Most people are aware of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, but did you know there is a type 3 diabetes as well! It is a more obscure term. Although it is not an accepted medical diagnosis, type 3 diabetes has been discussed in the literature as a possible relationship between insulin resistance in the brain and Alzheimer's disease. This link has been described to help explain how metabolic disorders impact brain health, causing cognitive decline and dementia.

What is Type 3 Diabetes?

Type 3 diabetes is more of a misnomer because it should not be confused with type 3c diabetes, which relates to pancreatic dysfunction. The term "type 3 diabetes," on the other hand, has been loosely used by some scientists to analogously propose that Alzheimer's disease is strongly implicated with insulin resistance in the brain.

This concept was conceptualized by Dr. Suzanne de la Monte and Dr. Jack Wands of Brown University in the year 2008. This hypothesis postulated that Alzheimer's disease may be called type 3 diabetes for it bears many similarities with glucose metabolism disorder type 2 diabetes. Their concept arises from the basic principle that insulin is fundamental to blood sugar regulation, but it is also the case with the brain. When brain cells become insulin-resistant, they lose access to glucose, impairing their function.

Research published in the Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology supports this hypothesis by indicating that insulin resistance can be a significant contributor to the occurrence of dementia, also referred to as Alzheimer's. The symptoms of memory loss and diminished reasoning are associated with impaired glucose metabolism in the body, especially in the cerebral tissue.

Symptoms of Type 3 Diabetes

Although type 3 diabetes is not a "medical term," its symptoms correlate well with Alzheimer's diseases that are known to reduce the ability to think in an efficient manner and bring down brain health. These signs are:

- Loss of memory, especially short-term.

- Poor judgment and judgment ability

- Failure in recognizing people or places familiar once.

- Failure in the process of reading, writing or processing numbers

- Anxiety, agitation, or mood changes.

- Disorganized thoughts or confusion

- Lack of impulse control

As the disease advances, patients may be afflicted with severe complications including an inability to swallow or control their bodily functions. In the final stages, most patients die from fatal complications such as aspiration pneumonia.

Causes of Type 3 Diabetes

This may not be well understood with regards to type 3 diabetes, or the exact link between insulin resistance and Alzheimer's disease. Some identified contributing factors include the following:

1. Insulin Resistance

Insulin acts as an important regulatory mechanism of brain functions such as memory and cognition. The reduction in insulin signaling may impair metabolism of brain cells, thus bringing about neurodegeneration.

2. Type 2 Diabetes

These diseases show a strong relationship and those individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes have double chances of getting Alzheimer's. In the two, the main causes can be chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and a defect in glucose metabolism.

3. Environmental and Lifestyle Factors

Insulin resistance associated with obesity, stress, and an unhealthy diet is considered a cause that may increase the chances of Alzheimer's disease.

Researches in Frontiers in Neuroscience and The Lancet Neurology have also highlighted that drugs used for antidiabetic medication may be crucial for the prevention or at least slowing down the course of Alzheimer's.

Treatments for Type 3 Diabetes

In 2022, in a study in Pharmaceuticals, researchers studied biomarker uptake in brain regions implicated in the faulty uptake and metabolism of blood sugar in Alzheimer’s patients.

Emerging Therapies

Research into such treatments as intranasal insulin has also been promising. Intranasal delivery of insulin directly to the brain has been reported to enhance glucose uptake by brain cells, improve memory, and boost cognitive performance. While such clinical trials have been shown to be successful, additional research is needed for safety and efficacy.

Medications

For patients being aggressive or agitated, antipsychotic drugs may be prescribed; however, therapies such as cognitive rehabilitation as well as cognitive stimulation therapy serve to preserve memory and executive function.

Lifestyle Interventions

Diet, exercise, and stress management are critical in preventing and managing insulin resistance. A review in the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease also highlighted the benefits of Kirtan Kriya meditation, which can regulate genes involved in insulin and glucose metabolism, improve sleep, and reduce inflammation.

Can Type 3 Diabetes Be Prevented?

Although type 3 diabetes is not officially recognized, its connection to Alzheimer’s disease underscores the importance of proactive measures for brain health. Some prevention strategies include:

1. Healthy Diet

Consuming a balanced diet rich in antioxidants, whole grains, and healthy fats may support brain health.

2. Regular Exercise

Physical activity improves insulin sensitivity, reduces inflammation, and enhances overall metabolic health.

3. Stress Reduction

Mindfulness practices, including meditation, have been shown to lower stress levels, which can reduce the risk of cognitive decline.

The term type 3 diabetes brings out the complex relationship between metabolic disorders and brain health. Even though it is not a recognized medical condition, the concept emphasizes the crucial role of insulin in brain function and its possible contribution to Alzheimer's disease. Continued research will hopefully provide hope for therapies such as intranasal insulin and lifestyle modifications.

