Chikungunya Disease and Prevention (Credits-Freepik)
Overview
This is a disease that is transmitted from mosquitoes to humans and affects many people in the world. Found in densely populated countries and continents, like Africa, Asia and the tropics of the Americas, this has severe symptoms. This viral disease is caused by the Chikungunya virus of the Togaviridae. First identified in the United Republic of Tanzania in 1952 and subsequently in other countries like Africa and Asia. Since 2004 the outbreak of CHIKV virus has become more widespread and caused partly due to the viral adaptations allowing the virus to be spread more easily by Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. The transmission has been noted to persist in countries where there is a large population, but interestingly, the transmission has been interrupted on islands where a high proportion of the population is infected and then immune.
Symptoms
The onset of the disease is usually in 4-8 days and after a bite of an infected mosquitoes, it is characterized by an abrupt onset of fever and then joint pain. This joint pain is severed and lasts for a few days but may prolong for months maybe even years. Other signs are joint swelling, muscle pains, headache, nausea, fatigue and rash. These symptoms also overlap with those of dengue and Zika virus and can be misdiagnosed. Most people fully recover from the infection and experience only mild and sometimes the infection even goes unrecognized. However, there have been cases of eye, heart, and neurological complications. The elderly and newborns are more susceptible to the infection and if they have any underlying conditions then they are likely to become severely ill increasing the risk of death.
Diagnosis and treatment
The diagnosis and treatment of the virus may be done by blood sampling and other tests like reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR). Other tests detect the activity of the antibodies. These can be detected in the first week after illness onset and can be detected for about 2 months. Many clinical measures can be taken to address fever and joint pain. But there is no specific anti-viral drug treatment for the virus.
Preventing Chikungunya
As this disease is caused by the bite of a mosquito, you must reduce the opportunities to let the mosquito breed. Mosquitoes bite during the day and night, and for people who live in risk areas like southeast Asia, Africa and tropical regions of America, many outbreaks happen each year. The best way to prevent it is to protect yourself from the mosquito's bite. You also must get vaccinated before travelling to any of these regions. Use insect repellent, and wear long-sleeved shirts and pants. You can also treat your clothes and gear with permethrin. As we all know, they tend to breed in humid places and places where they have access to water, so try to close the rooms that are air-conditioned with screens and windows. Use nets and mosquito repellents if you are sleeping outside. There are many different types of mosquito repellents like paper, liquid etc, and they are quite effective. If your job needs, you to be stationary for long hours or frequently go outside you must take the necessary precautions.
Credits: Canva
An early sign of dementia can sometimes look like a common winter-related issue. When this symptom appears along with other warning signals, it may be wise to speak to a doctor. Dementia is a syndrome marked by a collection of related symptoms that point to a gradual decline in brain function. Over time, this can affect memory, behaviour, thinking, and even movement. In its early phase, however, dementia often shows up through subtle changes that are easy to overlook or mistake for something less serious.
Dementia UK notes that one possible early indicator of dementia is “low mood, anxiety or depression”. Its specialists explain: “In the early stages of dementia, people often begin to notice symptoms that interfere with day-to-day life.” The difficulty is that low mood or depression can also be linked to seasonal affective disorder (SAD), a form of depression that tends to appear during winter and ease as the days become longer and brighter.
The NHS lists the following possible symptoms of SAD:
The organisation explains: “A person experiencing early symptoms of dementia may notice these changes themselves, or they may be picked up first by family members, friends or colleagues. Memory problems are not always obvious in the early stages of some types of dementia, such as frontotemporal dementia, where changes in behaviour and personality may appear first.
“People with young onset dementia, where symptoms begin before the age of 65, are also less likely to have memory loss as an early symptom.”
The charity also points out that emotional changes can be linked to two specific types of dementia. In vascular dementia, a person may experience “changes in mood, behaviour and personality”, while Lewy body dementia can cause “mood changes, including anxiety and depression”.
That said, it is often difficult to know at first whether dementia is the cause of these warning signs. Dementia UK advises: “Many symptoms associated with dementia can also be caused by other physical or mental health conditions, such as thyroid disorders, menopause, vitamin B12 deficiency, depression, anxiety, work-related stress or relationship difficulties.
“This means that experiencing symptoms linked to dementia does not automatically mean someone has the condition. However, if you or someone close to you is showing signs or symptoms of dementia, it is important to visit a GP to understand what might be causing them.”
If you or someone you know is showing symptoms that resemble dementia, seeking advice from your GP is an important first step.
Credits: Canva
Gonorrhea poses a far more serious challenge than many realise. Over the years, doctors treating the infection have seen their treatment choices steadily shrink. The bacteria responsible, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, has repeatedly adapted to antibiotics, rendering many once-reliable drugs ineffective. As a result, clinicians have been forced to depend heavily on a single injectable medication, a situation that has raised growing concern.
That dependence is becoming increasingly risky. Data from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention show that reported cases of gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis have climbed by nearly 90% since 2004. In 2023 alone, the country recorded more than 2.4 million cases of sexually transmitted infections.
This month, however, marked a significant shift. The US Food and Drug Administration approved two new oral antibiotics to treat gonorrhea: zoliflodacin and gepotidacin. These approvals represent the first entirely new gonorrhea treatments in more than three decades.
“These approvals mark a significant milestone for treatment options for patients with uncomplicated urogenital gonorrhea,” said Dr Adam Sherwat of the FDA in an official statement.
If left untreated, gonorrhea can lead to serious complications, including pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and in rare cases, infections that spread to the joints or bloodstream, as per Cleveland Clinic. Many people experience no symptoms at all, allowing the infection to spread quietly. Despite years of research, there is still no licensed vaccine, leaving antibiotics as the primary line of defence.
