Most people are aware of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, but did you know there is a type 3 diabetes as well! It is a more obscure term. Although it is not an accepted medical diagnosis, type 3 diabetes has been discussed in the literature as a possible relationship between insulin resistance in the brain and Alzheimer's disease. This link has been described to help explain how metabolic disorders impact brain health, causing cognitive decline and dementia.

What is Type 3 Diabetes?

Type 3 diabetes is more of a misnomer because it should not be confused with type 3c diabetes, which relates to pancreatic dysfunction. The term "type 3 diabetes," on the other hand, has been loosely used by some scientists to analogously propose that Alzheimer's disease is strongly implicated with insulin resistance in the brain.

This concept was conceptualized by Dr. Suzanne de la Monte and Dr. Jack Wands of Brown University in the year 2008. This hypothesis postulated that Alzheimer's disease may be called type 3 diabetes for it bears many similarities with glucose metabolism disorder type 2 diabetes. Their concept arises from the basic principle that insulin is fundamental to blood sugar regulation, but it is also the case with the brain. When brain cells become insulin-resistant, they lose access to glucose, impairing their function.

Research published in the Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology supports this hypothesis by indicating that insulin resistance can be a significant contributor to the occurrence of dementia, also referred to as Alzheimer's. The symptoms of memory loss and diminished reasoning are associated with impaired glucose metabolism in the body, especially in the cerebral tissue.

Symptoms of Type 3 Diabetes

Although type 3 diabetes is not a "medical term," its symptoms correlate well with Alzheimer's diseases that are known to reduce the ability to think in an efficient manner and bring down brain health. These signs are:

- Loss of memory, especially short-term.

- Poor judgment and judgment ability

- Failure in recognizing people or places familiar once.

- Failure in the process of reading, writing or processing numbers

- Anxiety, agitation, or mood changes.

- Disorganized thoughts or confusion

- Lack of impulse control

As the disease advances, patients may be afflicted with severe complications including an inability to swallow or control their bodily functions. In the final stages, most patients die from fatal complications such as aspiration pneumonia.

Causes of Type 3 Diabetes

This may not be well understood with regards to type 3 diabetes, or the exact link between insulin resistance and Alzheimer's disease. Some identified contributing factors include the following:

1. Insulin Resistance

Insulin acts as an important regulatory mechanism of brain functions such as memory and cognition. The reduction in insulin signaling may impair metabolism of brain cells, thus bringing about neurodegeneration.

2. Type 2 Diabetes

These diseases show a strong relationship and those individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes have double chances of getting Alzheimer's. In the two, the main causes can be chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and a defect in glucose metabolism.

3. Environmental and Lifestyle Factors

Insulin resistance associated with obesity, stress, and an unhealthy diet is considered a cause that may increase the chances of Alzheimer's disease.

Researches in Frontiers in Neuroscience and The Lancet Neurology have also highlighted that drugs used for antidiabetic medication may be crucial for the prevention or at least slowing down the course of Alzheimer's.

Treatments for Type 3 Diabetes

In 2022, in a study in Pharmaceuticals, researchers studied biomarker uptake in brain regions implicated in the faulty uptake and metabolism of blood sugar in Alzheimer’s patients.

Emerging Therapies

Research into such treatments as intranasal insulin has also been promising. Intranasal delivery of insulin directly to the brain has been reported to enhance glucose uptake by brain cells, improve memory, and boost cognitive performance. While such clinical trials have been shown to be successful, additional research is needed for safety and efficacy.

Medications

For patients being aggressive or agitated, antipsychotic drugs may be prescribed; however, therapies such as cognitive rehabilitation as well as cognitive stimulation therapy serve to preserve memory and executive function.

Lifestyle Interventions

Diet, exercise, and stress management are critical in preventing and managing insulin resistance. A review in the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease also highlighted the benefits of Kirtan Kriya meditation, which can regulate genes involved in insulin and glucose metabolism, improve sleep, and reduce inflammation.

Can Type 3 Diabetes Be Prevented?

Although type 3 diabetes is not officially recognized, its connection to Alzheimer’s disease underscores the importance of proactive measures for brain health. Some prevention strategies include:

1. Healthy Diet

Consuming a balanced diet rich in antioxidants, whole grains, and healthy fats may support brain health.

2. Regular Exercise

Physical activity improves insulin sensitivity, reduces inflammation, and enhances overall metabolic health.

3. Stress Reduction

Mindfulness practices, including meditation, have been shown to lower stress levels, which can reduce the risk of cognitive decline.

The term type 3 diabetes brings out the complex relationship between metabolic disorders and brain health. Even though it is not a recognized medical condition, the concept emphasizes the crucial role of insulin in brain function and its possible contribution to Alzheimer's disease. Continued research will hopefully provide hope for therapies such as intranasal insulin and lifestyle modifications.

