If hand sanitisers kill 99.99% of germs, then who are those 0.01% who survive? There are three major kinds of germs which remain active even when you have used your sanitiser.

Norovirus

Among them, is the norovirus that causes diarrhoea and vomiting outbreaks in places like cruise ships and schools. It is superior to many other viruses because it has a protein capsid, which is resistant to the effects of alcohol.

Norovirus is a group of viruses that causes common illnesses and is also very contagious. It is especially active in the colder month and comes back seasonally. The first norovirus outbreak occurred in Norwalk, Ohio, USA, in a school in 1968, this is where it gets it name from.

Enterococcus faecium

The next on the list is enterococcus faecium, and it lives in the gut. As per a 2024 study titled Enterococcus faecium: evolution, adaptation, pathogenesis and emerging therapeutics, published in Nature journal, it is a Gram-positive bacterium that is a core member of the intestinal microbiota of humans and animals and an opportunistic pathogen that causes life-threatening infections, particularly among hospitalized patients. It mutates in a way that it absorbs carbohydrates and forms a gooey, slime-like substance called the biofilm, which makes it resistant to alcohol.

Clostridium Difficile

Another one is clostridium difficile. This is responsible for causing horrendous diarrhoea and vomiting in hospitalised patients. It also has a remarkable ability to respond to environmental stressors including alcohol gel by going to sleep. It produces spores and allows all metabolic activity.

Clostridium difficile (C. diff) is a type of bacteria that can cause colitis, a serious inflammation of the colon. Infections from C. diff often start after you've been taking antibiotics. It can sometimes be life-threatening.

Why Do You Label Read 99.99%?

Apart from the germs and pathogens, another reason why your label reads that it kills 99.99% is to avoid any legal hassles. If someone uses a specific product and falls sick, then the person cannot sue the company as the company did not give a 100% safety guarantee against the germs.

A better way to be healthy is always to clean your hands with soap and water and wear gloves wherever is possible.

Flu season is here again and global health experts are getting worried about a strain that came up in June. The worry's cause is that the strain came up four months after the makeup of this year's flu shot.

This is the strain H3N2. The strain has caused outbreaks in Canada and in the UK, and health officials have warned about the early wave that is sending people to the hospitals.

As per Dr Wenqing Zhang, who is the head of the World Health Organization (WHO)'s Global Respiratory Threats Unit, "Since it emerged, it is rapidly spreading and predominating in some countries so far in the Northern Hemisphere."

The New Strain

The version of H3N2, which has been circulated worldwide this year "acquired 7 new mutations over the summer," said Antonia Ho, a consultant in infectious disease at Scotland's University of Glasgow. As per her media statement, this "means the virus is quite different to the H3N2 strain included in this year's vaccine".

The strain is now picking up in Canada, after it has been active in the UK, leading to flu cases being triple to what it was the same time last year. Furthermore, generally, H3N2 is thought to cause more illness, and this could be worse for older adults. In fact, Japan is also experiencing an early and harsh flu season. Japanese news outlet Nippon TV reported that as of November 4, flu cases in Tokyo has surged six times to the level it had seen last year. This data has been confirmed by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare. As per the media outlet, more than 2,300 day cares and schools were partially closed.

What Is Happening In The US?

H3N2, which is a strain of influenza have had some cases in the US, where people reported positive for flu. However, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has not provided any detailed national report on flu since September 26, ever since the government shutdown happened.

What About This Year's Flu Shot? Will It Be Of any Use?

Every February, global health experts and vaccine manufacturers decide which flu strains should be included in the Northern Hemisphere’s fall vaccine, based on the strains circulating in the Southern Hemisphere. This year’s flu shot targets three strains, two influenza A types and one influenza B.

While the annual flu vaccine doesn’t always prevent infection, it significantly reduces the severity of illness. Last year, it was up to 55% effective in preventing hospitalizations among adults with the flu.

On Tuesday, U.K. health authorities reported early data showing that this year’s vaccine is up to 40% effective at preventing hospitalizations in adults.

Despite the variation in effectiveness, experts stress the importance of getting vaccinated. “Decades of data show that even when the match isn’t perfect, the flu shot continues to prevent hospitalizations, ICU admissions, and helps keep people out of the cemetery,” said Dr William Schaffner, an infectious disease expert at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, in Nashville, Tennessee, as reported by NBC.

As of 7am today, Delhi's average AQI was registered at 446 as per aqi.in. However, the Early Warning System for Delhi, under the Ministry of Earth Sciences, Delhi's average AQI at 7am was registered at 341, slightly better, still close to 400. Dr Shivanshu Raj Goyal, a pulmonologist and Associate Director Pulmonary Medicine at MAX Healthcare in Gurugram and Delhi, in an Instagram video said that breathing this toxic air is equivalent to smoking 20 cigarettes in a day.

No One In Delhi Is A Non Smoker

The doctor starts his video with a rather strong statement, "At present, no one in Delhi-NCR is a non-smoker."

"With the AQI of around 400, if I break down the facts, with every 20 of an AQI of PM2.5, is equivalent to smoking a cigarette. So at the AQI of around 400, you are smoking easily 20 cigarettes a day. That is for everyone, each one of us, even a small change. So imagine the amount of damage that this AQI must be causing to your lungs," he says.

The doctor also states that on an average, a person breathes around 20,000 times in a day, so it means we are inhaling the toxic air at least 20,000 times a day.

