Most people are aware of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, but did you know there is a type 3 diabetes as well! It is a more obscure term. Although it is not an accepted medical diagnosis, type 3 diabetes has been discussed in the literature as a possible relationship between insulin resistance in the brain and Alzheimer's disease. This link has been described to help explain how metabolic disorders impact brain health, causing cognitive decline and dementia.

What is Type 3 Diabetes?

Type 3 diabetes is more of a misnomer because it should not be confused with type 3c diabetes, which relates to pancreatic dysfunction. The term "type 3 diabetes," on the other hand, has been loosely used by some scientists to analogously propose that Alzheimer's disease is strongly implicated with insulin resistance in the brain.

This concept was conceptualized by Dr. Suzanne de la Monte and Dr. Jack Wands of Brown University in the year 2008. This hypothesis postulated that Alzheimer's disease may be called type 3 diabetes for it bears many similarities with glucose metabolism disorder type 2 diabetes. Their concept arises from the basic principle that insulin is fundamental to blood sugar regulation, but it is also the case with the brain. When brain cells become insulin-resistant, they lose access to glucose, impairing their function.

Research published in the Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology supports this hypothesis by indicating that insulin resistance can be a significant contributor to the occurrence of dementia, also referred to as Alzheimer's. The symptoms of memory loss and diminished reasoning are associated with impaired glucose metabolism in the body, especially in the cerebral tissue.

Symptoms of Type 3 Diabetes

Although type 3 diabetes is not a "medical term," its symptoms correlate well with Alzheimer's diseases that are known to reduce the ability to think in an efficient manner and bring down brain health. These signs are:

- Loss of memory, especially short-term.

- Poor judgment and judgment ability

- Failure in recognizing people or places familiar once.

- Failure in the process of reading, writing or processing numbers

- Anxiety, agitation, or mood changes.

- Disorganized thoughts or confusion

- Lack of impulse control

As the disease advances, patients may be afflicted with severe complications including an inability to swallow or control their bodily functions. In the final stages, most patients die from fatal complications such as aspiration pneumonia.

Causes of Type 3 Diabetes

This may not be well understood with regards to type 3 diabetes, or the exact link between insulin resistance and Alzheimer's disease. Some identified contributing factors include the following:

1. Insulin Resistance

Insulin acts as an important regulatory mechanism of brain functions such as memory and cognition. The reduction in insulin signaling may impair metabolism of brain cells, thus bringing about neurodegeneration.

2. Type 2 Diabetes

These diseases show a strong relationship and those individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes have double chances of getting Alzheimer's. In the two, the main causes can be chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and a defect in glucose metabolism.

3. Environmental and Lifestyle Factors

Insulin resistance associated with obesity, stress, and an unhealthy diet is considered a cause that may increase the chances of Alzheimer's disease.

Researches in Frontiers in Neuroscience and The Lancet Neurology have also highlighted that drugs used for antidiabetic medication may be crucial for the prevention or at least slowing down the course of Alzheimer's.

Treatments for Type 3 Diabetes

In 2022, in a study in Pharmaceuticals, researchers studied biomarker uptake in brain regions implicated in the faulty uptake and metabolism of blood sugar in Alzheimer’s patients.

Emerging Therapies

Research into such treatments as intranasal insulin has also been promising. Intranasal delivery of insulin directly to the brain has been reported to enhance glucose uptake by brain cells, improve memory, and boost cognitive performance. While such clinical trials have been shown to be successful, additional research is needed for safety and efficacy.

Medications

For patients being aggressive or agitated, antipsychotic drugs may be prescribed; however, therapies such as cognitive rehabilitation as well as cognitive stimulation therapy serve to preserve memory and executive function.

Lifestyle Interventions

Diet, exercise, and stress management are critical in preventing and managing insulin resistance. A review in the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease also highlighted the benefits of Kirtan Kriya meditation, which can regulate genes involved in insulin and glucose metabolism, improve sleep, and reduce inflammation.

Can Type 3 Diabetes Be Prevented?

Although type 3 diabetes is not officially recognized, its connection to Alzheimer’s disease underscores the importance of proactive measures for brain health. Some prevention strategies include:

1. Healthy Diet

Consuming a balanced diet rich in antioxidants, whole grains, and healthy fats may support brain health.

