Overview

This is a disease that is transmitted from mosquitoes to humans and affects many people in the world. Found in densely populated countries and continents, like Africa, Asia and the tropics of the Americas, this has severe symptoms. This viral disease is caused by the Chikungunya virus of the Togaviridae. First identified in the United Republic of Tanzania in 1952 and subsequently in other countries like Africa and Asia. Since 2004 the outbreak of CHIKV virus has become more widespread and caused partly due to the viral adaptations allowing the virus to be spread more easily by Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. The transmission has been noted to persist in countries where there is a large population, but interestingly, the transmission has been interrupted on islands where a high proportion of the population is infected and then immune.

Symptoms

The onset of the disease is usually in 4-8 days and after a bite of an infected mosquitoes, it is characterized by an abrupt onset of fever and then joint pain. This joint pain is severed and lasts for a few days but may prolong for months maybe even years. Other signs are joint swelling, muscle pains, headache, nausea, fatigue and rash. These symptoms also overlap with those of dengue and Zika virus and can be misdiagnosed. Most people fully recover from the infection and experience only mild and sometimes the infection even goes unrecognized. However, there have been cases of eye, heart, and neurological complications. The elderly and newborns are more susceptible to the infection and if they have any underlying conditions then they are likely to become severely ill increasing the risk of death.

Diagnosis and treatment

The diagnosis and treatment of the virus may be done by blood sampling and other tests like reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR). Other tests detect the activity of the antibodies. These can be detected in the first week after illness onset and can be detected for about 2 months. Many clinical measures can be taken to address fever and joint pain. But there is no specific anti-viral drug treatment for the virus.

Preventing Chikungunya

As this disease is caused by the bite of a mosquito, you must reduce the opportunities to let the mosquito breed. Mosquitoes bite during the day and night, and for people who live in risk areas like southeast Asia, Africa and tropical regions of America, many outbreaks happen each year. The best way to prevent it is to protect yourself from the mosquito's bite. You also must get vaccinated before travelling to any of these regions. Use insect repellent, and wear long-sleeved shirts and pants. You can also treat your clothes and gear with permethrin. As we all know, they tend to breed in humid places and places where they have access to water, so try to close the rooms that are air-conditioned with screens and windows. Use nets and mosquito repellents if you are sleeping outside. There are many different types of mosquito repellents like paper, liquid etc, and they are quite effective. If your job needs, you to be stationary for long hours or frequently go outside you must take the necessary precautions.

In today’s fast-paced digital world, convenience often comes at the cost of physical activity. Long working hours at desks, increased screen time, and reduced outdoor movement have led to a dramatic rise in sedentary lifestyles. While the immediate effects, such as weight gain and fatigue, are widely recognised, the long-term impact on bone and joint health is often underestimated.

Medical experts specialising in orthopaedics in Delhi NCR are increasingly observing a surge in younger patients presenting with joint pain, stiffness, and early signs of musculoskeletal disorders. What was once considered age-related is now becoming common among individuals in their 20s and 30s, largely due to inactivity.

Understanding a Sedentary Lifestyle

A sedentary lifestyle refers to a pattern of behaviour that involves prolonged periods of sitting or inactivity with minimal physical movement. Activities such as working on a computer, watching television, or using mobile devices for extended durations contribute to this condition.

When the body remains inactive for long periods, it leads to reduced muscle engagement, poor circulation, and decreased joint mobility. Over time, this inactivity begins to affect the structural integrity of bones and joints.

Impact on Bone Health

Bone health is highly dependent on regular movement and physical activity to maintain strength and density. A sedentary lifestyle can gradually weaken bones, increasing the risk of fractures and long-term skeletal issues.

1. Reduced Bone Density

Bones require regular stress and movement to maintain their strength. Physical activities such as walking, running, or resistance training stimulate bone formation and improve density.

A sedentary lifestyle, however, deprives bones of this essential stimulation, leading to reduced bone mineral density. Over time, this increases the risk of conditions such as osteoporosis, even at a relatively young age.

