If hand sanitisers kill 99.99% of germs, then who are those 0.01% who survive? There are three major kinds of germs which remain active even when you have used your sanitiser.

Norovirus

Among them, is the norovirus that causes diarrhoea and vomiting outbreaks in places like cruise ships and schools. It is superior to many other viruses because it has a protein capsid, which is resistant to the effects of alcohol.

Norovirus is a group of viruses that causes common illnesses and is also very contagious. It is especially active in the colder month and comes back seasonally. The first norovirus outbreak occurred in Norwalk, Ohio, USA, in a school in 1968, this is where it gets it name from.

Enterococcus faecium

The next on the list is enterococcus faecium, and it lives in the gut. As per a 2024 study titled Enterococcus faecium: evolution, adaptation, pathogenesis and emerging therapeutics, published in Nature journal, it is a Gram-positive bacterium that is a core member of the intestinal microbiota of humans and animals and an opportunistic pathogen that causes life-threatening infections, particularly among hospitalized patients. It mutates in a way that it absorbs carbohydrates and forms a gooey, slime-like substance called the biofilm, which makes it resistant to alcohol.

Clostridium Difficile

Another one is clostridium difficile. This is responsible for causing horrendous diarrhoea and vomiting in hospitalised patients. It also has a remarkable ability to respond to environmental stressors including alcohol gel by going to sleep. It produces spores and allows all metabolic activity.

Clostridium difficile (C. diff) is a type of bacteria that can cause colitis, a serious inflammation of the colon. Infections from C. diff often start after you've been taking antibiotics. It can sometimes be life-threatening.

Why Do You Label Read 99.99%?

Apart from the germs and pathogens, another reason why your label reads that it kills 99.99% is to avoid any legal hassles. If someone uses a specific product and falls sick, then the person cannot sue the company as the company did not give a 100% safety guarantee against the germs.

A better way to be healthy is always to clean your hands with soap and water and wear gloves wherever is possible.

Every year on May 5, World Asthma Day is observed, an event that aims at spreading awareness about the respiratory disorders. While asthma is becoming a common occurrence in India, citing excessive pollution and unhealthy lifestyle choices. But in a shocking revelation on the occasion, Dr. Gitika Sanodia, Consultant Dermatologist at Dr L H Hiranandani Hospital, Powai, revealed that leaving eczema untreated could lead to chronic asthma. Talking about it, Dr Sanodia answered some common FAQs about eczema and asthma.

Can untreated eczema cause asthma?

Yes, especially for those suffering from early childhood onset of moderate/severe atopic dermatitis. Eczema is not always limited to being solely a skin condition. In many cases, patients who suffer from eczema actually have one part of the atopic triad, which means the patient's skin barrier is dysfunctional, allowing for allergens to enter and sensitize the immune system. With time, the same tendency can impact other organs, causing allergic rhinitis or asthma. However, it must be noted that not all children with eczema develop asthma.

Why does everybody treat eczema as merely a skin problem?

Because of symptoms including itching, dryness, redness, scaling, and oozing from the skin. The families take care to control the acute phase of eczema while ignoring the patient's predisposition to allergies. Furthermore, atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory skin condition that is accompanied by impaired skin barrier function, immune dysfunction, and environmental factors. Moreover, according to DermNet, atopy is a term used for conditions where eczema, rhinitis, and asthma happen together.

Early signs for which parents and adults should be vigilant

Parents should worry if their children with eczema exhibit recurrent coughs, wheezing, noisy breathing, difficulties breathing during playtime, nighttime coughing, chest tightness, frequent sneezing, nasal blockage, allergic rhinitis, or exacerbation of symptoms following exposure to dust, animal dander, pollens, airborne particles, or fluctuating environmental conditions.

Is eczema therapy sufficient to prevent the development of asthma?

Successful treatment of eczema can help minimize the chances of allergens penetrating the skin barrier and allergic inflammation. Nonetheless, it would not be accurate to predict with certainty that eczema therapy will effectively prevent the onset of asthma. Literature recommends the prompt restoration of the skin barrier function, regular application of moisturizing agents, avoiding triggers such as fragrances and harsh soaps, managing flare-ups with prescription corticosteroid creams, controlling infections, and referring patients with severe eczema cases.

Is it a significant public health concern?

Yes. This condition is becoming more common, especially among children. If not controlled effectively, eczema will result in poor sleeping habits, difficulties with academic performance, reduced quality of life, greater susceptibility to infections, and potentially even links to other allergies. People lack sufficient information regarding the condition because they normally medicate themselves by applying whatever ointment or steroid to their skin.

Asthma is often thought of as an "outdoor" problem, with triggers such as smog, pollen, or car exhaust. But for many, the real danger may be sitting right there on the sofa or hiding under the sink.

The chronic condition affects over 260 million people. It is also responsible for over 450,000 deaths each year worldwide.

If you're doing everything right with your inhaler but still feel that tightness in your chest, it’s time to look at silent indoor triggers.

