Sometimes the food you eat or the behavior you exhibit can be a sign of a deficiency and condition you may have. It is similar to when your stomach growls, which signifies that you are hungry. Other signs you may not know about are feeling fatigued when you do not drink enough water, and if you are experiencing a headache then you may need to eat etc. These things happen because they are connected in one way or the other, when you body lacks a specific nutrient you need throughout your day, it can manifest in different ways, let’s take iron for example.

Iron is like the delivery truck for oxygen in your body. It helps your red blood cells carry oxygen from your lungs to all your tissues. The Red Cross Blood Donation explains that when you don't have enough iron, your body can't make enough of these oxygen-carrying cells. This is called iron deficiency, and it can lead to anemia. You might feel very tired, look pale, or get dizzy easily. Headaches, cold hands and feet, and weak hair and nails are also common signs. Because iron is so vital for many of your body's functions, a lack of it can really affect your overall health and energy levels. It's important to recognize these signs and get checked by a doctor if you suspect you might have an iron deficiency.

What is Pagophagia and Pica?

Sometimes, your body sends strange signals when it's missing something important. One unusual signal for iron deficiency is wanting to eat ice, which doctors call pagophagia. This is part of a bigger problem called pica, where people crave things that aren't food. Other examples of pica are wanting to eat dirt, clay, or even starch. It's not just these things; some people crave things like coal, chalk, paper, or hair. While kids get pica more often, adults with low iron can have it too, even if they don't have anaemia. This weird craving is your body's way of trying to tell you something's wrong, even if it seems odd.

Eating things that aren't food can be risky. For example, eating dirt could expose you to harmful germs or heavy metals. Eating large amounts of ice might not seem dangerous, but it can sometimes hurt your teeth or gums. Ingesting non-food items can lead to serious problems like poisoning, where harmful substances build up in your body. It can also cause blockages in your intestines, which can be very painful and dangerous. Symptoms like stomach pain, bloating, feeling very tired, nausea, and diarrhea can signal that something is wrong. If you find yourself constantly wanting to eat ice or other non-food items, it's really important to talk to a doctor. They can help figure out why you're having these cravings and make sure you stay safe.

How Can You Make This Better?

If you're craving ice or other non-food items, it's important to see a doctor. They'll ask about your symptoms and might do some blood tests to check your iron levels. It's possible that your cravings are caused by iron deficiency, but they could also be related to other nutritional deficiencies or even emotional problems. Things like stress, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or developmental issues can sometimes cause pica. The doctor will try to figure out the root cause of your cravings. If it's an iron deficiency, they might suggest taking iron supplements or changing your diet. If it's an emotional issue, they might recommend talking to a therapist. Getting the right diagnosis and treatment is important for your health and well-being.

Urinary tract infections are common. A lot of people get them every year. When you have a tract infection you might feel a burning sensation when you go to the bathroom you might have to go to the bathroom a lot and your lower belly might hurt. These symptoms can get in the way of your life. You might want to try to make the pain go away on your own. Taking medicine without prescription is not a good idea.

Taking antibiotics when you do not need them can be bad for you. Urinary tract infections can become harder to cure when the bacteria get used to the medicine. This is called resistance and it is a big problem for everyone’s health. When this happens, you might get tract infections repeatedly and you might have fewer choices, for treatment. That is why it is so important to go seek medical attention at the earliest.

Causes Of UTIs

Most Urinary Tract Infections are caused by bacteria that are usually in the digestive tract and then get into the urethra. Things like not having water, not keeping yourself clean having something wrong with the urinary system or having a weak immune system can make it more likely for bacteria to grow.

If you take the medicine or stop taking it too soon the strong bacteria will live and get stronger. Over time these bacteria will not be affected by the medicines, which makes them very hard to treat. This is what happens when you have a Urinary Tract Infection that is resistant to drugs. Urinary Tract Infections, like these are very tough to deal with.

Also read: Kidney Stones In Urban India: Causes, Prevention, And Modern Treatment

Signs And Symptoms To Watch Out For:

Recognizing the early warning signs helps prevent the infection from spreading deeper into the body. Common signs of a UTI include:

• A strong, continuous urge to urinate, even immediately after emptying the bladder

• A burning or painful sensation during urination

• Passing small amounts of cloudy, dark, or unusual-smelling urine

• Visible blood in the urine, giving it a pink or reddish tint

• Pelvic pain or pressure in the lower abdomen

• Fever, chills, lower back pain, or nausea, which often signal that the infection has reached the kidneys

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Tips For Prevention:

Preventing tract infections is always better than treating them especially now that we have a lot of antibiotic resistance. If you do simple things every day you can reduce the risk of bacteria getting into your urinary system.

Here are some things that can help:

1. Stay well hydrated: Drinking water is very important for urinary health. When you drink fluids during the day it helps wash away bacteria from the urinary system. This lowers the chance of getting an infection.

2. Prioritize good personal hygiene: Doing things to stay clean can help lower the chance of a UTI. It is best to wipe from front to back after going to the bathroom. This keeps bacteria from the stomach area from moving into the system.

3. Don’t delay urination: Going to the bathroom regularly helps stop bacteria from growing. If you hold your urine for long it can create a place where bacteria grow faster. This makes it more likely to get an infection.

4. Be cautious with intimate hygiene products: Products that have smells, like sprays or douches can hurt sensitive areas. They can also change the balance of bacteria that protect the body. This might make UTIs more likely.

5. Wear breathable fabrics: Choosing cotton underwear and clothes that're not tight helps keep the area dry. A dry and cool place is not a home, for bacteria. This lowers the chance of getting an infection.

Also read: Can You Flush Out A UTI By Drinking More Water?

