What Is Type 3 Diabetes? Insulin Resistance In The Brain That Could Trigger Alzheimer’s
Most people are aware of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, but did you know there is a type 3 diabetes as well! It is a more obscure term. Although it is not an accepted medical diagnosis, type 3 diabetes has been discussed in the literature as a possible relationship between insulin resistance in the brain and Alzheimer's disease. This link has been described to help explain how metabolic disorders impact brain health, causing cognitive decline and dementia.
Type 3 diabetes is more of a misnomer because it should not be confused with type 3c diabetes, which relates to pancreatic dysfunction. The term "type 3 diabetes," on the other hand, has been loosely used by some scientists to analogously propose that Alzheimer's disease is strongly implicated with insulin resistance in the brain.
This concept was conceptualized by Dr. Suzanne de la Monte and Dr. Jack Wands of Brown University in the year 2008. This hypothesis postulated that Alzheimer's disease may be called type 3 diabetes for it bears many similarities with glucose metabolism disorder type 2 diabetes. Their concept arises from the basic principle that insulin is fundamental to blood sugar regulation, but it is also the case with the brain. When brain cells become insulin-resistant, they lose access to glucose, impairing their function.
Research published in the Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology supports this hypothesis by indicating that insulin resistance can be a significant contributor to the occurrence of dementia, also referred to as Alzheimer's. The symptoms of memory loss and diminished reasoning are associated with impaired glucose metabolism in the body, especially in the cerebral tissue.
Although type 3 diabetes is not a "medical term," its symptoms correlate well with Alzheimer's diseases that are known to reduce the ability to think in an efficient manner and bring down brain health. These signs are:
- Loss of memory, especially short-term.
- Poor judgment and judgment ability
- Failure in recognizing people or places familiar once.
- Failure in the process of reading, writing or processing numbers
- Anxiety, agitation, or mood changes.
- Disorganized thoughts or confusion
- Lack of impulse control
As the disease advances, patients may be afflicted with severe complications including an inability to swallow or control their bodily functions. In the final stages, most patients die from fatal complications such as aspiration pneumonia.
This may not be well understood with regards to type 3 diabetes, or the exact link between insulin resistance and Alzheimer's disease. Some identified contributing factors include the following:
Insulin acts as an important regulatory mechanism of brain functions such as memory and cognition. The reduction in insulin signaling may impair metabolism of brain cells, thus bringing about neurodegeneration.
These diseases show a strong relationship and those individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes have double chances of getting Alzheimer's. In the two, the main causes can be chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and a defect in glucose metabolism.
Insulin resistance associated with obesity, stress, and an unhealthy diet is considered a cause that may increase the chances of Alzheimer's disease.
Researches in Frontiers in Neuroscience and The Lancet Neurology have also highlighted that drugs used for antidiabetic medication may be crucial for the prevention or at least slowing down the course of Alzheimer's.
In 2022, in a study in Pharmaceuticals, researchers studied biomarker uptake in brain regions implicated in the faulty uptake and metabolism of blood sugar in Alzheimer’s patients.
Emerging Therapies
Research into such treatments as intranasal insulin has also been promising. Intranasal delivery of insulin directly to the brain has been reported to enhance glucose uptake by brain cells, improve memory, and boost cognitive performance. While such clinical trials have been shown to be successful, additional research is needed for safety and efficacy.
Medications
For patients being aggressive or agitated, antipsychotic drugs may be prescribed; however, therapies such as cognitive rehabilitation as well as cognitive stimulation therapy serve to preserve memory and executive function.
Lifestyle Interventions
Diet, exercise, and stress management are critical in preventing and managing insulin resistance. A review in the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease also highlighted the benefits of Kirtan Kriya meditation, which can regulate genes involved in insulin and glucose metabolism, improve sleep, and reduce inflammation.
Although type 3 diabetes is not officially recognized, its connection to Alzheimer’s disease underscores the importance of proactive measures for brain health. Some prevention strategies include:
1. Healthy Diet
Consuming a balanced diet rich in antioxidants, whole grains, and healthy fats may support brain health.
2. Regular Exercise
Physical activity improves insulin sensitivity, reduces inflammation, and enhances overall metabolic health.
3. Stress Reduction
Mindfulness practices, including meditation, have been shown to lower stress levels, which can reduce the risk of cognitive decline.
The term type 3 diabetes brings out the complex relationship between metabolic disorders and brain health. Even though it is not a recognized medical condition, the concept emphasizes the crucial role of insulin in brain function and its possible contribution to Alzheimer's disease. Continued research will hopefully provide hope for therapies such as intranasal insulin and lifestyle modifications.
A recent meningitis outbreak in Kent University has led to many people wandering about the MenB vaccine and whether they should be getting it. The UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) with NHS England and the government is already coordinating a targeted vaccination programme against Meningitis B- the strain identified to cause the outbreak.
As per UKHSA, anyone in the following group has been offered preventative antibiotics which is also known as prophylaxis, is being offered the MenB vaccine. As of now, this includes:
Read: Fact Check: Did Keir Starmer Say UK ‘May Need To Go Into Lockdown’ If Meningitis Cases Keep Rising?
As of now, notes UKHSA that the risk of infection to the wider public remains low. This is because transmission of MenB requires close and prolonged contact to spread. This could only happen when people are living in the same household and with intimate contact such as kissing or sharing drinks or vapes.
The bacteria, notes UKHSA, are not as contagious as the other infections like measles and COVID 19.