1. The Bedding "Dynasty"

“It’s a bit unsettling, but your mattress is likely home to millions of microscopic dust mites. They love the warmth and humidity of a bed. You won't see them, but you’ll feel them,” Dr. Sandeep Nayar, Principal Director & HOD - Chest & Respiratory Diseases, BLK Max Super Speciality Hospital, told HealthandMe.

The Fix: Don’t just wash your sheets; use hot water (60°C). If you haven't encased your pillows in allergen-proof covers yet, make that your priority this weekend.

2. Moisture is the Enemy

Dr Nayar said mold isn't always a giant green patch. It hides in the "sweat" behind your wallpaper or the damp corners of a bathroom that doesn't vent well. If a room smells even slightly musty, mold spores are likely in the air.

The Tip: Keep your home's humidity below 50 per cent. A simple dehumidifier can sometimes do more for your lungs than an extra dose of medicine.

3. It’s Not Just the Fur

Many people think "hypoallergenic" pets are the cure. It’s actually a protein in pet saliva and skin flakes (dander) that causes the flare-up.

The Reality: Even if you keep the dog off the bed, dander travels on your clothes. HEPA air purifiers are a must-have if you share your home with a furry friend.

4. The "Clean" Smell Myth

That "fresh lemon" scent or your favorite scented candle? Those are Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). To a sensitive lung, those chemicals are irritants, not cleaners.

The Switch: Move toward fragrance-free products. If a cleaning spray makes you cough, your body is telling you everything you need to know.

5. Urban Uninvited Guests

In cities, cockroach droppings are a massive, often ignored asthma trigger. Their proteins mix with household dust and get kicked up every time you walk across the floor.

The Strategy: Seal the cracks in your walls and keep the kitchen bone-dry.

Other asthma triggers include dust mites, pet dander, indoor smoke, and strong cleaning agents that can worsen symptoms over time

How To Prevent Indoor Asthma Triggers

Dr. Manisha Mendiratta, Director & Head - Pulmonology, Sarvodaya Hospital, Faridabad, told HealthandMe that the key is prevention through simple, consistent habits. To make a meaningful difference, the expert urged people to

• ensure good ventilation,
• reduce indoor humidity,
• clean soft furnishings regularly,
• avoid aerosol-based products.
• ise air purifiers,
• keep windows open when possible,
• creating a smoke-free space.

“Most importantly, patients should identify their personal triggers and act early, because managing their indoor environment is just as critical as managing their medication,” added Dr. Mendiratta.

Cancer is a complex disease, and its diagnosis often involves multiple tests, procedures, and high costs. Patients frequently undergo several blood draws and investigations before a clear result is reached.

Now, a revolutionary new low-cost test has shown promise in detecting multiple cancers using just a single blood sample.

Beyond cancer detection, the test may also help identify various liver conditions and organ abnormalities by analyzing DNA fragments circulating in the bloodstream.

The test, developed by scientists at the University of California, Los Angeles, is known as MethylScan. The novel test works by analyzing cell-free DNA, tiny fragments of genetic material released into the blood when cells die.

In early tests, MethylScan detected about 63 per cent of cancers across all stages and roughly 55 per cent of early-stage cancers.

The test, described in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, could offer a powerful and more affordable approach to early disease detection and comprehensive health monitoring.

“Early detection is crucial,” said Dr. Jasmine Zhou, Professor of Pathology at UCLA Health.

“Survival rates are far higher when cancers are caught before they spread. If you detect cancer at stage one, outcomes are dramatically better than at stage four,” Dr Zhou added.

How Does The New Cancer Test Work?

MethylScan studies DNA methylation—chemical tags on DNA that reflect tissue health and can change when disease develops.

Since most circulating DNA comes from healthy cells, advanced machine learning is used to identify subtle disease signals.

The New Cancer Test Is A Health Radar

In the study, MethylScan analyzed blood samples from 1,061 people, including patients with liver, lung, ovarian, and stomach cancers.

For multi-cancer detection, the test achieved a high level of overall accuracy. At a specificity of 98 per cent, meaning few false positives, it detected about 63 per cent of cancers across all stages and roughly 55 per cent of early-stage cancers.

The test also performed well in liver cancer surveillance among high-risk individuals, including those with liver cirrhosis or HBV. It detected nearly 80 per cent of cases at a specificity of just over 90 per cent, meaning a less than 10 per cent false positive rate.

The blood test could also distinguish between different types of liver disease, including viral hepatitis and metabolic-associated liver disease. It correctly classified about 85 per cent of patients, suggesting blood-based DNA testing could reduce the need for invasive liver biopsies.

In addition, the researchers noted that MethylScan can work like a health radar for the body. By reading DNA signals in the blood, it can tell when specific organs, such as the liver or lungs, are under stress or damaged, even without knowing the disease in advance.

“This study demonstrates that blood-based methylation profiling can deliver clinically meaningful information across multiple diseases,” said Zhou. “It’s an exciting advancement that brings us closer to realizing the dream of a single assay for universal disease detection.”