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What Are The 4 Stages Of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Credits: Canva

Ishita Roy

Updated Dec 21, 2024 | 07:00 PM IST

SummaryRA progression involves distinct stages, each bringing different changes to the body. Some are visible and felt, while others are internal. Each stage comes with unique treatment goals. Read on to know more about it.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can be mild, moderate, or severe, with symptoms that vary widely across people. There is no set timeline for the course of RA, but without adequate therapy, the illness often worsens over time and progresses through phases.

Fortunately, modern drugs show hope in halting the disease's course. Managing RA with right medication can help you live a better life and be healthier in general.

Stages of RA

RA progression involves distinct stages, each bringing different changes to the body. Some are visible and felt, while others are internal. Each stage comes with unique treatment goals.

Stage 1: Early RA

In this initial stage, joint pain, stiffness, or swelling are common. Inflammation occurs within the joint, causing the tissue to swell. For example, in the hands, early-stage RA may cause stiffness and discomfort in the finger joints and knuckles, which may improve with movement.

At this stage, there is no damage to the bones, but the joint lining (synovium) is inflamed. Symptoms are often subtle, making early diagnosis challenging. However, if diagnosed and treated within 12 weeks, there is a high chance that RA may go into remission.

Stage 2: Moderate RA

During the second stage, synovial inflammation starts to damage joint cartilage and nearby bone. Cartilage, which lines the ends of bones in joints, begins to degrade.

This injury can result in discomfort, diminished mobility, and restricted joint movement. Hands are typically rigid and difficult to flex. Blood tests may not always identify RA antibodies at this point, especially in cases with zero-negative RA, which occurs when antibodies are lacking despite symptoms.

Stage 3: Severe RA

By stage 3, RA is considered severe. Cartilage damage worsens, and bone destruction begins. With the cushion between bones diminished, bones may rub together, causing significant pain and swelling.

Symptoms often include muscle weakness, reduced mobility, and permanent changes in joint appearance, such as twisted fingers or thickened knuckles. Severe RA may also compress tendons, leading to carpal tunnel syndrome or tendon rupture. Early detection of these issues can prevent complications.

Stage 4: End-Stage RA

In the final stage, joint inflammation subsides, but joint function is severely impaired. Destruction of the joint may lead to bone fusion (ankylosis).

Symptoms include persistent pain, swelling, stiffness, and muscle weakness. Mobility loss may occur, such as difficulty bending knees or flexing hips. End-stage RA does not occur in all cases; ankylosis affects less than 1% of individuals with RA.

While progression through all four stages can take years, some people experience periods of remission or slower disease activity.

Signs RA is Progressing

Most individuals with RA notice a gradual worsening of symptoms. Flare-ups, marked by increased disease activity, often alternate with periods of relief.

RA progression can depend on factors such as:

Family history of RA
Age and stage of diagnosis
Presence of RA-specific antibodies
Smoking status

Disease triggers specific to the individual

Doctors evaluate these factors to better understand how RA is progressing. However, predicting the exact course of RA remains challenging, as each person's experience with the disease is unique.

Treatment Adjustments as RA Progresses

Treatment plans for RA are tailored based on the disease stage, symptom severity, and any accompanying health conditions.

Common treatment options include:

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and steroids: Reduce inflammation and pain.
Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs): Suppress immune responses to protect joint tissue and slow disease progression.
Biologic drugs: Target specific immune pathways to modify inflammatory responses.
Surgery: In later stages, surgery may address severe joint damage, repair tendons, or replace joints.

Lifestyle changes can complement medical treatments. Moderate exercise, stress management, maintaining a healthy weight, and following an anti-inflammatory diet are often recommended. Quitting smoking can also significantly slow disease progression.

RA Remission: Is It Possible?

Remission occurs when RA disease activity decreases significantly or stops entirely. Sustained remission may last several months and is increasingly common with advancements in treatment.

Clinical criteria for remission often include:

Fewer than one swollen or tender joint
Low self-reported arthritis activity
Minimal levels of C-reactive protein (an inflammation marker)

Early diagnosis and targeted treatment increase the likelihood of remission. If remission is achieved, doctors may gradually reduce medication while monitoring disease activity.

End of Article

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