Reducing mother-to-child HIV transmission, also called vertical transmission, to zero is crucial to achieve the end AIDS target by 2030 in India, in line with the UN Sustainable Development Goals, said experts.

At the 17th National Conference of the AIDS Society of India (ASICON 2026), health officials and experts together deliberated on the progress made in the country against HIV and also called for a stronger last-mile effort to eliminate AIDS from the country.

While India has made a major reduction in vertical HIV transmission, with just 0.7 percent of infant diagnoses. But the experts stressed the need to further reduce it to zero.

From 25 percent in 2020, the vertical transmission of HIV has come down to 11.75 percent in 2023, according to Dr. Glory Alexander, President of AIDS Society of India (ASI).

“Before treatments were available to prevent vertical transmission, the risk of a newborn acquiring HIV in India ranged from 15 percent to 45 percent. The risk was nearly 45 percent among infants who were breastfed,” Dr. Alexander said.

She attributed the reduction to the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and implementation of HIV prevention and treatment guidelines.

"The government has successfully reduced the rate of infant HIV diagnosis (risk of a child getting infected with HIV due to vertical transmission) to 0.71 percent. We need to further reduce it to zero to eliminate vertical transmission of HIV,” Dr. Alexander added.

Intensifying Last-Mile Approach

India reportedly has 27-29 million pregnancies every year.

As per the latest National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) report, 83 percent of all pregnant women are tested for HIV, and 78 percent of all pregnant women are tested for syphilis in India.

“Out of an estimated 19,000 pregnant women who might be living with HIV in India, over 16,000 were reached by the government-run program and linked to services -- half of them were newly diagnosed with HIV,” Dr. Alexander said.

NACO runs 794 antiretroviral therapy centers across the country and provides free HIV treatment to 18 lakhs people with HIV.

NACO's over 700 “Suraksha Sewa Kendras” also provide preventive services for people who are at risk of acquiring HIV.

Dr. Ishwar Gilada, Emeritus President of AIDS Society of India (ASI), called India's progress "commendable."

"But to end AIDS, the last mile approach has to be accelerated and intensified manifold,” the expert said.

Increase HIV Testing Manifold

Dr. Gilada stressed the need to "ensure that all key populations know their status, and those with HIV are linked to treatment, care, and support services and remain virally suppressed".

If a person with HIV is virally suppressed, then there is zero risk of any further HIV transmission, as per the WHO, he added.

Indian data shows 9-43 times higher HIV rates (as compared to the general population) among key populations, such as men who have sex with men, transgender people, sex workers, people who inject drugs, among others.

These key populations are hard to reach, which warrants community-led and science-backed approaches, said Dr. Gilada.

Reducing Advanced HIV Disease

Despite commendable progress in India’s HIV response, there is a huge number of cases of advanced HIV disease (AHD) -- about one third of all people living with HIV in the country, the experts said.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines AHD as a CD4 count less than 200 cells per cubic millimeter/ or WHO stage 3/4 in adults/adolescents, and all children less than 5 years old.

It indicates a severely weakened immune system, high mortality risk, and vulnerability to infections like TB and cryptococcal meningitis.

AHD cases in India are majorly among those who are HIV infected but are not on lifesaving antiretroviral treatment.

"This could be because HIV infection is undiagnosed in people until they present with opportunistic infections to healthcare centers, or they were not able to adhere to the treatment for a range of reasons,” said Dr Trupti Gilada, Joint Secretary, AIDS Society of India (ASI).

TB, which is preventable and treatable, is the most common opportunistic infection among people with HIV.

Another concern is the rising antimicrobial resistance in HIV patients. Studies show that people with HIV are 2-3 times more likely to get drug-resistant forms of TB.

Just few days ago, the world witnessed a personal documentary film bagging BAFTA Award 2026. The film is titled This Is Endometriosis. The film is a personal story of director Georgie Wileman, who was diagnosed with the condition a decade after she had first shown her symptoms. The film brings the attention back on dismissal of women's pain, which has been normalized for ages.

This is not the only instance of women's pain being dismissed. Instagram and other social media platforms are flooded with women sharing their experiences of getting intrauterine contraceptive device or an IUD inserted without anesthesia. The pain is debilitating.

Another report, from India's capital city by PARI (People's Archive of Rural India) mentions a case of Deepa (name changed) who had a copper-T (IUD) inserted, right after her C-section. After two years, she experienced menstrual irregularities and heavy bleeding. She visited several doctors, one of whom, even dismissed it as just weakness, while prescribing calcium and iron tablets for her. In other instances, her copper-T could not be located, until she got an X-ray done, which noted: 'The copper-T is seen in situ in hemipelvis region.' The PARI report quotes West Delhi-based gynecologist Dr Jyotsna Gupta, "There are high chances that a copper-T may get tilted if it is inserted soon after delivery or a C-section.This is because in both cases the uterus cavity is enlarged then, and takes time to set itself to normal. While it is doing so, the inserted copper-T may change its axis and get tilted. It may also get displaced or get tilted if a woman experiences severe cramps during menstruation.”