Antibiotics play an important role, and almost an immediate one when it comes to responding to an outbreak. For anyone who has been in close contact with a confirmed or suspected case, preventative antibiotics are being offered to them to clear any meningococcal bacteria they may be carrying. This will reduce the risk of them becoming ill or passing the bacteria on to others.
The simple answer is a yes. UKHSA notes that if you are eligible for the MenB vaccine despite the fact that you have taken MenACWY vaccine, you should come forward and take the MenB vaccine. This is because the MenACWY vaccine does not protect you against the MenB strains, as they are both different strain. MenB has been identified as the primary cause of meningitis outbreak in Kent University.
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Semaglutide is the hero ingredient in the popular drugs Ozempic (used primarily to treat Type-2 diabetes) and Wegovy (used for chronic weight management).
Semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, has shown its prowess in lowering the risk of heart attack, stroke, or death in patients with type 2 diabetes, obesity, and heart or blood vessel disease.
With emerging preclinical evidence suggesting its potential neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, an international team of researchers from the US and Taiwan focused their study on semaglutide and patients whose cancer has spread to the brain.
Cancer in the brain, also known as brain metastases, is an advanced-stage (stage IV) cancer, which is generally associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality in patients. Those with comorbidities like type 2 diabetes are likely to have worse outcomes.
The research, published in JAMA Network Open, showed that although the once-weekly semaglutide injections cannot directly treat cancer, they can potentially help some very ill patients live longer.
“The findings of this cohort study suggest that GLP-1 RA use was associated with a significant reduction in all-cause mortality among patients with cancer with brain metastases and type 2 diabetes, with generally consistent association across subgroups," said the team from Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York and National Cheng Kung University Hospital in Taiwan, in the paper.
The teams analyzed medical records from 151 hospitals around the world.
They identified more than 19,000 patients with cancer, brain metastases, and type 2 diabetes. Of these, 866 had been treated with a GLP-1 drug, while over 11,000 had not.
Their final analysis included two groups of 850 patients who were compared for the effects of semaglutide and were followed for up to three years after their brain metastases were first recorded.
The patients taking semaglutide were significantly less likely to die -- about 37 percent -- during the follow-up period than those who were not.
The pattern was fairly consistent across several major cancer types, including lung cancer, breast cancer, and melanoma.
"These results build upon existing evidence that GLP-1 receptor activation modulates pathways relevant to neuro-oncologic health, including attenuation of neuroinflammation, preservation of blood–brain barrier integrity, and reduction of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction," the researchers said.
However, they also acknowledged limitations, such as the study was retrospectively conducted, which checked medical records and did not test patients in a controlled trial.
With Novo Nordisk losing its patent in many countries, the sky-high prices of Ozempic and Wegovy are likely to go down by 90 percent.
This means the drug will be available at cheaper rates to 40 per cent of the world's population.
In India, the patent ended on March 20, and since then, several companies, including Alkem Laboratories, NATCO Pharma, Eris Lifesciences, Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, and Glenmark Pharmaceuticals, have launched their generic versions of semaglutide at a reduced price.
Also read: Semaglutide Becomes Cheap In India: A Gamechanger Or Health Gamble?
Who Should Avoid Semaglutide?
Semaglutide should be avoided or used with extreme caution in:
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Living in more intensely developed neighborhoods may actually protect you against a stroke, a new University of Michigan study suggests.
Researchers tracked more than 25,000 adults across the US for over a decade and have now found that residents in areas with higher levels of development with more buildings, sidewalks and infrastructure, had a 2.5 percent lower risk of suffering a first-time stroke compared to residents in less developed areas.
Cathy Antonakos, research specialist senior in the U-M School of Kinesiology and first author explained: ""High-intensity development typically includes greater housing density and more commercial/retail outlets.
"These areas are more likely to feature compact land uses with access to health care, food stores, public transport and physical activity infrastructure like sidewalks, bike facilities and parks."
However, the study did not examine these environmental features, but there are some practical applications, Antonakos noted.
"For physicians, the study suggests that neighborhood-level factors may influence first-time stroke risk, in addition to individual-level factors," she said. "For planners, the findings suggest that enhancing environments with features that support cardiovascular health and physical activity may help lower the risk of first-time stroke."
Heart strokes are also one of the leading global health burdens, causing significant deaths and disability worldwide, including in India. Compared to Western countries, stroke also tends to occur at a younger age and is associated with a higher case fatality rate in the country.
One in seven stroke patients in India are young adults aged below 45 years, with hypertension leading as the major risk factor, according to a study by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).
The Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 identified hypertension, air pollution, tobacco smoking, high cholesterol, increased salt intake, and diabetes as the leading risk factors of stroke.
Incidence of stroke is increasing significantly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), especially in India, due to population growth, aging, and greater exposure to risk factors.
A new global study suggests that moderately drinking wine can decrease your risk dying from cardiovascular disease by 21 percent.
A group of Chinese researchers who analyzed 340,924 adults in the UK between 2006 and 2022 classified a 12-ounce beer, a 5-ounce glass of wine or a 1.5-ounce shot of liquor each contains about 14 grams of pure alcohol.
Those who consumed less than 20 grams per week, about 1.5 standard drinks, were classified as never or occasional drinkers. The low alcohol consumption group included men who drank more than 20 grams per week but no more than 20 grams per day, and women who drank between 10 grams per day and 20 grams per week.
They found those with high alcohol consumption were 24 percent more likely to die from any cause, 36 percent more likely to die from cancer and 14 percent more likely to die from heart disease.
Additionally, even low intake of spirits such as beer or cider was associated with a nine percent higher risk of dying from cardiovascular disease compared with drinking never or occasionally.
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