2. Increased Risk of Fractures

Weak bones are more prone to fractures, even with minor injuries. Individuals who lead inactive lives often have lower bone strength, making them vulnerable to accidental falls or trauma.

Impact on Joint Health

Joint health depends on regular movement to maintain lubrication and flexibility. A sedentary lifestyle can lead to stiffness, reduced mobility, and a higher risk of joint degeneration over time.

1. Early Joint Degeneration

Joints rely on movement to stay lubricated and functional. Synovial fluid, which reduces friction between joint surfaces, is produced more effectively when joints are in motion.

In a sedentary lifestyle, lack of movement leads to stiffness and reduced lubrication, accelerating joint degeneration. This can result in early onset of osteoarthritis, particularly in weight-bearing joints such as the knees and hips.

2. Muscle Weakness and Joint Instability

Muscles play a crucial role in supporting and stabilising joints. When physical activity is limited, muscles weaken, placing additional stress on joints.

This imbalance increases the likelihood of joint injuries, ligament strain, and chronic pain.

Obesity and its Impact on Bones and Joints

One of the most significant consequences of a sedentary lifestyle is weight gain. Obesity places excessive stress on bones and joints, particularly in the lower body.

1. Increased Load on Joints

Every extra kilogram of body weight adds significant pressure on the knees and hips. Over time, this leads to cartilage wear and tear, increasing the risk of osteoarthritis.

2. Inflammation and Pain

Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, which can worsen joint pain and stiffness. This further reduces mobility, creating a vicious cycle of inactivity and worsening symptoms.

Rise of Musculoskeletal Disorders

Healthcare providers specialising in orthopaedics in Delhi NCR report a growing number of cases related to sedentary habits, including:

Chronic back pain

Neck stiffness and cervical spondylosis

Frozen shoulder

Repetitive strain injuries

Carpal tunnel syndrome

These conditions are often linked to poor posture, prolonged sitting, and lack of ergonomic awareness.

Role of Poor Posture

Posture plays a critical role in maintaining musculoskeletal health. Sitting for long hours with improper alignment, such as slouching or leaning forward, places undue stress on the spine and surrounding muscles.

Common Postural Issues

Forward head posture

Rounded shoulders

Lower back strain

Over time, these habits can lead to chronic pain and structural imbalances, requiring medical intervention.

Preventive Measures for Better Bone and Joint Health

While the effects of a sedentary lifestyle can be serious, they are largely preventable with conscious effort and lifestyle modifications.

1. Regular Physical Activity

Engaging in regular exercise is one of the most effective ways to maintain bone and joint health.

Recommended activities include:

Walking or jogging for at least 30 minutes daily

Strength training to build muscle support

Flexibility exercises, such as yoga or stretching

Low-impact activities like swimming or cycling

These activities help improve bone density, enhance joint mobility, and strengthen muscles.

2. Maintain a Healthy Weight

Weight management is crucial in reducing stress on joints. A balanced diet combined with regular exercise helps prevent obesity and its associated complications.

3. Posture Correction

Being mindful of posture can significantly reduce the risk of musculoskeletal problems.

Tips for better posture:

Keep your back straight and shoulders relaxed

Ensure your screen is at eye level

Avoid slouching while sitting or standing

Use lumbar support for the lower back

4. Ergonomic Work Setup

With the rise of remote work, having an ergonomic workstation is essential.

Key ergonomic practices include:

Adjustable chair with proper back support

Desk height aligned with elbow level

Feet flat on the floor or on a footrest

Keyboard and mouse positioned comfortably

Taking short breaks every 30–60 minutes to stretch and move is equally important.

5. Stay Active Throughout the Day

Even small changes can make a big difference:

Use stairs instead of elevators

Take short walking breaks

Stand or walk while taking phone calls

Incorporate movement into daily routines

6. Early Medical Intervention

Ignoring early signs of discomfort can lead to more serious conditions. Symptoms such as persistent pain, stiffness, or reduced mobility should not be overlooked.

Consulting specialists in Orthopaedics in Delhi NCR at an early stage can help diagnose underlying issues and prevent further deterioration. Early intervention often reduces the need for invasive treatments.

