If hand sanitisers kill 99.99% of germs, then who are those 0.01% who survive? There are three major kinds of germs which remain active even when you have used your sanitiser.

Norovirus

Among them, is the norovirus that causes diarrhoea and vomiting outbreaks in places like cruise ships and schools. It is superior to many other viruses because it has a protein capsid, which is resistant to the effects of alcohol.

Norovirus is a group of viruses that causes common illnesses and is also very contagious. It is especially active in the colder month and comes back seasonally. The first norovirus outbreak occurred in Norwalk, Ohio, USA, in a school in 1968, this is where it gets it name from.

Enterococcus faecium

The next on the list is enterococcus faecium, and it lives in the gut. As per a 2024 study titled Enterococcus faecium: evolution, adaptation, pathogenesis and emerging therapeutics, published in Nature journal, it is a Gram-positive bacterium that is a core member of the intestinal microbiota of humans and animals and an opportunistic pathogen that causes life-threatening infections, particularly among hospitalized patients. It mutates in a way that it absorbs carbohydrates and forms a gooey, slime-like substance called the biofilm, which makes it resistant to alcohol.

Clostridium Difficile

Another one is clostridium difficile. This is responsible for causing horrendous diarrhoea and vomiting in hospitalised patients. It also has a remarkable ability to respond to environmental stressors including alcohol gel by going to sleep. It produces spores and allows all metabolic activity.

Clostridium difficile (C. diff) is a type of bacteria that can cause colitis, a serious inflammation of the colon. Infections from C. diff often start after you've been taking antibiotics. It can sometimes be life-threatening.

Why Do You Label Read 99.99%?

Apart from the germs and pathogens, another reason why your label reads that it kills 99.99% is to avoid any legal hassles. If someone uses a specific product and falls sick, then the person cannot sue the company as the company did not give a 100% safety guarantee against the germs.

A better way to be healthy is always to clean your hands with soap and water and wear gloves wherever is possible.

When John Cena started noticing blurry vision, he assumed it was simply part of getting older. But the worsening eyesight was also accompanied by redness, itchiness and crusting around his eyes.

“I had a lot of redness and itchiness, and every once in a while, waking up with eye crusties and stuff. At the same time, given my age — I'm 49 now — my vision was going a little bit, so I just figured it was par for the course. But because my vision was going, I needed to see if I needed glasses or prescriptions.”

Until then, Cena had delayed getting his eyes checked. He believed that the symptoms were caused by bright lights, excessive screen time or ageing.

However, an eye examination gave him a surprise. Cena learned that his symptoms were caused by Demodex blepharitis, a condition he says he had never heard of.

“Diagnosed with Demodex blepharitis, which I didn't even know existed.”

What Are Demodex Mites?

Also read: Study Decodes Why COVID Survivors Continue To Suffer Vision Problems

Demodex mites are tiny, eight-legged organisms that live naturally on human skin, particularly around hair follicles. Measuring just 0.15 to 0.4 millimeters, they are invisible to the naked eye but are present on the skin of almost every adult.

These microscopic mites feed on sebum (the skin's natural oil) and dead skin cells, helping remove accumulated debris under normal conditions.

How Do Demodex Mites Work?

Demodex mites are most active at night. They emerge from hair follicles after sunset because ultraviolet (UV) light is harmful to them. While people sleep, the mites feed, crawl and reproduce on the skin's surface.

They are also believed to be stimulated by melatonin, the hormone that helps regulate sleep, creating a unique relationship between humans and these naturally occurring organisms.

When Can Demodex Mites Become A Problem?

Although harmless in small numbers, Demodex mites can cause problems if they multiply excessively—a condition known as demodicosis.

According to Dr. Richard Locksley, professor of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco, an overgrowth of Demodex mites can contribute to:

• Rosacea
• Blepharitis (eyelid inflammation)
• Acne-like breakouts
• Itchy, inflamed skin

Read More: Wegovy More Likely To Cause Rare Blindness Than Ozempic And Other Similar Drugs, Recent Study Finds

People with weakened immune systems are particularly vulnerable because their bodies may be less able to control mite populations. In addition, inadequate sleep may increase oil production, providing more nourishment for the mites.

Should You Be Worried?

For most healthy people, Demodex mites are a normal part of the skin microbiome and are not considered harmful. Problems generally arise only when their numbers increase significantly.

To help reduce the risk of overgrowth:

• Wash your face every night with a gentle, non-comedogenic cleanser to remove excess oil and debris.
• Remove eye makeup and false eyelashes before bed, as these can encourage mite buildup.
• Get adequate sleep, since poor sleep may increase sebum production.
• Consult a dermatologist if you experience persistent redness, itching or inflammation around the eyes or skin.

A stroke can happen suddenly and without warning, making every minute count. The first 60 minutes after the onset of stroke symptoms are crucial because timely medical treatment can help reduce brain damage and improve recovery.

What is a Stroke?

A stroke happens when the blood flow to an area of the brain is cut off due to either the blockage of a blood vessel supplying that area or the bursting of the said blood vessel. Without adequate blood flow, brain cells are deprived of oxygen and nutrients and begin to be damaged within minutes.

What Happens During the Golden Hour?

The first hour after a stroke is focused on rapid assessment and treatment. Once the patient reaches the hospital, doctors evaluate the symptoms, determine when they started, and perform an urgent brain scan, usually a CT scan, to identify the type of stroke.

