Mosquitoes are a big part of the ecosystem, but often are a nuisance as they bite and feed off of us. Their bites cause itchy red bumps and spread infections and allergies in our bodies. But have you ever wondered why they bite certain people more than others? While some people are plagued by mosquito bites, others barely notice them. Here are some interesting facts about mosquitoes that you must know about!

1. Carbon Dioxide:

Mosquitoes are attracted to a certain smell that emits from the human body that is present in the human skin and sweat, mosquitoes can sense the carbon dioxide or CO2 we breathe out. The more active you are, the more CO2 you emit and the more mosquitoes will be attracted to you. Researchers are still investigating the cause of the variation of body odour that brings them to you, possibly genetics or certain bacteria. The unique combination of sweat and skin bacteria creates a scent that mosquitoes find irresistible. Some chemicals in sweat, like lactic acid and ammonia, are especially attractive to them.

2. Colours

While the reason isn't fully understood, mosquitoes seem to be drawn to dark colours like black more than lighter ones. So, ditch the dark outfit next time you're in mosquito territory. It has been noted that mosquitoes are more likely to leave lighter colours alone.

3. Heat and Vapour

Mosquitoes can detect your body's heat and water vapour, acting like a beacon guiding them right to you. So next time you're feeling sweaty, be aware you might be attracting a lot of mosquitoes. If you are working out or doing something that is making you sweat and your body heat rise, the mosquitoes nearby will be instantly attracted to you. Even mosquitoes are careful about who they pick as a host, some studies even suggest that they like a certain body temperature to feed off of.

An interesting fact about mosquitoes is that they can learn to like a host. They have their own preferences and if they meet a certain person who fits their criteria they might be the next host they move onto. In an older study, it showed that 20 per cent of people with mosquito-borne diseases accounted for 80 per cent of diseases transmitted in the population. They suggest that they only bite a certain set of people within the population.

4. Other factors:

Studies suggest mosquitoes might learn to prefer certain people based on things like what you've been drinking. In a 2002 study, there could be many reasons they like alcohol to making your body temperature high etc. Even pregnant women seem to be extra attractive to them due to higher body temperature and CO2 output.

Many people may dismiss swelling in an arm or leg, particularly if it's not painful. But if the swelling continues or keeps coming back, it could be a sign of lymphedema, a condition that affects the body's lymphatic system.

The lymphatic system is responsible for draining excess fluid from body tissues. If this system is damaged or is not functioning correctly, fluid will accumulate, and lead to swelling. There are different causes of lymphedema such as some infections, injuries, congenital disorders and cancer therapies. Women who have had breast or gynaecological cancers may be at special risk if they had their lymph nodes removed or if radiation had been used.

What are the WARNING SIGNS?

Sometimes, lymphedema develops gradually. Signs and symptoms include swelling of one arm or leg, heaviness or tightness in the arm or leg, trouble putting on rings or a watch, and decreased movement in the arm or leg.

At times, the skin can also be tight and turn into a hard consistency over time. In certain patients, a second infection of the skin may occur.

These symptoms should not just be attributed to "normal swelling. An early evaluation may help determine the root cause and make the condition less complicated to deal with.

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What Is The Treatment For Lymphedema?

Treatment will depend on the severity of the disease and its etiology. Treatment usually involves compression garments, special physiotherapy, gentle lymphatic massage, exercises and skin care. The techniques may be used to help decrease swelling and movement.

Surgery may be necessary in some cases of more severe or chronic lymphedema. New pathways can be created to allow the excess fluid to pass, such as in a lymphovenous bypass. For some patients, a transfer of lymph nodes or liposuction may be an option.

Additionally, for patients who have an increased risk of developing lymphedema, doctors may also recommend preventive measures for individuals who must have some type of cancer surgery. This implies that measures should be taken to ensure protection of the lymphatic drainage before any appreciable swelling occurs.

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When To Go To The Doctor?

If swelling isn't severe, don't wait to get help. If there is any continued or unexplained swelling, there will be a specialist available to give information about the cause of the swelling and what treatment is appropriate.

Patients are provided with a holistic treatment pathway for lymphedema with multiple specialists treating their patients who came together for the diagnosis, rehabilitation and surgical treatment of lymphedema.

Treatment of lymphedema is not all about reducing swelling. The overall aim is to maintain a person's function, ease and independence in their daily activities.

If diagnosed early, and appropriately treated and followed-up, lymphedema can be managed successfully and patients can lead their life with a growing sense of confidence and comfort.

AIIMS New Delhi has successfully performed its second dual kidney transplant using organs from a marginal donor. The procedure highlighted a strategy that could help make greater use of kidneys that may otherwise be rejected for transplantation.