The report also quotes ASHA worker Sushila Devi saying that they hear many women complaining about copper-T. "Many times, they tell us that it has 'reached their stomach' and they want to get it removed." However, like this case, in many other cases too, their pain is often ignored.

When Health and Me spoke to Dr Archana Dhawan Bajaj, gynecologist and Delhi-based IVF specialist, she said that physical pain and emotional distress in women is often normalized because the system "assumes that women's bodies are always in a state of flux and therefore leads to many women being undiagnosed or dismissed and delayed for treatment of a serious nature."

Dr Sonu Taxak, who is a senior IVF Consultant and Director at Yellow Fertility also told Health and Me that historically, women's symptoms were poorly studied, so for any pain, "hormonal fluctuation became a convenient explanation".

Read: The Hidden Cost of Extreme Fitness On Women’s Bodies | Women's Day Special

Women Bodies Are Meant To Bear Pain

A popular monologue from Fleabag says, "Women are born with pain built in." The powerful monologue is a reminder of how women carry pain and are often unheard so much so that society makes a woman believe that she is meant to bear it. While there is no scientific evidence that verifies that women have a higher pain tolerance than men (British Journal of Anaesthesia, 2013), historically their pain have been ignored. Dr Taxak points out that research consistently shows women’s pain is more likely to be dismissed as emotional or anxiety-related. "While awareness is improving, unconscious bias still exists. Pain should be evaluated based on clinical evidence, not gender-based perception."

A Guardian report from 2020 talks about how women are shamed for asking for painkillers. The report mentions Kate, who was in a 26-hour labor and when she asked for epidural, she was denied it. "The first time the midwives said I wasn't far enough along. The second time, they said I didn't need it. Finally, they said I was too far along."

Many women are shamed for asking for epidural, or are often scared. Yashasvi Arora (name changed) delivered her baby in January 2025 in a Delhi hospital said that her mother had told her to not opt for epidural as it causes chronic back problems that linger throughout one's life. However, science finds no such evidence of any claim. While back pain is common, but it does not stay forever, as notes Cleveland Clinic.

"Childbirth pain has been culturally romanticized as something to 'endure'. But medically, an epidural is a safe and evidence-based pain relief option. Choosing comfort does not diminish strength, It reflects informed decision-making," says Dr Taxak.

Pop culture plays a significant role in romanticization of labor pain. An advertisement by Indira IVF opens with a woman in labor pain, sweating and screaming and in the next scene, she says, "This is my life's best moment". Dr Archana says, "Pain relief (i.e., epidurals) becomes defined as a form of weakness because society favors natural childbirth as a true "test of endurance." Additionally, society often manifests culture as a glorified sacrifice made by the mother and that to ask for help is a sign of failure."

The cycle of pain does not end there, women are also shamed for postpartum, with many, especially men on the internet claiming that it is not a real thing. A new trend of 'Last Generation of the Innocent Mother' has taken over the internet that glorifies mothers who did not express their problems or were often shamed for it. However, the reality is quite different from what trends on the internet.

Read: Navigating Postpartum: The Emotional and Physical Impact on New Mothers

“I am a very positive person. I know I can handle anything. So, when my friends would tell me their stories of postpartum, I would tell myself that I could handle it. I could talk myself out of it. But to my surprise, it was very difficult. My body and my mind went through so much,” says Akanksha Thapliyal, 34 from Siliguri, a creative consultant, who became a mother at 33. Thapliyal shares that there were days when she would just cry, without even knowing the reason. At times, everyone felt like her enemy, including her husband.

A mother from East Tennessee, Tiffany Toombs Clevinger, now 39, shares she was 37 when she had her baby and her first feeling was, “Oh no, what did we just do?” She was in disbelief and did not know what to do to take care of her child.

Both mothers struggled with breastfeeding and Thapliyal also complained of pain while feeding her child. However, her mother told her that it was normal. The reality is, it was not.

"Postpartum depression is often underdiagnosed because symptoms are normalized or overlooked. While mild discomfort in breastfeeding could occur initially, persistent or severe pain is not normal," points out Dr Taxak.

Pain And Discomfort Exist Only For Men

Birth control pill is often the burden on women, and when the idea of male contraception was first discussed in 1970s, the research came to a halt. The pill never made it to market. In November 2016, Susan Scutti reported in CNN that the study was cut short due to the side effects of the pill. The report Male birth control shot found effective, but side effects cut the study short. Another report by NPR titled Male Birth Control Study Killed After Men Report Side Effects also seconded the claim.