2. Regular Exercise

Physical activity improves insulin sensitivity, reduces inflammation, and enhances overall metabolic health.

3. Stress Reduction

Mindfulness practices, including meditation, have been shown to lower stress levels, which can reduce the risk of cognitive decline.

The term type 3 diabetes brings out the complex relationship between metabolic disorders and brain health. Even though it is not a recognized medical condition, the concept emphasizes the crucial role of insulin in brain function and its possible contribution to Alzheimer's disease. Continued research will hopefully provide hope for therapies such as intranasal insulin and lifestyle modifications.

Digestive problems like bloating, gas, acidity, and constipation have quietly become a common problem in our daily lives. It is common these days to find people experiencing discomfort after meals or feeling unusually heavy. While these problems may not be serious in nature, doctors say these problems have increased in recent times due to changes in the way people live and eat.

• The first major cause of these problems in recent times is the change in the way people eat. It is a known fact that people are now eating more of junk food and less of fiber-rich food. Fiber plays a crucial role in keeping digestion smooth and bowel movements normal. If the amount of fiber in the diet is low, digestion becomes slow, leading to bloating, gas, and constipation.

• Another major cause of these problems in recent times is the sedentary lifestyle people are leading these days. It is a known fact that a person should move around a lot in a day. Lack of physical activity may cause problems in digestion. Simple habits like eating quickly, missing meals, or drinking excessive carbonated beverages are some of the common causes of excessive gas and discomfort.

• Another cause of digestive upsets that is often overlooked is stress. The fact that the brain and digestive system are closely related means that digestive upsets can be caused by emotional stress. When a person is under a lot of stress, hormones are secreted into their system that can slow down digestion. As a result, a person may feel stomach upsets like tightness, bloating, irregular bowel movements, or even develop a medical condition like irritable bowel syndrome depending on their digestive system composition.

• In addition to that, other lifestyle habits like late-night meals, lack of proper sleep, dehydration, or excessive caffeine intake can cause digestive upsets. When a person’s body is out of sync, digestion is not as effective as it should be. As a result, food ferments in the stomach, leading to excessive gas production.

Traditional Remedies

Most people tend to use various remedies when they are feeling unwell.

Remedies such as the consumption of warm water, fennel seeds, ginger tea, and the intake of probiotics in the form of curd may offer temporary relief. However, it is important to note that these might offer temporary relief and might not be effective if the symptoms of digestive discomfort are recurring.

Digestive discomforts that recur frequently should not be taken lightly. Frequent occurrences of digestive discomforts such as bloating and constipation might sometimes be symptoms of an underlying condition.

Therefore, if the symptoms of digestive discomfort last for weeks and if the symptoms also include the presence of any of the aforementioned symptoms of digestive discomfort, it might be important to consult a doctor.

Gut Problems: Need For Lifestyle Modifications

The relationship between gut health and wellbeing is also well noted. Among the lifestyle modifications that may be implemented for improved digestive health is a healthy and balanced diet, exercising regularly, adequate intake of water, stress levels, and eating at regular times.

It is a normal occurrence for people to experience bloating and gas at some point in their lives. However, if discomfort in the digestive system is a frequent occurrence, it may be a wake-up call from the body that something is amiss and deserves attention. Heeding such a call and making lifestyle modifications may work wonders for the gut.

Aesthetic medicine in India has been expanding rapidly in the past decade. There is increasing demand for more minimally invasive cosmetic treatments such as injectables (botox and dermal fillers), laser treatments, and hair restoration procedures.

According to the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ISAPS) report, more than 1.29 million procedures have been recorded in 2024 for cosmetic treatments. India has successfully entered the top 5 countries in the world for aesthetic procedures.

Also Read: Why Are Gut Problems Like Bloating, Gas, and Constipation Increasing Today?

Although this shows the increased demand for aesthetic medicine, there is an even larger concern that there is little to no regulation to protect the consumers.

Aesthetic Services: No Regulatory Clarity

Aesthetic services and practices in India have an unclear position which has been increasing concern for stakeholders in the industry. Medical specialties like dermatology and aesthetic medicine have been recognized fields that require training, clinical judgement, and sterile environments, but cosmetology is largely non-medical. However, that is not the case. For instance, there are many beauty centers and spas that offer procedures of medical aesthetic services like chemical peels, laser treatments, and injectables.

