases transmitted in the population. They suggest that they only bite a certain set of people within the population.

4. Other factors:

Studies suggest mosquitoes might learn to prefer certain people based on things like what you've been drinking. In a 2002 study, there could be many reasons they like alcohol to making your body temperature high etc. Even pregnant women seem to be extra attractive to them due to higher body temperature and CO2 output.

Malaria is usually understood as a fever illness, with symptoms such as chills, sweating, body ache, weakness, and in severe cases, anemia or organ complications. But for women, especially in malaria-prone regions, its impact can be more layered.

It can disturb the body’s hormonal rhythm, worsen fatigue, complicate menstrual symptoms, and create confusion between infection-related pain and period-related discomfort. That is why malaria should not be seen only as a seasonal mosquito-borne disease, but also as a health concern that can affect women’s reproductive and menstrual well-being.

India has made strong progress against malaria. According to the Government of India, reported malaria cases fell from 11.6 lakh in 2015 to 2.27 lakh in 2023, a reduction of roughly 80%. Malaria-related deaths also declined from 384 to 83 in the same period, a fall of about 78%. This shows that prevention, testing, surveillance, and treatment have improved significantly.

At the same time, malaria has not disappeared. The risk remains higher in endemic, tribal, forested, and hard-to-reach areas, where mosquito exposure, delayed testing, limited access to care, and anemia can make the illness more difficult to manage.

How Malaria Dents Menstrual Health

The connection begins with the body’s stress response. Malaria infection does not remain limited to the bloodstream. Research on hormones in malaria shows that the infection can affect host metabolism and create hormonal imbalances, with changes influenced by parasite type, disease severity, immune response, age, sex, nutrition, and stage of infection.

The research notes that malaria can dysregulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal, thyroid, and gonadal axes, which are central to stress, metabolism, and reproductive hormone regulation.

For menstrual health, this matters because periods are not controlled by the uterus alone. They depend on coordination between the brain, ovaries, and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. When the body is fighting malaria, that rhythm can be disturbed.

Fever, inflammation, poor appetite, weakness, anemia, and high physical stress can make periods late, lighter, heavier, or more exhausting than usual. In some women, premenstrual symptoms such as body ache, fatigue, abdominal discomfort, and mood changes may also feel worse because malaria itself produces overlapping symptoms.

There is also a direct hormonal pathway to consider. Cortisol, often called the stress hormone, is reported to rise in both P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria. High cortisol can affect immune function and may also disturb the wider hormonal balance on which regular ovulation and menstruation depend.

The same research notes that lower estradiol has been reported in severe falciparum malaria, while progesterone levels have also been reported to be lower in patients with P. falciparum malaria.

These findings do not mean every woman with malaria will have menstrual changes, but they do show that malaria can interfere with the hormonal systems linked to reproductive health.

Link Between Malaria And Anemia in Women

Anemia is another important link. Malaria can destroy red blood cells and contribute to severe anemia. Menstruation, especially heavy bleeding, can also lower iron stores. When both happen together, the result can be extreme tiredness, dizziness, breathlessness, paleness, poor concentration, and slower recovery.

This is particularly relevant in India, where anemia among women is already a major public health concern. A woman recovering from malaria who also has heavy periods should not dismiss prolonged weakness as “normal period fatigue.”

Malaria: Delayed Symptoms In Women

One reason diagnosis can be delayed is that malaria symptoms are often nonspecific. WHO lists fever, headache, and chills as common early symptoms, and says early testing is important because symptoms may initially resemble many other fever illnesses. In women, body ache, fatigue, abdominal discomfort, and weakness may be mistaken for PMS, a painful period, viral fever, or early pregnancy unless malaria is actively considered.

The risk is even more serious during pregnancy, including early pregnancy when a woman may not yet know she is pregnant. WHO states that malaria during pregnancy can cause premature delivery or low birth weight, and it is also noted that pregnancy reduces immunity to malaria, increasing the risk of severe anemia and illness.

The practical message is simple: if fever with chills, severe body ache, vomiting, unusual weakness, dizziness, or headache appears around the time of a period, it should not automatically be treated as PMS or “period weakness,” especially after travel to or residence in a malaria-prone area.

A malaria test should be done promptly, and treatment should be taken only under medical supervision.

Malaria can affect menstrual health by placing stress on the body’s blood, hormones, immunity, and energy reserves. For women, recognizing this connection can help prevent delayed diagnosis and support faster recovery.

When it comes to gas, bloating, and "acidity," it is easy to think that these are simply a case of IBS or nervousness about eating. However, gastric cancer is one of the most frequent causes of cancer-related deaths in the world, including in India, where it is a common form of gastrointestinal cancer. In some cases of early gastric cancer, the symptoms are so similar to other digestive troubles that it could prove fatal to ignore the warning signs.

In an interaction with Health and Me, Dr Rakesh Kumar Sharma, Senior Consultant Medical Oncologist at M | O | C Cancer Care & Research Centre, Gurugram, spoke about the symptoms of stomach cancer and how it can often be confused with IBS.

Why is IBS confused with stomach cancer?

IBS is a functional gastrointestinal condition, which means the patient’s gut may seem fine, but it is not functioning properly. Common complaints in IBS include abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhoea, and constipation. Patients may notice a pattern in which their symptoms come and go over several months and may even associate them with food triggers or emotional stress.

However, IBS does not cause ulcers, bleeding, or intestinal damage, and patients have no greater likelihood of developing cancer when evaluated properly. This means that since many symptoms of IBS, inflammation, and cancers can overlap, there is a risk of diagnosing something serious as “just IBS."