The newly approved treatments offer a fresh sense of hope. Zoliflodacin, developed by the nonprofit Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership in collaboration with Innoviva Specialty Therapeutics, is designed as a single-dose oral medication. Gepotidacin, developed by GSK, is taken in two doses and is also approved for treating certain urinary tract infections.
Both medicines eliminate the need for injections, a shift that could make treatment simpler and more accessible, particularly in settings where access to clinics is limited.
As per Medscape, clinical trial results for both drugs have been encouraging. Zoliflodacin was tested in a large international study involving more than 900 participants across Europe, Africa, Asia, and the US. The drug successfully cured about 90.9% of patients, a rate comparable to the 96.2% success rate of the current injectable standard. Most reported side effects were mild.
Gepotidacin showed similarly strong results in a separate Phase 3 trial that included around 600 patients from six countries. The cure rate reached 92.6%. Some participants reported digestive issues, but these effects were generally described as mild.
Importantly, both medications were effective against strains of gonorrhea that no longer respond to older antibiotics. That said, public health experts stress that these drugs are not a permanent solution.
“Bacteria are smart. They can pass resistant mechanisms between each other,” said Dr Manica Balasegaram of the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership, speaking to CNN.
Several uncertainties remain. Neither drug has yet shown strong effectiveness against throat infections, known as pharyngeal gonorrhea, which are more difficult to detect and treat. There is also ongoing debate about how best to use the new medications. Some experts argue they should be reserved as last-line treatments, while others believe earlier use could help slow resistance.
Dr Tereza Kasaeva of the World Health Organization described the approvals as “an important and timely development” amid rising global infection rates and limited treatment options, according to The Guardian.
For now, the new drugs provide much-needed breathing room. Whether that progress holds will depend on careful prescribing and close monitoring of how resistance evolves.
Credits: Canva
The NHS has shared important guidance on its website for anyone prescribed lansoprazole, especially those taking it for three months or longer. The health service’s site provides trusted, evidence-based advice on many medications and health conditions, helping patients make informed decisions about their treatment.
Lansoprazole is a commonly prescribed medicine in the UK, belonging to a group called proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). PPIs make up a large portion of prescriptions dispensed in England. Lansoprazole works by reducing the amount of acid in the stomach and is used to treat and prevent various acid-related conditions, as per NHS.
There are four other PPIs similar to lansoprazole: omeprazole, esomeprazole, pantoprazole, and rabeprazole. These medicines lower stomach acid in the same way and generally have similar effects and side effects. Doctors may prescribe a different PPI if lansoprazole is not working as expected or if side effects occur.
People taking lansoprazole often notice improvements in two to three days, though it may take up to four weeks for full effect, so some symptoms can continue during this period.
The duration of lansoprazole treatment depends on the condition being treated. It is usually advised to take the lowest effective dose for the shortest period to prevent long-term side effects. Some people take lansoprazole for extended periods, sometimes even years, but it should always be under regular supervision by a doctor because of potential risks.
The NHS notes that taking lansoprazole for more than three months can reduce magnesium levels in the blood. Low magnesium may cause fatigue, confusion, dizziness, muscle twitches, shakiness, and irregular heartbeats. Anyone experiencing these symptoms should consult their doctor.
Magnesium is vital for over 300 functions in the body, including nerve and muscle activity (including the heart), bone health, energy production, blood sugar regulation, and blood pressure control. Low magnesium can lead to muscle cramps, tiredness, irregular heart rhythms, and long-term problems like high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, and weakened bones. It also affects cellular functions and the body’s electrolyte balance.
Using lansoprazole for more than a year may raise the risk of side effects such as bone fractures, gut infections, and vitamin B12 deficiency. Symptoms of B12 deficiency include extreme fatigue, a sore or red tongue, mouth ulcers, and pins-and-needles sensations. Anyone noticing these signs or taking lansoprazole for extended periods should schedule regular check-ups.
The NHS advises: “If you take lansoprazole for more than a year, your doctor will monitor your health to determine whether you should continue treatment. It is unclear if lansoprazole becomes less effective over time. If you feel it is no longer helping, speak to your doctor.”
Patients should inform their doctor of all other medications, vitamins, or supplements they are taking. Lansoprazole can interact with drugs like warfarin, digoxin, and certain HIV medications. Antacids such as Gaviscon should not be taken within two hours of lansoprazole. Herbal remedies like St John’s wort should also be avoided while on this medication.
Seek urgent medical attention or call emergency services if you experience severe symptoms, including allergic reactions (swelling of the face or throat, difficulty breathing), worsening stomach pain, severe or persistent diarrhoea, or signs of low magnesium, such as muscle spasms, irregular heartbeat, or confusion.
The NHS notes that there is some evidence suggesting a very small increased risk of stomach cancer for people taking acid-reducing medicines, including PPIs like lansoprazole and H2 blockers, especially for more than three years. However, larger studies are needed to confirm a direct link.
PPIs, like any medicine, can have side effects, so it is recommended to use them for the shortest effective period. Anyone noticing potential signs of stomach cancer—difficulty swallowing, vomiting, feeling full quickly, or unexplained weight loss—should speak to their doctor or pharmacist promptly.
Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not replace professional medical advice. Always consult your doctor, pharmacist, or other qualified healthcare provider regarding any questions about medications, side effects, or health conditions. Do not stop or adjust your prescribed treatment without medical guidance.
© 2024 Bennett, Coleman & Company Limited