Most people are aware of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, but did you know there is a type 3 diabetes as well! It is a more obscure term. Although it is not an accepted medical diagnosis, type 3 diabetes has been discussed in the literature as a possible relationship between insulin resistance in the brain and Alzheimer's disease. This link has been described to help explain how metabolic disorders impact brain health, causing cognitive decline and dementia.

What is Type 3 Diabetes?

Type 3 diabetes is more of a misnomer because it should not be confused with type 3c diabetes, which relates to pancreatic dysfunction. The term "type 3 diabetes," on the other hand, has been loosely used by some scientists to analogously propose that Alzheimer's disease is strongly implicated with insulin resistance in the brain.

This concept was conceptualized by Dr. Suzanne de la Monte and Dr. Jack Wands of Brown University in the year 2008. This hypothesis postulated that Alzheimer's disease may be called type 3 diabetes for it bears many similarities with glucose metabolism disorder type 2 diabetes. Their concept arises from the basic principle that insulin is fundamental to blood sugar regulation, but it is also the case with the brain. When brain cells become insulin-resistant, they lose access to glucose, impairing their function.

Research published in the Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology supports this hypothesis by indicating that insulin resistance can be a significant contributor to the occurrence of dementia, also referred to as Alzheimer's. The symptoms of memory loss and diminished reasoning are associated with impaired glucose metabolism in the body, especially in the cerebral tissue.

Symptoms of Type 3 Diabetes

Although type 3 diabetes is not a "medical term," its symptoms correlate well with Alzheimer's diseases that are known to reduce the ability to think in an efficient manner and bring down brain health. These signs are:

- Loss of memory, especially short-term.

- Poor judgment and judgment ability

- Failure in recognizing people or places familiar once.

- Failure in the process of reading, writing or processing numbers

- Anxiety, agitation, or mood changes.

- Disorganized thoughts or confusion

- Lack of impulse control

As the disease advances, patients may be afflicted with severe complications including an inability to swallow or control their bodily functions. In the final stages, most patients die from fatal complications such as aspiration pneumonia.

Causes of Type 3 Diabetes

This may not be well understood with regards to type 3 diabetes, or the exact link between insulin resistance and Alzheimer's disease. Some identified contributing factors include the following:

1. Insulin Resistance

Insulin acts as an important regulatory mechanism of brain functions such as memory and cognition. The reduction in insulin signaling may impair metabolism of brain cells, thus bringing about neurodegeneration.

2. Type 2 Diabetes

These diseases show a strong relationship and those individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes have double chances of getting Alzheimer's. In the two, the main causes can be chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and a defect in glucose metabolism.

3. Environmental and Lifestyle Factors

Insulin resistance associated with obesity, stress, and an unhealthy diet is considered a cause that may increase the chances of Alzheimer's disease.

Researches in Frontiers in Neuroscience and The Lancet Neurology have also highlighted that drugs used for antidiabetic medication may be crucial for the prevention or at least slowing down the course of Alzheimer's.

Treatments for Type 3 Diabetes

In 2022, in a study in Pharmaceuticals, researchers studied biomarker uptake in brain regions implicated in the faulty uptake and metabolism of blood sugar in Alzheimer’s patients.

Emerging Therapies

Research into such treatments as intranasal insulin has also been promising. Intranasal delivery of insulin directly to the brain has been reported to enhance glucose uptake by brain cells, improve memory, and boost cognitive performance. While such clinical trials have been shown to be successful, additional research is needed for safety and efficacy.

Medications

For patients being aggressive or agitated, antipsychotic drugs may be prescribed; however, therapies such as cognitive rehabilitation as well as cognitive stimulation therapy serve to preserve memory and executive function.

Lifestyle Interventions

Diet, exercise, and stress management are critical in preventing and managing insulin resistance. A review in the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease also highlighted the benefits of Kirtan Kriya meditation, which can regulate genes involved in insulin and glucose metabolism, improve sleep, and reduce inflammation.

Can Type 3 Diabetes Be Prevented?

Although type 3 diabetes is not officially recognized, its connection to Alzheimer’s disease underscores the importance of proactive measures for brain health. Some prevention strategies include:

1. Healthy Diet

Consuming a balanced diet rich in antioxidants, whole grains, and healthy fats may support brain health.

2. Regular Exercise

Physical activity improves insulin sensitivity, reduces inflammation, and enhances overall metabolic health.

