Have you ever been in a situation where you felt like you needed to pee but could not use a restroom? A lot of times, especially in public, during an office meeting or an interview, we come across such circumstances, while sometimes we hold pee to not embarrass ourselves socially, or just because of the lack of facilities. Doing that often may not be good for our health.

How much pee can a person hold?

The urinary bladder is a hollow, pear-shaped organ that forms part of the urinary system. The bladder's role while is to store urine, it also releases once the limit is crossed, which is around one pint or two cups of liquid. However, under certain circumstances, it can stretch to hold more than this.

We start to fee the urge to urinate when it is filled halfway.

What can happen if you hold your pee long too often?

When you hold your pee too often, your bladder stretches and the muscle weakens. As time pass by, it can become difficult for your bladder to empty it completely. This can lead to urinary retention, and being unable to fully emptying your bladder.

Discomfort Due To Holding Pee

Pain

Ignoring the urge to pee regularly can lead to pain or discomfort in the bladder or kidneys. When you eventually make it to the bathroom, urinating might feel painful.

Additionally, the muscles involved in holding urine may remain partially tense even after you’ve emptied your bladder, potentially causing pelvic cramps.

Urinary Tract Infection

One of the most common discomforts caused by holding in pee for too long is Urinary tract infection. It can cause bacteria to multiply.

As per the Urology Care Foundation, people should avoid holding in pee for extended periods, as it increases the risk of UTIs. Dehydration, poor personal hygiene, and certain medications can also increase the risk of developing a UTI.

Common symptoms of a UTI include:

• A burning or stinging sensation during urination
• Pain in the pelvis or lower abdomen
• A persistent urge to urinate
• Strong or foul-smelling urine
• Cloudy or discolored urine
• Consistently dark urine
• Blood in the urine

Bladder Stretching

As mentioned before, in long run, regularly holding in pee could cause the bladder to stretch and make it difficult or sometimes, impossible for the bladder to contract and release pee.

If someone has a stretched bladder, sometimes, extra measures like a catheter could also be necessary.

Damage to Pelvic Floor Muscles

Regularly holding in urine can strain and potentially damage the pelvic floor muscles.

One key muscle, the urethral sphincter, helps keep the urethra closed to prevent leaks. Damage to this muscle may lead to urinary incontinence. Performing pelvic floor exercises, like Kegels, can help strengthen these muscles, repair damage, and reduce the risk of leakage.

Kidney Stones

For individuals prone to kidney stones or those with high mineral levels in their urine, holding in pee may contribute to stone formation. Urine naturally contains minerals like uric acid and calcium oxalate, which can crystallize and form stones over time.

Diabetes is one of the chronic lifestyle conditions that most older adults fear developing, especially past the age of 40. This is when body's main source of energy or glucose is too high. However, recent cases show that diabetes may no longer be a disease of aging. While most people who are middle-aged or older adults develop Type 2 diabetes, there is in fact a rise in cases among the youth, including children.

As per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), US, 352,000 children and adolescents younger than age 20 years in the US are diagnosed with diabetes. Furthermore, in the UK, the number of children with type 2 diabetes have risen by more than 50%, as noted by the NCBI data.

In India too, there is a sharp rise in diabetes across all age groups, with many cases going undiagnosed until complications set in, says Dr Mayanka Lodha Seth, chief pathologist at Redcliffe Labs. " Diabetes cases are rising not just among older adults but also in children, teenagers, and youngsters in their 20s & 30s," says the doctor.

Why The Youth Must Know?

The doctor also says that more often than not, scientific terminology could be confusing, even, scary, in such a scenario, it is important to break down the scientific jargon for them. Dr Mayanka Lodha Seth does exactly that. He presents with the 'Five Must Knows' from what he calls a Diabetes Dictionary.

HbA1c: HbA1c reflects your average blood sugar levels over the past 2–3 months, showing how well your body has been managing glucose. This can be considered as your long-term report card and not just a day’s blood analysis.