Read: Explained: The History Of Birth Control Pills And Other Alternative

While for women, those who are on birth control pills are prone to headaches, breast tenderness, acne, nausea, weight gain, irregular menstruation, mood changes, and decreased libido.

Dr Archana explains, the disparity of how women and men are treated medically in terms of contraceptive responsibility remains pervasive due to long-standing societal and medical expectations. "Trials for male contraceptives are often stopped due to the mildly adverse effects of men, while women have been expected to suffer similar or perhaps even more serious effects for a much longer period. Ultimately this further illustrates the gendered tolerance men have witnessed in the medical world, wherein the discomfort of women is often treated as 'the norm,' while any form of adverse side effect for men exhibits heightened scrutiny and ultimately leads to decisions to cease the trials."

Listening To Women's Pain

With such instances, it becomes more so important on International Women's Day on how much of women's pain is still being normalized instead of treated. For decades, medicine and society have often asked women to tolerate discomfort quietly.

International Women’s Day, at its core, is about recognizing women’s voices and experiences. In healthcare, that means something very practical: believing women when they say something is wrong. Because sometimes, the most powerful step toward better care is not a new technology or treatment. It is simply listening.

Childhood obesity is rapidly emerging as one of the most serious public health concerns across the world, and in India too. Once considered a problem limited to adults, excess weight is now affecting children at younger ages and increasing their risk of chronic diseases early in life.

According to The World Obesity Atlas 2024 by the World Obesity Federation, India ranks second globally in the number of children living with overweight and obesity, just behind China. The report estimates that out of 56 million children affected in the country, around 20 million are likely to be obese, while the rest are expected to fall in the overweight category.

Read: Childhood Obesity In India To Surge To 56 Million By 2040, Says Global Report

The situation is not limited to India. Globally, the number of children aged 5 to 19 years living with overweight or obesity is projected to reach 507 million by 2040, rising sharply from 419 million in 2025.

Experts say the rise is closely linked to how children eat, move, and spend their time today.

Childhood Obesity Is More Than A Cosmetic Issue

Dr Ruchi Golash, Pediatrician at CK Birla Hospitals, CMRI, explains that childhood obesity goes far beyond appearance and can have long-term health consequences.

“Excess weight in childhood is not just a cosmetic concern. It significantly increases the risk of conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, fatty liver disease and early heart problems,” she says.

Read: 1 In Every 8 School-going Children Is Obese In Kolkata: Study

Children who develop obesity early in life are also more likely to remain obese as adults if the issue is not addressed in time. This makes early prevention and lifestyle changes especially important.

The Role Of Excessive Screen Time

One of the biggest lifestyle changes affecting children today is the rise in screen time. From online classes and gaming to streaming videos, children are spending several hours each day in front of screens.

Dr Golash notes that this shift is contributing significantly to weight gain.

“Prolonged screen use reduces physical activity, disrupts sleep patterns and often encourages mindless snacking,” she explains.

Exposure to screens, especially before bedtime, can also interfere with hormones that regulate hunger and fullness. As a result, children may feel hungrier and eat more than their bodies need.

Ultra-Processed Foods Are Becoming The Norm

Another major factor behind rising childhood obesity is the shift in dietary habits.

Ultra-processed foods such as packaged snacks, sugary beverages, instant noodles and bakery products have become widely available and heavily marketed to children. While convenient and appealing, these foods are typically high in calories, sugar, salt and unhealthy fats.

“They are low in fibre and essential nutrients, which means children consume a lot of energy without getting adequate nutrition,” Dr Golash says.

Regular consumption of these foods can lead to rapid weight gain, insulin resistance and early metabolic problems, increasing the risk of long-term health complications.

Decline In Outdoor Play And Physical Activity

Sedentary lifestyles are another key contributor. Compared to previous generations, children today spend far less time playing outdoors.

Academic pressure, safety concerns and the lure of digital entertainment have gradually replaced active play with more sedentary activities.

“Even children who do not overeat can gain weight if they are not physically active enough,” Dr Golash explains. Reduced muscle activity slows down metabolism and allows fat to accumulate more easily in the body.

What Parents Can Do To Prevent Childhood Obesity

Experts say parents play a central role in preventing childhood obesity and helping children build healthier habits.

Dr Golash advises families to start with simple lifestyle changes such as limiting daily screen time, encouraging outdoor play and prioritizing home-cooked meals.

“Setting reasonable screen-time limits, promoting daily physical activity and reducing sugary drinks can make a significant difference in a child’s overall health,” she says.

She also emphasizes that conversations about weight should focus on healthy habits rather than appearance.

Early and supportive interventions, she adds, can help reverse unhealthy weight gain and protect a child’s long-term heart and metabolic health.