As per Action on Smoking and Health (ASH), a cigarette contains nicotine, and tar, which is composed of chemicals like benzene, benzopyrene, and the gas includes carbon monoxide, ammonia, dimethyl nitrosamine, cadmium, formaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide and acrolein. Some of these marked irritant properties are also carcinogen, meaning, it can cause cancer.

Whereas Air Pollution contains pollutants like particulate matter PM 10 and PM 2.5, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, cadmium and sulfur dioxide. Air pollution, which is often a byproduct of combustion or released from vehicle exhaust also contain formaldehyde, benzopyrene, and benzene. As per the World Health Organization (WHO), the pollutants contain carcinogens, and the outdoor air pollution is in fact classified as Group 1 carcinogen.

Common Carcinogen In A Cigarette And Air Pollutants

Carbon Monoxide: a poisonous, flammable gas that is colorless, odorless, tasteless, and slightly less dense than air.

Benzene: a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell, and is partially responsible for the aroma of gasoline.

Cadmium: a soft, silvery-white metal (atomic number 48) that is toxic and naturally found in the environment, but human activities have increased its levels. It is used in products like batteries, pigments, and coatings, and exposure can occur through tobacco smoke, contaminated food, and occupational inhalation. Cadmium is a known human carcinogen that can damage the kidneys and bones.

Formaldehyde: a colorless, flammable gas with a strong odor, whose exposure could cause cancer.

Benzopyrene: a group of organic compounds known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. It is a colorless crystalline solid found in sources like cigarette smoke, coal tar and is a known carcinogen that can cause cancer and other health problems like skin rashes and bronchitis, and exposure requires medical attention for any symptoms.

So, What Can Be Done To Protect Yourself Against These Carcinogen?

Dr Shivanshu Raj Goyal points out that these carcinogens could lead to long term lung and heart damage, as well ass cause chronic cough, breathlessness, asthma, and COPD. However, there are ways to protect yourself:

• Avoid outdoor activities during peak pollution hours
• Use N95 masks when stepping out
• Keep air purifiers on indoors
• Stay hydrated and include antioxidant-rich foods
• Visit a pulmonologist if you experience persistent breathing issues

Contracting the flu, Covid-19, or similar viral infections can significantly raise the chance of serious heart problems, according to new research. A review of 155 academic studies by the Journal of the American Heart Association found that both influenza and Covid-19 may increase the likelihood of heart attacks or strokes by three to five times in the weeks following infection.

Catching The Flu Or COVID-19 Sharply Raises Your Heart Risk

A comprehensive review in the Journal of the American Heart Association, which analyzed 155 studies, highlighted the following short-term cardiovascular risks compared with individuals who are not infected:

Influenza (Flu): Within the first month after a confirmed infection, the likelihood of experiencing a heart attack can increase up to fourfold, while the risk of stroke may rise fivefold. The greatest danger occurs during the first week.

COVID-19: Following infection, the risk of heart attack or stroke roughly triples within 14 weeks, and this heightened risk may persist for as long as a year.

Long-Term Risks From Persistent Viruses

Viruses that last longer in the body, such as HIV, hepatitis C, and varicella zoster (shingles), may also increase the long-term risk of cardiovascular issues. Published by the American Heart Association, the study underlines vaccination as a key way to reduce these risks, particularly for those already at risk of heart disease.

Viral Infections and Heart Disease: What Is The Link?

Lead author Associate Professor Kosuke Kawai from the University of California explained: "It is well recognised that viruses like HPV and hepatitis B can cause cancer, but the connection between viral infections and other non-communicable diseases, like cardiovascular disease, has been less clear. Our research found both acute and chronic viral infections are linked to short- and long-term risks of heart attacks and strokes."

How the Study Was Conducted

The team systematically reviewed all published studies examining links between viral infections and heart attacks or strokes. Out of an initial 52,000 studies, only 155 met the strict criteria for design and quality. Findings revealed that the risk of a heart attack was four times higher and the chance of a stroke five times higher in the month after lab-confirmed influenza.

For Covid-19, individuals were three times more likely to experience a heart attack and three times more likely to suffer a stroke within 14 weeks of infection, with risks lasting up to a year.

Risks From HIV, Hepatitis C, and Shingles

People living with HIV had a 60% higher risk of heart attacks and a 45% higher chance of strokes over more than five years. Elevated risks were also observed for those who had hepatitis C or shingles.

Dr Kawai added: "While the long-term cardiovascular risks from HIV, hepatitis C, and shingles are lower than the short-term risk from influenza or Covid-19, they are still significant, especially because they last for years. Shingles alone affects about one in three people, which means a substantial number of excess cardiovascular cases at the population level."

Despite the results, the researchers noted limitations, as the study was observational rather than based on controlled trials. Nevertheless, the team highlighted vaccination as a potentially crucial tool for lowering heart-related risks.

Who Is Eligible for Flu and Covid-19 Vaccinations?

Flu shots protect against influenza, which can be life-threatening for some groups. The NHS offers these vaccines each autumn or early winter to people most at risk of severe complications.

From September 1, six primary groups were eligible:

• Secondary school children (Years 7–11)
• Children in clinical risk groups aged six months to under 18 years
• Pregnant women
• Children aged two or three years as of August 31, 2025
• Children with certain long-term health conditions (six months to under 18 years)
• Primary school children (Reception to Year 6)

• Care home residents
• Carers receiving Carer’s Allowance or main carers of elderly/disabled individuals
• People living with immunocompromised individuals
• Frontline health and social care workers
• All adults aged 65 and over
• Adults aged 18–65 with long-term health conditions