3. Stress Reduction

Mindfulness practices, including meditation, have been shown to lower stress levels, which can reduce the risk of cognitive decline.

The term type 3 diabetes brings out the complex relationship between metabolic disorders and brain health. Even though it is not a recognized medical condition, the concept emphasizes the crucial role of insulin in brain function and its possible contribution to Alzheimer's disease. Continued research will hopefully provide hope for therapies such as intranasal insulin and lifestyle modifications.

Plastic containers have been discouraged for a long time now, especially for heating food or storing hot food. Studies have associated this habit with a heightened risk of cancer, but now an expert has specifically spoken about black plastic containers and what makes them worse for you. According to Dr Rakesh Kumar Sharma, Senior Consultant Medical Oncologist at M | O | C Cancer Care & Research Centre, Gurugram, cooking or heating food in black containers could be very harmful to your body. Read on to find out how.

Dr Sharma, in an interview with Health and Me, said that cooking food in black plastic receptacles could lead to greater amounts of certain chemicals making their way into your body; however, there currently exists no scientific evidence confirming that this daily activity increases your risk of cancer.

Why is black plastic worse than others?

Dr Sharma explained that black takeaway containers usually consist of recycled plastics, such as e-waste, and can contain flame retardants, BPA, phthalates, etc. When heated in contact with food, especially if the food is hot, fatty, or acidic, more chemicals could potentially make their way into the food from the container. In this way, it may, over time, heighten your risk of developing a malignant tumour.

Black containers are coloured using carbon black, which is included in Group 2B of possible human carcinogens according to IARC, as shown in both animal and limited human research. Moreover, recycled black plastics could contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and decaBDE, which have shown carcinogenic effects in experiments. This makes black plastic containers worse than other coloured counterparts. Yet, heating food in a plastic container of any colour is not deemed safe.

Do studies verify the side effects of heating food in plastic containers?

Experimental studies conducted in laboratories on microwaveable plastic receptacles reveal the migration of tens of chemicals and millions of microplastics per litre of the food simulant. However, a recent study in 2024 reported that containers labelled as microwave-safe in Korea adhered to contemporary safety standards for these levels, and total exposure fell within safe limits.

Leading cancer associations have confirmed that the usage of plastic packaging, even in microwave applications, has not been linked with increased cancer risks in humans, although there is ongoing research in areas such as black plastics. However, precautionary measures are suggested by experts as a better strategy due to the difficulties of directly studying long-term, low-level exposure to chemical compounds.

How to reduce cancer risk?

When it comes to reducing cancer risk, most doctors recommend quitting smoking and limiting alcohol intake. However, Dr Sharma listed some basic kitchen and eating habits that may come to your rescue:

1. Avoid cooking food in black plastic packaging, particularly if the food is oily or acidic.
2. Move hot food into glass, ceramic, or stainless steel containers for reheating.
3. Only use microwave-safe containers and discard any broken plastic containers.

Depression in men often does not look like the depression we all know about. It is never visible sadness or a verbal expression of emotional pain. The emotional dish is missing from the life menu of a man.

It hides behind productivity, irritability, exhaustion, or strong discipline. This masking makes it the most underdiagnosed mental health concern, frequently misread as stress, burnout, or simply personality traits.

One of the key barriers in identifying depression in men is the way emotional awareness is shaped from an early age. Many men are conditioned to respond to discomfort through action rather than reflection.

The moment something feels overwhelming, the instinct is not to sit with the feeling but to fix it, outperform it, or suppress it through movement—work, exercise, or distraction.

While this can provide short-term relief, it often delays emotional processing and deepens internal distress over time.

Clinically, this disconnect is often linked to alexithymia—a difficulty in identifying and articulating emotions.

The emotional signal is present, but it does not translate easily into words. Instead of “I am sad” or “I feel afraid,” the experience gets reduced to “I am tired” or “I am stressed.”

This limited emotional vocabulary can significantly affect help-seeking behavior like therapy and counselling, as the man does not recognize the depth or nature of what they are experiencing.

Depression In Men: Poor Physical Health

From a health perspective, unresolved emotional stress is not limited to the mind. It reflects in the body.

Chronic fatigue, sleep disturbances, headaches, digestive issues, and muscle tension are some of the symptoms seen.

Men who are very aware tend to see general physicians and not go to mental health professionals, treating physical symptoms while the psychological root remains unattended to.