While December arrives with celebrations, food and social gatherings, it is also the time when seasonal illnesses quietly begin to surface. Colds, lingering coughs and flu tend to spread more easily in colder weather, often catching people off guard just as the new year begins. For those hoping to avoid starting January feeling unwell, there are simple steps that can be taken ahead of time.

A pharmacist has urged people to prepare early by stocking up on essential remedies, saying that being organised can help manage symptoms quickly and reduce unnecessary visits to the doctor. According to him, early action makes winter illnesses far easier to handle.

Why Pharmacists Say Preparation Matters Before January

Pharmacists say the key to getting through winter comfortably is preparation before cold and flu season reaches its peak. Keeping a well-stocked medicine cupboard means symptoms can be treated as soon as they appear, without the stress of searching for supplies while already feeling ill.

“Preparation really is half the battle,” said pharmacist Frederick Apenteng from Roseway Labs. “Once you’re unwell, the last thing you want is to be running around looking for paracetamol or trying to buy a thermometer. That’s often when people feel worse than they need to.”

Medicines To Get Ready For Winter Flu

Frederick stresses that starting with the basics is essential. Painkillers such as paracetamol or ibuprofen help manage fever, aches and general discomfort. Throat lozenges or sprays can ease soreness, while keeping two types of cough medicine at home is helpful. One should be an expectorant for chesty coughs, and the other a suppressant for dry, irritating coughs.

The Basics Every Household Should Have

Blocked noses are another common winter complaint, and decongestants can provide quick relief. However, Frederick warns they should not be used for more than five days. For longer-term congestion, saline nasal sprays are a safer option.

Other useful items include rehydration sachets, tissues, hand sanitiser, and honey and lemon for comfort. A digital thermometer allows you to keep track of fever, while vapour rubs or a humidifier can help ease breathing when congestion strikes.

Why Nutrition and Rest Matter for Immunity

Beyond medicines, Frederick highlights the role of nutrition in keeping the immune system strong. “People often feel run down because they’re missing key nutrients,” he explained. “Iron, B vitamins and vitamin C all play important roles in supporting immune defences.”

Eating foods rich in these nutrients, such as leafy greens, citrus fruits and whole grains, can make a noticeable difference. “The biggest immunity boosters are actually sleep, proper nutrition and staying hydrated,” he added.

A Little Planning Now Can Prevent Bigger Problems Later

Preparing in advance can ease both physical discomfort and mental stress. “Having your winter kit ready means you can act quickly at the first sneeze,” Frederick said. “That can stop symptoms from getting worse and helps keep you out of the GP waiting room.”

In short, early rest, basic treatment and preparation can help people move through winter with fewer disruptions.

Be Cautious With Cold and Flu Medicines

While home remedies can be helpful, it is important not to overuse certain products. In some cases, taking too many cold and flu medicines can cause serious problems, including accidental overdose, liver or kidney damage, and rebound congestion.

Always follow dosage instructions carefully and speak to a healthcare professional if you are unsure. Frederick also cautions against prolonged use of nasal decongestant sprays. Using them for more than a few days can trigger a rebound effect, where nasal passages become more blocked than before. This condition is known as rhinitis medicamentosa.

Staying informed, prepared and cautious can make all the difference during the winter months.

If you managed to stay healthy this festive season, chances are you still know at least a couple of people who did not. In the days before Christmas and in the weeks that followed, a so-called “mystery virus” has been moving rapidly across the UK.

Many people have reported coughing, sneezing, blocked or runny noses, and in some cases stomach-related problems too. So what exactly is behind this wave of illness? Ian Budd, lead prescribing pharmacist at Chemist4U, has explained which virus is currently spreading widely across the country and what steps you can take to safeguard yourself and your family. He also sheds light on its incubation period.

What Is Adenovirus?

Adenoviruses refer to a large family of viruses that can trigger infections ranging from mild to more serious, affecting different parts of the body. Most often, adenovirus targets the respiratory tract. The symptoms can closely resemble those of a cold or flu. In the majority of cases, adenovirus infections are mild and can be managed with basic care focused on easing symptoms.

Adenovirus Incubation Period

The incubation period for adenovirus usually falls between 2 and 14 days. For many people, signs such as fever, a sore throat, or coughing tend to appear around five or six days after coming into contact with the virus, although this can differ from person to person. Adenovirus spreads easily through droplets released when someone coughs or sneezes, by touching contaminated surfaces, or through fecal-oral transmission. It is highly contagious, particularly in crowded settings, and people may continue to shed the virus even after they start feeling better, according to the National Institute of Health.

One reason the virus appears to be everywhere right now is winter behaviour. Colder weather keeps people indoors for longer periods, increasing close contact with others who may already be unwell.

Ian explained, “With COVID-19 restrictions no longer in place and fewer people being exposed to common viruses over the last few years, overall immunity in the community may be lower. That makes people more vulnerable now.

“Adenovirus itself is not new. It is simply appearing more frequently at the same time as other winter illnesses.”