This step is important because treatment depends on whether the stroke is caused by a blocked artery (ischemic stroke) or bleeding in the brain (hemorrhagic stroke). For eligible patients with an ischemic stroke, clot-dissolving medication or a procedure to remove the clot may be considered.

Although treatment windows may extend beyond the first hour for some patients, reaching the hospital as early as possible offers the greatest chance of saving brain tissue. In most patients, clot-dissolving medication is given within 4.5 hours of symptom onset, while selected patients may be eligible for treatment up to 9 hours. Mechanical clot removal is generally performed within 6 hours, although carefully selected patients may benefit from the procedure up to 24 hours after symptoms begin. However, earlier treatment is associated with better protection of brain tissue and improved outcomes.

Know the Warning Signs

Recognizing stroke symptoms early can help save valuable time. The BEFAST acronym is a simple way to remember the common warning signs:

B – Sudden loss of balance or coordination

E – Sudden vision loss or changes in one or both eyes

F – Face drooping

A – Arm weakness

S – Speech difficulty

T – Time to call emergency medical services

Other symptoms may include sudden loss of vision, dizziness, difficulty walking, numbness on one side of the body, confusion, or a sudden, severe headache.

Why Every Minute Matters

During a stroke, brain cells continue to be damaged as blood flow remains interrupted. Delays in reaching the hospital can limit treatment options and increase the risk of long-term disability. Seeking medical care as early as possible gives doctors the best chance to provide appropriate treatment.

What Should You Do?

If you notice stroke symptoms in yourself or someone else, do not ignore them or wait for them to improve. Call emergency medical services immediately and note the time the symptoms first appeared, as this information helps doctors decide the most suitable treatment.

The golden hour is a critical window during which timely action can significantly improve outcomes. Recognizing the signs of stroke and seeking immediate medical care can make a meaningful difference in recovery.

Massive wildfires have ravaged several parts of Canada and other regions of the world, filling the air with hazardous smoke. This has triggered health warnings far beyond the fire zones.

While most people experience immediate breathing problems during and after wildfires, experts say that some health effects can persist long after the skies clear.

Why Is Wildfire Smoke Harmful?

Wildfire smoke is composed of harmful gases and microscopic particles known as PM2.5. These tiny particles are small enough to travel into our lungs and enter the bloodstream, where they can trigger inflammation throughout the body.

Unlike typical air pollution, wildfire smoke also contains toxic substances released from burning homes, plastics, furniture, vehicles, electronics, and industrial materials, making prolonged exposure particularly harmful.

Long-Term Health Risks After Wildfire Exposure

Also read: Delhi's Poor AQI, Monsoon Conditions Put Children's Lungs at Risk: Ways to Keep Kids Safe

Lung And Chronic Respiratory Disease

Prolonged exposure to wildfire smoke can have long-term effects on the respiratory system. Possible health effects may include:

• Persistent cough
• Poor lung function
• Worsening asthma symptoms
• Increased COPD episodes
• Greater risk to respiratory infections

Children, older adults, and people with existing lung conditions face the highest risk because their lung function is already compromised.

Heart Disease

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The tiny particles in wildfire smoke don't just stay confined to the lungs. Once they enter the bloodstream, they can affect the cardiovascular system. In the long run, research says wildfire smoke exposure can lead to:

• Heart attacks
• Stroke
• Irregular heart rhythms
• Elevated blood pressure
• Increased inflammation in blood vessels
• Effects on Brain Health

With frequent incidences of wildfires, scientists are looking into how wildfire smoke affects the brain. Emerging evidence suggests smoke exposure may contribute to:

Headaches

• Difficulty concentrating
• Memory problems
• Cognitive decline
• Increased inflammation affecting brain function

Mental Health Consequences

Wildfires can affect mental health in more than one way. Besides the stress of evacuation and property loss, smoke exposure itself may contribute to mental health problems directly. One is at the risk of the following mental health issues after exposure:

• Anxiety
• Depression
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
• Sleep disturbances

Communities repeatedly exposed to wildfire events may experience prolonged psychological distress that could often go undetected.

Possible Cancer Risk

Growing evidence suggests that long-term exposure to wildfire smoke may increase the risk of several cancers. Studies have reported possible associations with lung cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, bladder cancer, and certain blood cancers

Although researchers say more studies are needed to establish a direct cause-and-effect relationship, the findings highlight the importance of limiting repeated smoke exposure.

Also read: How Air Pollution Puts Heart Patients At Risk - What You Can Do About It

Pregnancy And Infant Health

Pregnant women are among the groups considered most vulnerable to wildfire smoke. Research suggests exposure during pregnancy may increase the risk of preterm birth, low birth weight and other pregnancy complications.

Healthcare providers recommend minimizing outdoor exposure whenever air quality deteriorates.

How To Protect Yourself After Wildfire Exposure?

Even after visible smoke disappears, harmful particles may remain in the air. Experts recommend:

• Monitor local air quality before going outdoors.
• Stay indoors when pollution levels are high.
• Use HEPA air purifiers if available.
• Wear a well-fitted N95 mask if exposure is unavoidable.
• Keep doors and windows closed when it is smoky outside.
• Continue taking prescribed medications for asthma or heart disease.
• Seek medical attention if coughing, chest pain, breathlessness, or other symptoms persist.