Insulin Resistance: Insulin Resistance happens when your body stops responding properly to insulin; the hormone that helps use sugar for energy. So, even with enough insulin, sugar stays in your blood instead of fueling your cells, slowly raising your risk of diabetes.

Glycemic Index (GI): GI tells you how quickly a food raises your blood sugar after eating it. Foods with a low GI keep your energy steady, while high GI foods cause quick spikes and crashes in blood sugar.

Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS): Fasting blood sugar is your body's early morning status update. It reveals how effectively your body manages blood sugar after several hours of fasting.

Prediabetes: Prediabetes means your blood sugar is starting to creep up; not diabetes yet, but your body’s giving you a gentle nudge to pay attention. It’s the perfect stage to turn things around with small, healthy changes.

Why knowing these terms are necessary? The doctor says that knowing these terms will help the young patient keep a track of their sugar levels, and also to catch problems early.

Are There Ways To Manage Sugar Levels?

The doctor says yes. The doctor suggests simple steps, such as consuming low GI (≤55) foods on a regular basis, can help regulate sugar levels and prevent sudden sugar spikes. "These foods include oats, lentils, apples, milk, yogurt, green vegetables, and sweet potatoes. Additionally, high-GI foods like white bread, white rice, cornflakes, potatoes, pastries, sugary drinks,, and other junk and fried foods should be avoided. Besides regulating eating habits, simple steps such as regular exercise, brisk walking, and stress management can help control sugar levels."

Delhi is facing a health emergency as air pollution continues to rise, and the air quality continues to get worse. On November 7, Delhi Air Quality Index (AQI) logged at 727, which alarmed many, leading to a protest at India Gate. As of today, at 7am, Delhi's AQI was recorded at 421 under the 'severe' category. Today's AQI levels were marginally higher than Monday, where the AQI was recorded at 345 at 8am, under 'very poor' category.

Amid all this, while some doctors have suggested people to leave Delhi if they can, there are people who are still taking it casually. Many Delhiites are saying that since they are exposed to such air all the time, they are immune to it and that the toxins cannot harm them. This idea comes from the concept of herd immunity or community immunity. It is a form of indirect protection from an infectious disease that occurs when a sufficient percentage of a population has become immune as it was exposed to it for a long time. However, this does not work when it comes to pollutants.

What Are Doctors Saying About Pollution Immunity

Dr Arjun Khanna, Head of Pulmonology at Amrita Hospital in Faridabad, as reported in Business Standard says, "There is no physiological mechanism that lets the body get immune to polluted air. Unlike bacteria or viruses, pollutants do not trigger protective immunity.” This means if you feel "used to" the pollution, you are not actually safe from it.

In fact, long term exposure could actually worsen your health condition. “Chronic exposure worsens asthma, cardiovascular diseases, and even neurological disorders. Pollutants weaken natural defences; they do not strengthen them,” explained Dr Khanna.

Also Read: Delhi Air Pollution: As AQI Crosses 700, AIIMS Doctor Suggests 5 Ways To Keep Everyone Safe

What Happens When You Are Exposed To Air Pollution For Longer Duration

Chronic pollution exposure aggravates oxidative stress and systemic inflammation. This means, with every breath you take, you inhale a toxic swamp.

As per Pusan National University, long term air pollution exposure actually triggers allergic immune responses in the lungs. Furthermore, a 2022 study published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health also shows the negative impact on immune system with alarming and harmful air quality.

As per another 2000 study, published by the British Society for Immunology, people living in areas with higher pollution levels show measurably different immune responses than those in cleaner environment.

Air pollution contains toxins like particulate matter, ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. It also includes hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), such as lead, mercury, asbestos, benzene, and other volatile organic compounds. When one breathes this toxic and poisonous air the respiratory system bears the initial brunt of it. The pollutants then damage the delicate tissues lining your airways, and disrupts the barrier that normally prevents harmful substances from entering your body. When this first line of defence is compromised, pathogens find it easier to established infections.