Another way is externalized emotion. Irritability, anger outbursts, or risk-taking behaviour are often socially accepted expressions of underlying emotional pain.

A man working excessively, exercising compulsively, or withdrawing socially may, in fact, be coping with grief, loneliness, or anxiety, which are socially normal.

Our culture around masculinity complicates diagnosis even more. Strength is seen with emotional control, and vulnerability is seen as weakness.

Most men do not seek psychological support until symptoms become severe or functionally impairing. They struggle to express their internal state, reinforcing the cycle of silence.

Depression In Men: Physiological Indicators

Understanding depression in men requires shifting the lens from visible sadness to behavioral and physiological indicators.

It requires mental health practitioners and caregivers to look beyond surface functionality and recognise that high performance can coexist with deep emotional distress.

Early intervention is very important. Creating environments where emotional language is normalised without judgement or immediate problem-solving can significantly improve the situation. When men are given consistent permission to articulate internal states without fear of stigma, the gap between emotional experience and expression begins to close.

“Expressing your feelings should lead to a deeper connection, not conflict. It should invite empathy, not ego-driven reactions. It should bring relief, not retaliation or emotional punishment. If sharing your pain feels unsafe or punished, you are not in a healthy relationship—you are in an emotional environment where fear has replaced trust.”

Depression in men is not a lack of feeling, but a lack of translation. True healing begins when that translation is finally allowed to happen.

As the world observes Parkinson’s Awareness Month in April, there is a need to renew focus on building awareness, promoting early diagnosis, and strengthening access to treatment for Parkinson’s disease —a progressive neurological condition that affects over 10 million people globally and is among the fastest-growing neurological disorders worldwide.

Despite its increasing prevalence, Parkinson’s disease remains widely misunderstood, often under-recognized, and inadequately treated.

Parkinson’s disease is a long-term, degenerative disorder of the central nervous system, marked by the gradual loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain, which leads to challenges in movement and coordination. While the exact cause is not fully understood, it is believed to result from a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental influences.

Although it is more commonly seen in individuals above 60 years of age, nearly 10–15% of cases occur in those under 50, highlighting the importance of awareness across age groups.

Parkinson’s: Delayed Diagnosis A Concern

A major challenge in managing Parkinson’s disease is delayed diagnosis.

Early symptoms are often subtle and can be mistaken for normal ageing, resulting in delays in seeking medical care. Key motor symptoms include

• tremors at rest,
• slowness of movement,
• muscle stiffness,
• postural instability,
• freezing of gait.

All of these can progressively affect an individual’s mobility and independence.

Beyond motor symptoms, Parkinson’s disease is also associated with a range of non-motor symptoms that are frequently overlooked but have a significant impact on quality of life. These include

• depression,
• anxiety,
• sleep disturbances,
• cognitive changes,
• loss of smell,
• constipation,
• autonomic dysfunction.

Importantly, many of these non-motor symptoms may present years before the onset of motor signs, offering a valuable window for earlier diagnosis and timely intervention.

Parkinson’s Treatment With Deep Brain Stimulation

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative condition characterized by the gradual loss of dopamine-producing cells deep within the brain, leading to both motor and non-motor symptoms that can significantly impact quality of life.

While many patients can be managed effectively with medications in the early stages, a considerable number experience fluctuations in symptom control over time, including ‘on-off’ periods and a reduced response to therapy.

In such situations, advanced treatments like Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) can offer meaningful benefits by modulating abnormal brain circuits and providing more consistent symptom control.

Over the years, DBS has continued to evolve with innovations such as adaptive stimulation, directional leads, and AI-enabled programming, enabling more precise and personalized treatment. From a clinical standpoint, adopting a multidisciplinary approach and evaluating patients at the appropriate stage is critical.

Timely intervention can play a key role in improving long-term outcomes and helping patients maintain independence and functional ability.

Parkinson’s Awareness Month

During Parkinson’s Awareness Month, it is important to emphasize the need for collective action to improve awareness, reduce stigma, and ensure timely access to appropriate diagnosis and treatment for individuals living with Parkinson’s disease.

With ageing populations globally, the overall burden of the disease is expected to rise, underscoring the need for greater investment in research, caregiver support, and healthcare systems.

Patients, families, and caregivers are encouraged to consult a neurologist, neurosurgeon, or visit a movement disorders clinic if symptoms are suspected. Early diagnosis and timely management can play a crucial role in improving long-term outcomes and enhancing quality of life.