Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a rare medical condition that disrupts the body's ability to regulate water, resulting in excessive thirst and an unusually high volume of urine. This condition affects the kidneys' ability to concentrate urine and causes individuals to produce between 3 and 20 quarts of dilute, colourless urine daily, compared to an average of 1 to 2 quarts. It is pertinent to note that DI is not related to diabetes mellitus, which disrupts the body's insulin production.

Types Of Diabetes Insipidus

This condition results from damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland, which impairs the production or release of vasopressin, a hormone responsible for water retention. When vasopressin levels are inadequate, the kidneys fail to conserve water, leading to excessive urination. It can result from Brain injuries or surgeries, tumours, infections or inflammation and aneurysms.

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

This type occurs when the kidneys fail to respond to vasopressin, causing excessive fluid loss. Common triggers include chronic kidney disease, and electrolyte imbalances, such as high calcium or low potassium levels. Additionally, medications like lithium

and urinary tract blockages can also cause Nephrogenic DI.

Gestational Diabetes Insipidus

A rare condition seen only during pregnancy, this occurs when the placenta produces an enzyme that breaks down vasopressin or increases prostaglandin levels, reducing kidney sensitivity to the hormone. Symptoms of this are usually mild and often resolve postpartum but can recur in future pregnancies.

Symptoms And Warning Signs

• Severe thirst, often leading to the consumption of over a gallon of water daily
• Frequent urination (polyuria), sometimes exceeding 20 quarts per day
• Nighttime urination and bed-wetting
• Weakness, muscle pain, and preference for cold drinks

In severe cases, dehydration may develop, manifesting as fatigue, dizziness, dry mouth, confusion, nausea, or fainting. Infants and children with DI may exhibit crankiness, poor feeding, slow growth, fever, or vomiting.

Causes And Risk Factors

DI stems from issues with vasopressin production or response. Central DI arises from damage to brain structures, while nephrogenic DI relates to kidney dysfunction. Risk factors include:

- Genetic mutations affecting water regulation

- Certain medications like diuretics or lithium

- Metabolic disorders that alter calcium or potassium levels

- Brain injuries or surgeries

Diagnosis And Testing

Diagnosing DI involves a combination of medical history, physical exams, and specialized tests:

- Urinalysis: Evaluates urine concentration and glucose levels to distinguish DI from diabetes mellitus.

- Blood tests: Check electrolyte, glucose, and vasopressin levels.

- Water deprivation test: Measures changes in weight, blood sodium, and urine concentration during fluid restriction.

- MRI: Detects abnormalities in the hypothalamus or pituitary gland.

- Genetic screening: Identifies inherited risk factors.

Although DI is rare, affecting about 1 in 25,000 people, early diagnosis and targeted treatment can significantly improve quality of life. Researchers continue to explore its causes and treatments to better support those living with this challenging condition.

A new wellness trend is sweeping TikTok and Instagram, magnesium lotion, hailed by influencers as a natural fix for sleep troubles and a wide range of health issues.

The mineral magnesium plays an important role in the body, regulating muscle and nerve function, blood sugar levels, and energy production. Some studies have suggested that oral magnesium supplements may improve sleep, though evidence remains limited.

Now, influencers are going a step further by promoting magnesium in lotion or cream form, claiming it can do everything from balancing cortisol and insulin levels to relieving muscle soreness, arthritis, and fibromyalgia.

“Did you know rubbing magnesium cream on your child’s feet can help with sleep?” one TikTok user asks, promising it can also ease growing pains. Another swears by it for stopping leg cramps, while others call it “magic in a bottle.”

The claims may sound convincing, but are they backed by science?

The claim

Fans of magnesium lotion argue that applying it directly to the skin, especially the feet, can improve sleep. Others recommend using it across the body to tackle a range of issues, including mood swings and pain.

And people are buying into the hype. Market analysts estimate that the topical magnesium industry generated more than $400 million in 2024 alone.

The evidence

Despite the buzz, scientists say there is little proof that magnesium can be effectively absorbed through the skin.

“The problem with this is that the skin is a barrier, not a sponge,” explains dermatologist and Harvard researcher Nicholas Theodosakis. He notes that while some medicines are delivered transdermally via patches, magnesium has not been proven to work this way.

Most of the perceived benefits may come from the act of massaging lotion into the skin or from the moisturizing base itself. Creams often improve skin health regardless of added ingredients.