The procedure was carried out on July 28 by a multidisciplinary team from the Departments of Surgical Disciplines, Nephrology, Anaesthesia, Transplant Immunology and the Organ Retrieval Banking Organisation (ORBO).

The donor was a 70-year-old woman from Command Hospital, Chandimandir, Chandigarh. Because of her advanced age and the marginal characteristics of the donated kidneys, doctors transplanted both kidneys into a single 56-year-old woman.

The organs were transported from Chandigarh to New Delhi by an Army helicopter. According to AIIMS, despite a cold ischaemia time of 12 hours, both kidneys were functioning immediately after transplantation.

The recipient showed no complications after the transplantation and was discharged after 10 days with normal kidney function.

What Is A Dual Kidney Transplant?

In a conventional kidney transplant, one donated kidney is transplanted into a recipient. Meanwhile, in a dual kidney transplant both kidneys are placed into one patient from the same deceased donor.

The approach is considered when the donor is older or the kidneys have characteristics that suggest that a single kidney may not provide sufficient function.

In simple terms, two kidneys that have lower individual functional capacity may be able to provide adequate overall kidney function when transplanted together.

Research has previously found that dual kidney transplantation can be a viable option for kidneys from older or marginal donors. Transplant teams carefully assess the donor organs and recipient before deciding whether using both kidneys together could provide adequate renal function.

A 2025 analysis comparing single and dual transplantation from marginal donors also highlighted the potential of using kidneys from a deceased donor.

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Need Of The Hour

The milestone comes as India faces shortage of transplantable organs. India recorded 20,138 organ transplants in 2025, crossing the 20,000 mark for the first time, but the number of patients needing transplants remains far higher than the available organs.

Recent reports has also highlight the country's mounting transplant needs that still remain unmet despite its position as one of the world's largest transplant centres by volume.

This makes the ability to safely use organs from older or marginal donors particularly important.

“Dual kidney transplantation from carefully selected marginal donors represents an important strategy for increasing the utilization of deceased-donor organs,” AIIMS said in the press release.

AIIMS said the successful transplant demonstrates its efforts to “maximize the utilization of marginal donor organs” and help patients with end-stage kidney disease receive organs at the earliest.

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Encouraging Development

The immediate functioning of both kidneys despite around 12 hours of cold storage is certainly encouraging. However, the patient’s discharge with normal kidney function represents an early outcome.

Longer follow-up will be needed to determine how well the transplanted kidneys perform over the months and years ahead.

The AIIMS team was led by Prof. Asuri Krishna, with support from the nephrology, anaesthesia, transplant immunology, ORBO and organ retrieval teams.

It is a common belief that metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)—formerly known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)—is primarily associated with diet, sedentary lifestyles, and obesity. However, there are other factors as well affecting this aspect. Post-menopausal women experience a significantly higher incidence and faster progression of fatty liver disease, even when maintaining a stable body weight.

Why Menopause Increases Fatty Liver Risk

In pre-menopausal women, oestrogen plays a central role in metabolism, by promoting healthy fat accumulation in subcutaneous tissue (below the skin) rather than around internal organs, it also increases insulin sensitivity and suppresses liver inflammation.

After menopause when oestrogen levels drop, this protective function is lost, there is redistribution of fat leading to more fat accumulation around internal organs including liver thus leading to increase chances of NAFLD and also increasing insulin resistance, needless to say that with age our metabolic rate also goes down which also plays a role in this.

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Early Detection Is Key

The important part lies not only in understanding above but to go further in early detection and prevention of menopause associated NAFLD. As we know that fatty liver is a silent disease and often does not causes any signs and symptoms till very advanced stage.

First and foremost is to change lifestyle with advancing age, changing both the dietary habits and physical activity. Regular screening and monitoring is warranted with blood tests, routine metabolic panels, keeping a tab on weight, sugar and cholesterol levels and a basic ultrasound of abdomen.

For someone already diagnosed with 2nd or 3rd stage fatty liver, a simple non-invasive. Fibroscan can help monitor and assess the response to treatment.

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Understanding The Impact Of Menopause On Liver Health

Coming to treatment part of NAFLD in post-menopausal women, it being primary a lifestyle disease so the core of management also lies around managing lifestyle. Medicines are available for treating and controlling NAFLD in conjunction with lifestyle management.

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), when initiated early in post-menopausal women for symptomatic relief may offer secondary benefits by maintaining metabolic health. However HRT should always be initiated after proper evaluation and expert guidance.

NAFLD is a silent epidemic and primarily a life style disease, knowing about it and knowing triggering and precipitating factors helps understanding and prevention better.

Menopause being a natural biological phenomenon in every female’s life, it becomes essential for us to know how it affects our liver health and overall health as well.

By Mr. Ankur Garg, Group Director Liver Transplant & GI Surgery, Paras Health, Gurgaon