Conclusion

A sedentary lifestyle is one of the most significant yet preventable risk factors affecting bone and joint health today. From reduced bone density and early joint degeneration to obesity-related stress and musculoskeletal disorders, the consequences are far-reaching.

The increasing demand for Orthopaedics in Delhi NCR reflects a growing need to address these issues proactively. By incorporating regular physical activity, maintaining proper posture, adopting ergonomic practices, and seeking timely medical advice, individuals can protect their musculoskeletal health and improve overall well-being.

Disclaimer: This article is presented in collaboration with C K Birla Hospital. The medical insights shared are intended for educational purposes.

Many people do not realise just how closely mental health and liver health are connected—especially when alcohol becomes a go-to coping strategy for stress, anxiety, or emotional overwhelm. What may seem like temporary relief can quietly evolve into a pattern that affects both the mind and the body in significant ways. Dhara Ghuntla, Psychologist affiliated with Sujay Hospital, 7 Hills Hospital, Criticare Hospital, in an interaction with Health and Me, spoke about the impact of stress, alcohol use and emotional eating on the liver.

In today’s fast-paced, high-pressure lifestyle, it is common for individuals to turn to alcohol to unwind or escape difficult emotions. In the short term, alcohol can create a sense of relaxation or numbness. However, over time, this reliance can shift into a habitual coping mechanism and eventually into dependence. While the psychological impact is often discussed, the physical consequences—particularly on the liver—are just as important.

The liver plays a critical role in detoxifying the body. Regular alcohol consumption places it under constant strain, impairing its ability to function effectively. Over time, this can lead to conditions such as fatty liver, inflammation, and even long-term liver damage. What makes this especially concerning is that early-stage liver issues often present with little to no obvious symptoms, allowing damage to progress unnoticed.

At the same time, liver health has a direct influence on mental well-being. When the liver is compromised, it can affect energy levels, mood regulation, and cognitive function. People may experience increased fatigue, irritability, anxiety, low mood, or emotional instability. This happens because the liver plays an indirect but essential role in brain health through metabolism and toxin clearance.

The Vicious Cycle

This creates a self-perpetuating loop. A person feeling stressed, low, or anxious may turn to alcohol for relief. While it may help temporarily, it simultaneously places stress on the liver. As liver function declines, mental health symptoms—such as fatigue, irritability, anxiety, or low mood—can worsen. This often leads the individual to consume more alcohol, reinforcing the cycle.

Adding another layer, many individuals who rely on alcohol are often dealing with underlying issues such as depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances, or chronic life stressors. Alcohol is frequently used as a form of self-medication. However, instead of addressing these root concerns, it masks them temporarily while deepening both psychological and physical harm. Over time, this pattern increases dependency and makes recovery more complex.

The Gut–Liver–Brain Connection

Liver health is also closely tied to gut function and brain health. When the liver is under stress, digestion can be affected, nutrient absorption may decline, and energy levels can drop. This interconnected system—the gut, liver, and brain—plays a key role in emotional regulation and overall well-being. Disruptions in one area can ripple across the others, influencing how a person thinks, feels, and functions daily.

Breaking the Pattern

Recognising this connection is the first step towards change. Instead of turning to alcohol, healthier coping strategies can help regulate stress and support both mental and physical health. Practices such as yoga, meditation, regular exercise, journalling, and maintaining a balanced diet can significantly improve resilience and emotional stability.

Prioritising mental well-being, addressing underlying psychological concerns, and protecting liver health are not separate goals—they are deeply interconnected. Seeking timely support, whether through therapy, lifestyle changes, or medical guidance, can help break the cycle.

Reducing or eliminating alcohol use is not just about avoiding physical harm; it is about creating space to heal the underlying causes of stress and emotional distress. Supporting the liver, nurturing the gut, and caring for mental health together can lead to more sustainable and meaningful well-being.