Regulatory clarity addresses the issue by describing who can do aesthetic procedures, and the conditions required for them to do so. Absence of such descriptions could allow low-practice and trained personnel to do procedures that carry risk for infection, scarring, burning, or other dissatisfactory results and complications. There are licensing and enforcement ambiguities that are giving the ability to practitioners to call themselves "cosmetic surgeons" without any training in plastic surgery.

Need For Strong Regulatory System

A strong system of regulations is also in the interest of uniformity in clinical practices. Regulations may lay down the minimum requirements for the infrastructure of aesthetic clinics so that they can provide sterile equipment, emergency protocols, and trained medical personnel. Regulations can also mandate obtaining informed consent, so that patients know the risks, benefits, and likely results of a procedure.

A further important role for regulations is to prevent misleading advertisements, and unscrupulous behavior. The competitive field of aesthetics invites patients based on exaggerated, and unfulfilled promises. Patients can be misled if there are no regulations to relatively eliminate the occurrence.

Trust from patients stems from regulatory transparency. Accreditation of clinics and the specialties of staff performing the procedures reassure patients regarding safety, hygiene, and postoperative care. This ultimately increases the standard of the aesthetic industry for patients and ethical practitioners.

As aesthetic medicine continues to develop in India, the evolving regulatory mechanisms will be essential in continuing to promote innovation while ensuring the safety of patients. Greater regulatory documentation, transparency from governing bodies, and public education regarding evolving safety regulations will safeguard the aesthetic space from practitioners prioritizing profit over ethics.

Besides recommending patients needing aesthetic treatment to consult a licensed plastic surgeon or dermatologist, they ensure that intricate aesthetic procedures are performed in clinical environments by qualified personnel.

New Delhi: Meningitis may not have been the talk of the town, but it is now making headlines after an outbreak in the UK wreaked havoc on students—the outbreak recently resulted in the death of two students, and 11 others have been hospitalised. The outbreak is being linked to a nightclub event in Canterbury, Kent. Following this, the UK Health Security Agency contacted 30,000 students, staff, and their family members, along with anyone who visited the club from March 5 to March 7. This was a precautionary measure, they said, and a new report by UK health officials suggests that meningitis B has caused the outbreak. But what is most shocking is how this infection makes its way into your body.

What is meningitis?

Meningitis is an infection of the protective membranes around the spinal cord and the brain. It can become very serious if not treated or diagnosed in time. It is a consequence of bacterial or viral infection. Despite being a rare occurrence, the infection can spread through coughs, sneezes, a cold, or physical contact in the form of kissing.

Uncommon ways of contracting meningitis

Some of your daily habits may seem normal, but in turn, they can be among the worst ways to catch meningitis. Some of the most obscure ways are:

Vaping: Reminder—vaping might be common now, but that does not make it a safe practice. It is associated with respiratory disorders and even lung collapse in some cases. When it comes to meningitis, vaping can be a means of passing germs on to another person—for instance, by sharing a contaminated vape. The meningococcus bacteria can harmlessly live in the throat without showing any symptoms, but in order to cause damage, it must cross the nasopharyngeal barrier.

Second-hand smoke: Second-hand smoke may not just cause cancer, but also meningitis. This risk is particularly prevalent in children, as it may increase their chances of developing invasive meningococcal disease, a serious form of meningitis. Experts from the University of Nottingham have noted that breathing in smoke from someone else's cigarette can make one more vulnerable to infection. This makes people more likely to harbour meningitis-related bacteria in the throat and nose, thus leading to infection.

Worm infection: Some types of parasites, such as tapeworms, can cause a rare type of meningitis known as eosinophilic meningitis. These worms take residence in the gut and feed on nutrients that the body needs to stay healthy. This can result in diarrhoea, nausea, and tiredness. If the infection spreads to the brain, it can cause meningitis. Despite being rare, it is still a possibility.

Sharing cutlery: Meningitis can spread through close contact, and sharing cutlery can be one of the most overlooked ways. This can also include sharing toothbrushes. The infection can spread through droplets and saliva.

Unwashed hands: An act of laziness can cost you in the long run; therefore, using a sanitiser or regularly washing hands is a must. Experts say that particles from faeces can linger on the hands, and ingesting them in any way can lead to infections such as meningitis. The infection can also spread through coughing and sneezing.