“You apply a lotion or ointment and your skin looks and feels better,” says Theodosakis. “That’s simply because creams promote hydration, not because magnesium is being absorbed.”

The nuance

Still, experts stop short of dismissing the trend entirely. Dr. John Winkelman, a Harvard sleep specialist, says he has had patients report success with products like “magnesium butter” for better sleep, as reported by NPR.

While he remains skeptical about the science, Winkelman acknowledges that placebo can be powerful, particularly when it comes to sleep. “If something is safe and helps my patients sleep, I’m not against it,” he says.

However, he emphasizes that he would not recommend magnesium lotion as a first-line treatment. Unlike drugs, supplements and related products are not evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for safety and efficacy. That means there is no guarantee these lotions actually deliver what they promise.

For conditions like restless legs syndrome, which influencers often claim magnesium lotion can ease, proven medical therapies already exist. “It’s not fair to recommend things that haven’t been shown to be effective,” says Winkelman.

So, does magnesium lotion help you sleep better? Current evidence says no. But the good news is that experts agree it’s unlikely to do harm, aside from the cost.

Dermatologist Theodosakis adds that the popularity of such products reflects how closely skincare and wellness are tied to psychology and culture. “Skin is such a visible and personal part of us,” he notes. “It’s natural that trends latch onto it.”

For now, magnesium lotion remains more of a viral fad than a scientifically proven sleep aid. If it feels relaxing and helps you unwind at night, the benefit may simply come from the ritual itself — not the mineral inside the bottle.

A daily pill for weight loss can help people reduce their body weight by as much as a fifth, according to a large clinical trial that researchers say could reshape obesity treatment and make therapies more accessible. The drug, called orforglipron and manufactured by Eli Lilly, works by targeting the same GLP-1 receptors as popular injectable drugs such as Mounjaro and Wegovy.

The study, published in the New England Journal of Medicine and presented at the European Association for the Study of Diabetes meeting in Vienna, followed 3,127 adults with obesity but no diabetes across multiple countries. After 72 weeks, one in five participants taking the pill lost 20% or more of their body weight, a result health experts are calling a potential breakthrough.

Also Read: Eli Lilly Sends Weight-Loss Pill For Approval: Is Oral GLP-1 As Effective As The Injections?

How Orforglipron Works

Orforglipron belongs to the class of GLP-1 receptor agonists, medications that lower blood sugar, slow digestion, and suppress appetite. These drugs mimic hormones naturally released in the gut, signaling to the brain a feeling of fullness.

While injectable GLP-1 drugs have been hailed as transformative, a pill version is seen as a “holy grail” because it is easier to store, distribute, and take, reducing the barriers to treatment. Pills are also expected to be cheaper than weekly injections, widening access for millions.

Results of the 72-Week Trial

Participants were randomly assigned to receive different daily doses of orforglipron, ranging from 6 mg to 36 mg, or a placebo. All had a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher.

Average weight loss:

• 7.5% with the lowest dose (6 mg)
• 11.2% with the highest dose (36 mg)

Proportion of patients with major weight reduction on 36 mg:

• 54.6% lost at least 10% of body weight
• 36% lost at least 15%
• 18.4% lost at least 20%

Beyond weight reduction, the study noted improvements in blood pressure, waist circumference, and cholesterol levels. Side effects were mostly gastrointestinal, such as nausea and diarrhea, and were generally mild to moderate.

Lead researcher Dr. Sean Wharton of McMaster University said:

“This could mean an expansion of obesity interventions to groups who are currently excluded due to the cost of and lack of access to injectable medications.”

Why the Pill Matters

The rise of GLP-1 drugs has already begun to reshape obesity and diabetes treatment. But injections create added costs and logistical hurdles for health services. A pill that achieves similar results could be a turning point for how obesity is managed globally.

Experts stress, however, that while the pill’s results are promising, it is not yet approved by the FDA or other global regulators. Eli Lilly has said it expects strong demand once it launches, potentially within the next year.

Eli Lilly vs Novo Nordisk

The trial’s publication coincides with another headline-making announcement: Eli Lilly reported that orforglipron outperformed rival Novo Nordisk’s oral drug, oral semaglutide (Rybelsus), in Novo Nordisk's own head-to-head study on Type 2 diabetes patients.