You pick up a jar on the kitchen shelf and shudder. You take a flight of stairs, and that old pain sinks into your hip. You get up in the morning, and your shoulder feels as though it has been wrung out. You attribute it to age, to a long day on your feet, to just how things are now. But what if your body is trying to tell you something very particular and you have been missing it?

Dr Apoorv Dua, Consultant, Orthopaedics, ISIC Multispeciality Hospital, in an interview with Health and Me, said that this may be a sign of bursitis—a condition that is much more widespread than most people realise, and much more treatable than most people are aware. The expert went on to answer common questions regarding extreme pain that comes with this condition.

What is bursitis?

Bursae are small, fluid-filled sacs located between your bones, muscles, and tendons. Imagine them as the natural cushioning system of the body—shock absorbers that ensure your joints move smoothly and painlessly. Under normal circumstances, you do not even think about them. However, when inflamed, due to repetitive motion, prolonged pressure, injury, or infection, they make their presence known in a very noticeable manner. This is bursitis. Although it most often appears in the shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee, it may occur in nearly any joint in the body.

Who gets bursitis—and why?

This is where the lifestyle connection cannot be overlooked. Bursitis does not discriminate, but it has definite patterns. The weekend warrior who runs ten kilometres on Saturday after sitting at a desk all week. The housewife who spends hours cleaning floors or squatting in the kitchen. The office worker who has been stooped over a computer. The gym enthusiast who does not warm up. The retired teacher who begins a walking routine too vigorously. All these individuals may be silently placing stress on their bursae, and in many cases, bursitis is the eventual outcome.

Age also plays a role—the bursae, like most of our connective tissue, grow weaker with age. Certain medical conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, gout, and diabetes can increase the risk. However, in many instances, the cause is simply the way we move—or do not move—in our day-to-day lives.

What does bursitis feel like?

A key characteristic of bursitis is pain that is disproportionate to the activity causing it. Reaching overhead, sitting on a hard surface, pressing on your elbow, or walking downhill—these are not dramatic movements, yet with bursitis, they may trigger a sharp, deep, or burning pain that interrupts you mid-action. The affected joint is usually swollen and tender. The area may feel warm to the touch. Movement becomes guarded. Sleep, particularly in cases of shoulder bursitis, can be difficult, as lying on the affected side aggravates the pain.

The challenge with bursitis is that its symptoms can resemble other conditions—tendinitis, arthritis, a muscle strain, or even a ligament tear. Many individuals self-diagnose, self-treat with painkillers, and hope it will go away. Sometimes it does. However, chronic, untreated bursitis may persist for months and, in some cases, lead to complications.

Bursitis diagnosis

A thorough clinical examination is usually the first step. A skilled orthopaedic specialist can identify the affected bursa through specific physical assessments. Imaging, such as ultrasound or MRI, may be recommended depending on the case to confirm the diagnosis, rule out structural damage, or guide treatment.

If infection is suspected—indicated by increased redness, fever, and rapidly worsening pain—fluid may be aspirated from the bursa and tested. Septic bursitis is a serious condition that requires immediate medical attention and is treated differently from the more common non-infectious type.

Bursitis treatment

The encouraging fact about bursitis is that it responds well to treatment, particularly when detected early. Most cases are managed with a combination of rest, activity modification, ice application, and anti-inflammatory medication. Physiotherapy also plays an important role, helping to correct movement patterns, strengthen supporting muscles, and restore the full range of motion.

In more persistent cases, a corticosteroid injection into the bursa may provide rapid and significant relief by reducing inflammation at its source. Surgery is rare and is typically considered only in chronic, recurrent cases that do not respond to conservative treatment.

Prevention is better

In many instances, bursitis is linked to lifestyle—and that presents an opportunity for prevention. Even small changes can help: warming up before exercise, avoiding excessive strain on joints, maintaining a healthy weight to reduce pressure on hips and knees, and ensuring workstations are ergonomically designed.

Pain often becomes background noise—something we get used to, work around, and push through. However, bursitis reminds us that the body communicates with precision. That pain when you pick up a jar, that discomfort on the stairs—it is not simply ageing. It is a signal worth discussing with your doctor.