As per a 2024 study titled 'Impact of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Environment on the Metabolic Profile of Medicinal Plants and Their Therapeutic Potential', air pollution appears to alter the very composition of immune cells. Pollutants like PM2.5 enter lungs and then mix with our blood and they interfere with how our immune cells work and cause a condition known as synthetic inflammation. "Over time, it keeps the immune system in a constant state of low-grade inflammation, making you more prone to infections, allergies, and chronic illness,” says Dr Khanna.

The doctor points out that living in polluted areas does not make anyone tougher, it is just a myth. “It’s like saying smoking every day makes your lungs stronger,” Dr Khanna laments. Doctors are urging people to not step out of their houses, and if they have to, they must wear N-95 masks.

Heart disease often develops silently over many years, and waiting for symptoms to appear can be dangerous. While many people focus solely on cholesterol numbers, experts say it’s important to go beyond routine blood work to gain a complete understanding of heart health.

Cardiac surgeon Dr. Devi Prasad Shetty highlights the tests that can uncover hidden risks before they become serious.

Why Blood Tests Alone Aren’t Enough

Dr. Devi Prasad Shetty in an interview with CNN News18 said, “Apart from the blood tests, they should go for an echocardiogram of the heart, they should go for the Electrocardiogram (ECG), and a CT angio or a calcium score at least, a CT scan of the heart in simple terms to know whether the abnormal cholesterol has affected the heart,” Dr. Shetty explains.

What Is an Echocardiogram?

An echocardiogram, or echo, is an ultrasound test that uses sound waves to create real-time images of the heart. It allows doctors to evaluate the heart’s structure, function, and blood flow. This noninvasive procedure can help diagnose and monitor conditions such as valve problems, damage from a heart attack, or congenital heart defects. A probe is placed on the chest to capture echoes from the heart tissues, explains Mayo Clinic.

What Is an Electrocardiogram?

An ECG, or Electrocardiogram, measures the heart’s electrical activity. It records signals that indicate heart rate and rhythm and can help detect heart attacks, arrhythmias, and an enlarged heart, according to Johns Hopkins Medicine.

What Is a CT Angiogram?

A CT angiogram is a non-invasive scan that combines a CT scan with contrast dye to create 3D images of the heart’s blood vessels. It helps identify narrowed or blocked arteries that may cause chest pain or other symptoms. Patients lie on a table that slides into the scanner while receiving a contrast dye injection and holding their breath when instructed.

This test can also determine whether a patient needs a more invasive coronary angiogram, which can be used for both diagnosis and treatment.

Additional Screening With Carotid Doppler

Dr. Shetty also recommends carotid doppler scans to assess arterial health. “If it has affected the heart, we can do a carotid doppler to find out whether it has affected the arteries. If the arteries are all clean, if the heart is clean, of course we should do everything possible to reduce the cholesterol,” he says.

This test examines the carotid arteries in the neck, which supply blood to the brain. Early detection of narrowing or blockages can prevent strokes and other complications, giving patients an opportunity to manage risks proactively.

Lifestyle First, Medication Later

While testing is crucial, Dr. Shetty emphasizes that lifestyle changes should come first. “I would not go to the extreme form of very high dose of all these medicines and starting the medicine from day one, first get lifestyle modification, dietary changes, weight loss and if all the thing does not work, maybe they can start with a small dose of lipid lowering drugs to see whether it will make a difference,” he says.

Maintaining a heart-healthy diet, staying active, and managing weight can have a significant impact on cholesterol levels and overall cardiovascular risk.

Early Detection Matters

Dr. Shetty stresses that coronary artery disease begins much earlier than most people realize. “We are not very aggressively following up with this lipid lowering strategy because patient at the age of 50 has not developed any damage to the coronary arteries, very very unlikely that they will develop from beginning at the age of 50, very unlikely. Coronary artery disease always starts at a very very young age.”

The key takeaway is clear: don’t wait for symptoms. Early screening with targeted heart tests, combined with lifestyle management, can significantly reduce long-term risks and help maintain a healthy heart well into later life.