Blood sugar control at 52 weeks:

• Orforglipron (36 mg): 2.2% reduction in HbA1c
• Oral semaglutide (14 mg): 1.4% reduction

Weight loss:

• Orforglipron: average 9.2% (19.7 pounds)
• Oral semaglutide: average 5.3% (11 pounds)

When including all patients regardless of discontinuation, weight loss with orforglipron was 8.2% compared to 5.3% with oral semaglutide.

Eli Lilly’s chief scientific officer Dan Skovronsky said the pill could serve as “the main medicine” for patients needing both diabetes and obesity management. Independent experts have also praised the results. Dr. Michael Weintraub of NYU Langone noted the pill’s blood sugar control is “impressive not only compared to other oral medications but also injectables.”

Caveats and Next Steps

Despite the strong results, analysts caution against declaring a clear winner in the oral weight-loss pill race. Novo Nordisk is awaiting FDA approval for a 25 mg version of oral semaglutide for obesity and has tested a 50 mg dose. Higher doses could narrow or close the gap between the two companies.

Dr. Jaime Almandoz of UT Southwestern Medical Center said:

“It’s a little too early to say that one is the leader in this class. But having head-to-head data helps doctors make better decisions for patients.”

Eli Lilly says it plans to apply for regulatory approval of orforglipron for diabetes in 2026, with a global launch expected as early as next year. Detailed results from its head-to-head study will be presented at an upcoming medical meeting.

Your eyes could be giving you clues that your kidneys aren’t working the way they should. While most people associate kidney trouble with tiredness, swelling, or changes in urination, the effects can also show up in your vision. To understand this better, we spoke with Dr Manoj K. Singhal, Principal Director of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation at Max Super Speciality Hospital, Vaishali.

5 Eye Symptoms Linked to Kidney Issues

The kidneys filter toxins and help maintain balance in the body. But when they start to weaken, some of the earliest signs may appear in unexpected places, like your eyes. Some of these symptoms, as per Dr Manoj are:

1. Persistent Puffiness

It’s normal to wake up with puffy eyes, but if the swelling doesn’t fade even after rest, it could point to protein leaking into your urine, a condition called proteinuria, which often signals kidney damage.

2. Blurred or Double Vision

Sudden blurriness may be tied to high blood pressure or diabetes—two major causes of kidney problems. These conditions damage small blood vessels in the eyes and can even lead to sudden vision loss.

3. Dry, Itchy Eyes

Many people with chronic kidney disease, especially those on dialysis, experience dryness or irritation in the eyes. This happens when mineral balance in the body is disrupted, leaving the eyes feeling gritty or uncomfortable.

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4. Red or Bloodshot Eyes

Frequent redness can be a warning sign of uncontrolled blood pressure or diabetes. In some rare cases, kidney-related conditions like lupus nephritis can also cause eye problems.

5. Difficulty Seeing Colours

Kidney disease can sometimes affect the optic nerve or retina, making it harder to distinguish certain colours, especially shades of blue and yellow.

When To Seek Help?

Not every eye problem points to kidney disease, but if these symptoms persist or worsen, it’s worth getting both your vision and kidney health checked. Routine eye exams can sometimes reveal early warning signs before bigger problems develop.

If you notice changes in your eyesight alongside other symptoms like fatigue, swelling, or urinary changes, don’t ignore them. Catching kidney issues early can make all the difference for both your eye health and your overall well-being.

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How To Protect Your Kidneys and Eyes

While some kidney issues are unavoidable, there are steps you can take to reduce your risk and protect both your kidney and eye health, as suggested by Dr Manoj:

• Maintain a Healthy Blood Pressure and Blood Sugar: High blood pressure and diabetes are major risk factors for kidney disease. Regular monitoring and a balanced diet can help keep these in check.
• Stay Hydrated: Drinking enough water supports kidney function and helps flush out toxins.
• Eat a Balanced Diet: Focus on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins while limiting salt, processed foods, and excess sugar.
• Exercise Regularly: Physical activity improves circulation and helps maintain healthy blood pressure, supporting both kidney and eye health.
• Avoid Smoking and Excess Alcohol: Both can damage blood vessels, increasing the risk of kidney and eye problems.
• Schedule Regular Checkups: Routine blood tests, urine tests, and eye exams can help catch early signs of kidney issues before they worsen.

Taking care of your overall health is the best way to safeguard your kidneys. and your eyes from long-term damage.