Adenovirus Symptoms

If you suspect you may have adenovirus, the most common symptoms include:

• Sore throat
• Runny or blocked nose
• Cough
• Fever
• Fatigue
• Headaches or body aches
• Shortness of breath, which is less common

Other possible signs:

• Pink eye, also known as conjunctivitis, causing red, watery, gritty-feeling eyes
• Ear infections, particularly among children
• Digestive symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or diarrhoea with certain strains

Who Do Adenoviruses Affect?

Adenoviruses can infect people at any age, but they are especially common in children under the age of five. In babies and young children, the virus often spreads in daycare settings, where close contact is unavoidable. Young children are also more likely to put shared objects in their mouths and are less consistent about handwashing.

Among adults, adenoviruses tend to spread in crowded living conditions. Those who spend time in dormitories or military housing may face a higher risk. The virus can also circulate easily in hospitals and nursing homes.

People with weakened immune systems are more likely to become seriously ill if they contract adenovirus. This group includes individuals who have undergone stem cell or organ transplants, as well as those living with cancer or HIV/AIDS. Those with existing heart or lung conditions also face a higher risk of severe infection.

Women are spending thousands of pounds to address an intimate and largely unexpected side effect linked to rapid weight loss caused by so-called “fat jabs.” As these injections grow quickly in popularity, doctors say sudden and significant weight loss is leading some women to notice changes in their labia or vulva.

This has resulted in a rise in private cosmetic procedures commonly referred to as “labia puffing.” For those unversed, the vulva refers to the external female genital area, which includes the labia. The labia are the folds of skin that surround the vaginal opening.

Weight-Loss Injections Go Mainstream

Originally developed to manage Type 2 diabetes, weight-loss injections have entered the mainstream at remarkable speed. As per Mirror, in the UK alone, about 2.5 million people are now using these drugs, according to figures reported by The Telegraph in October. That means roughly one in every 20 adults. Most users access the injections privately, as they are rarely available through the NHS. The report also noted that sales of medications such as Mounjaro and Wegovy reached 2.5 million in July, marking a sevenfold increase compared to the previous year.

While headlines have largely focused on visible changes such as slimmer bodies and faces, including among celebrities like Sharon Osbourne and Serena Williams, medical professionals say other, less discussed effects are starting to emerge.

Changes Beyond Common Side Effects

Along with widely known side effects such as nausea, diarrhoea, constipation, abdominal pain, and vomiting, some women are now reporting noticeable changes in the appearance of their vulvas and labia.

Doctors explain that the issue is not weight loss itself, but the speed at which it happens. Rapid weight loss strips fat from many areas of the body, including the vulval region. For some women, this leads to a loss of volume in the labia, causing loose or sagging skin. This can result in irritation and discomfort during everyday activities such as sitting, cycling, or exercising.

Women Share Their Experiences

Many women have taken to online forums to describe what they are experiencing. As per Mirror, one Reddit user shared, “She [the gynaecologist] told me my vulva is saggy and I will continue to experience pain when biking or sitting unless I have surgery or fillers.”

Doctors say these outcomes are not surprising. Dr Michael Tahery, writing on his women’s health website, explained that “the rapid weight loss that occurs throughout the body may result in visible sagging of the labia or vagina because of overall fat and volume loss.”

He added that this sagging can be caused by loose labia, excess skin in the vaginal area, wrinkles, or a combination of these factors. “It’s also common for rapid weight loss to cause the labia to suddenly feel out of proportion compared to how it previously felt,” he noted.

Not Just a Cosmetic Concern

For many women, the impact goes beyond appearance. The loss of natural cushioning can increase friction and sensitivity, turning once-comfortable activities into painful experiences. As a result, more women are seeking help from private clinics, where corrective procedures can cost around $2,000, or approximately £1,479. The treatment, often called labia puffing, focuses on restoring volume to the outer lips of the vulva.

What Is Labia Puffing?

Speaking to The Daily Star, Dr Shazia Malik, consultant gynaecologist at The Portland Hospital, explained how the procedure works. “Labia puffing uses dermal fillers, such as hyaluronic acid or fat, to restore volume to the labia majora, which are the outer lips of the vulva,” she said. “It is a minimally invasive procedure designed to improve appearance by increasing fullness, smoothness, and symmetry.”

Dr Malik also pointed out that the demand is not limited to women using weight-loss injections. “The procedure is most commonly sought by women who want to regain a more youthful, fuller appearance due to ageing, weight loss, or childbirth,” she explained.

A Wider Impact of Rapid Weight Loss

The growing interest in these procedures highlights how dramatically weight-loss injections can change the body. Unlike gradual weight loss achieved through diet and exercise, the speed at which fat can disappear with these drugs means changes can occur in areas people do not expect. For some women, these sudden shifts are significant enough to push them toward cosmetic interventions to feel comfortable again.