What are the symptoms of stomach cancer?

Stomach cancer commonly begins in the inner lining of the stomach and usually presents with non-specific and subtle symptoms in its early stages. Common complaints include continuous indigestion and heartburn that fail to respond to common anti-acidity medication. Early satiety is another common complaint, whereby patients feel full too soon during meals, along with upper abdominal discomfort and heaviness. Other common symptoms include bloating, nausea, and gradual loss of appetite over weeks.

It is important to differentiate early-stage gastric cancer from simple acidity and IBS, since the latter conditions usually show periodic improvement and respond to common medications. However, if the above symptoms persist for two to three weeks without relief despite basic management, further evaluation may be required, especially in middle-aged and older patients.

Stomach cancer symptoms to never miss

There are certain symptoms that should never be overlooked and are regarded as red flags requiring prompt investigation for possible stomach cancer:

1. Sudden weight loss and poor appetite
2. Concurrent vomiting and regurgitation
3. Dysphagia or difficulty swallowing
4. Melena or hematochezia
5. Anaemia (reduced haemoglobin level), tiredness, and weakness due to chronic blood loss
6. Ongoing or progressive upper abdominal pain or a lump in the upper part of the abdomen

Any of these require immediate attention, regardless of an IBS diagnosis.

Who is at an increased risk?

Persistent infection by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori is the most well-established risk factor for the development of stomach cancer, primarily lower stomach cancers. H. pylori infections affect about half the global population and may lead to chronic inflammation, ulcers, and eventually precancerous changes in the stomach lining. High dietary consumption of salt, pickled or smoked foods, and processed meats increases the risk, especially when there is an existing H. pylori infection.

Smoking and alcohol abuse independently contribute to an increased risk of gastric cancer, along with obesity and specific genetic or familial risk factors. There are higher rates of gastric cancer in some parts of India, with the majority of cases being detected at later stages of the disease. This emphasises the importance of early detection and evaluation in populations with a high burden of gastric cancer.

When should you be alarmed?

You do not have to worry about every episode of acid reflux, but you should never dismiss anything unusual that occurs in your body. You need to consult your doctor if your indigestion, epigastric pain, early satiety, and bloating persist for two to three weeks even after conventional treatment. You experience alarming symptoms such as weight loss, vomiting, dysphagia, black stools, and anaemia

Fructose, found in all processed foods such as sodas and snacks, may not just be adding to your calories. A new study warns about its significant role in the rising metabolic diseases.

The study, published in the journal Nature Metabolism, showed that fructose may be playing a distinct role in driving metabolic disease, acting as a signal that promotes fat production and storage.

“Fructose is not just another calorie,” said lead author Richard Johnson, professor at the University of Colorado Anschutz.

“It acts as a metabolic signal that promotes fat production and storage in ways that differ fundamentally from glucose,” he added.

Why Fructose's Metabolic Effects Raise Concern?

In the study, the researchers examined how common dietary sweeteners, including table sugar (sucrose) and high-fructose corn syrup, impact human health.

While both contain glucose and fructose, fructose has unique metabolic effects that may more directly contribute to obesity and related conditions.

“Its metabolism bypasses normal energy regulation, leading to increased fat synthesis and lower cellular energy, processes linked to obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular risk,” revealed the researchers.

As the body can produce fructose internally from glucose, the team pointed out that its impact on disease may be broader than just dietary sugar intake.

Also read:The Sweet Trap: How Much Natural Sugar Should You Consume Daily?

The study also outlined how fructose metabolism bypasses key regulatory steps in the body’s energy-processing pathways.

This can lead to

• increased fat synthesis,
• depletion of cellular energy (ATP)
• the production of compounds linked to metabolic dysfunction.

“This review highlights fructose as a central player in metabolic health,” said Johnson. “Understanding its unique biological effects is critical for developing more effective strategies to prevent and treat metabolic disease.”

How Much Sugar Is Too Much?

The World Health Organization (WHO) advises that added sugars must make up fewer than 10 per cent of your daily total energy intake, better yet, aiming for 5 per cent for optimal health gains—approximately 25 grams or 6 teaspoons a day for an adult eating 2,000 calories a day.

The American Heart Association (AHA) is even more stringent:

Women: Restrict to 100 calories/day of added sugars (approximately 25 grams or 6 teaspoons).

Men: Restrict to 150 calories/day (approximately 38 grams or 9 teaspoons).

You're taking in too much added sugar if:

• Over 10 per cent of your total daily calories are from sugar.
• You're taking in more than 150 calories/day (men), or 100 calories/day (women) from sugar.

Read: Benjamin Netanyahu Undergoes Treatment For Early-stage Prostate Cancer: Symptoms You Should Not Ignore

While sugar in whole foods such as fruits and vegetables isn't the problem—it's part of a nutrient-dense package, the problem lies with the sneakily added sugars in everyday products such as ketchup, cereals, salad dressings, protein bars, and "health" drinks.

Instead of being afraid of all sugar, pay attention to where it's coming from. Read labels carefully. Stick to whole foods, avoid processed items. While natural sugars in your bowl of fruit or glass of milk may not be a problem, keep an eye out for the syrup in your coffee or that "healthy" granola.

Natural sugars can absolutely be part of a balanced, healthy diet. However, the body doesn’t distinguish between a sugar cube and a fruit smoothie when it comes to blood glucose spikes. What makes all the difference is the nutritional context.