Diagnosis And Proper Medical Evaluation

Accurate diagnosis is essential before starting any medication. Diagnosis start with an evaluation and a simple urine test called a urinalysis to check for bacteria white blood cells and red blood cells.

In cases a urine culture is also done. This test finds the strain of bacteria causing the infection and tests it against different medications to find out which antibiotic will work best. For people who have recurring UTIs imaging tests, like ultrasound or CT scans might be used to look at the structure of the urinary tract and find any blockages or problems that are there.

Treatment Options

Also read: Turns Out, Peeing In The Shower Could Have Unexpected Dangers

Urinary tract infections or Urinary Tract Infections can usually be treated with antibiotics. You must take all the antibiotics even if you start to feel better so that you can be sure the Urinary Tract Infection is gone and you do not get sick again.

Medicines also help with the pain and discomfort you feel when you urinate, such as burning or feeling like you must go to the bathroom all the time.

In some cases, Urinary Tract Infections may recur due to underlying conditions such as kidney stones, urinary tract blockages, an enlarged prostate or structural abnormalities of the system. When these factors are identified, treating the root cause becomes essential.

Procedures such as kidney stone removal, stent placement or corrective surgery for urinary tract abnormalities may be recommended to prevent repeated Urinary Tract Infections.

Prevention and early intervention remain the effective strategies, in managing Urinary Tract Infections. Being aware of the warning signs and getting care at the onset of symptoms and avoiding unnecessary antibiotic use can significantly reduce the risk of recurrent Urinary Tract Infections and serious complications.

With diagnosis and appropriate treatment most Urinary Tract Infections can be successfully managed, safeguarding both urinary health and overall well-being.

By Dr. Arif Akhtar, Principal Consultant - Urology, Robotics and Renal Transplant, Manipal Hospital, Gurugram

By the time we enter our 40s, the lungs begin to undergo gradual changes that can affect breathing capacity and respiratory reserve. While some changes are a normal part of ageing, persistent cough, breathlessness or recurrent chest infections should not simply be dismissed as getting older.

Experts explain why lung health deserves greater attention after 40, which everyday habits can help protect the lungs, and when screening or medical evaluation may be needed.

As we enter our 40s, what natural changes occur in our lungs, and why does lung health become more important at this stage of life?

As we age lung tissue elasticity declines and chest wall mechanics stiffen. From an oncology standpoint, age-related cellular damage and long-term exposure to cancer causing agents like tobacco increase cancer risk. Looking after lung health from young age builds the respiratory reserve needed to tolerate advanced medical or surgical interventions if required as you get older.

What everyday lifestyle habits can help keep our lungs healthy after 40?

Engage in regular aerobic conditioning exercises to maintain full breathing capacity. Reduce carcinogen exposure by avoiding active and passive tobacco smoke, and ensuring proper ventilation while cooking. using HEPA air purifiers may help to an extent. Maintain an antioxidant-rich diet to combat cellular oxidative stress.

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What are some early signs of declining lung health that people often dismiss as 'just ageing' but should actually get checked?

2 to 3 week cut off is applicable here. A persistent cough lasting over three weeks, progressive exertional breathlessness, recurrent chest infections, coughing up blood, or unexplained weight loss are red flags. This is for both smokers and nonsmokers. Early-stage lung cancers are frequently asymptomatic or subtle; ignoring these signs delays diagnosis. These symptoms are that of TB as well. So, that should be ruled out.

Are there any health screenings, vaccinations, or routine check-ups that adults over 40 should consider to protect their lung health?

Annual flu and once in lifetime pneumococcal vaccine prevents severe pulmonary infections. For high-risk individuals—such as heavy past or present smokers—a annual Low-Dose CT (LDCT) scan is the gold standard for early lung cancer detection, finding lesions when they are most curable. Eliminating tobacco, mitigating indoor air pollution, exercising, and maintaining balanced nutrition significantly lower cancer risk and improve overall survival outcomes.

By Dr. Sandeep Nayak, Chairman of Oncology, MACS-Renova Oncology Institute, KIMS Hospital, Bangaluru

A blood test is considered the first step towards fertility enquiries, but for many, the results might seem like a confusing jumble of numbers and acronyms. Reports sometimes contain terms like AMH, FSH, LH, AFC, and estradiol, which makes patients confused if a single "abnormal" figure indicates they are unable to conceive.

The truth is more reassuring, and more nuanced. Fertility experts stress that a person's fertility cannot be ascertained by a single test. Instead, these markers serve as parts of a bigger picture, assisting fertility specialists in comprehending reproductive health and suggesting the best course of action when necessary.

Fertility Tests Are Guides, Not Verdicts

The idea that a single blood test can determine whether a woman would naturally become pregnant is one of the most widespread myths. Age, egg quality, ovulation, sperm health, uterine health, lifestyle, and underlying medical issues are some of the factors that actually affect fertility.

Although diagnostic markers offer useful information, they must always be interpreted in conjunction with the couple's overall reproductive profile, clinical history, and ultrasound results.

Also read: How Menopause Changes Heart Health Risks?

Understanding The Ovarian Reserve “AMH”

Many women with low AMH can still achieve successful pregnancies, especially if they continue to ovulate regularly. Similarly, women with high AMH are not necessarily more fertile, elevated AMH levels in women also means Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), where ovulation may actually be irregular. For fertility specialists, AMH is useful in predicting the number of eggs that are likely to respond to ovarian stimulation medication, based on which they customize IVF treatment.

Also read: Making IVF Affordable: Experts Push For Insurance Cover, Public Funding & Better Access To Fertility Care In India

FSH Determines Ovarian Function

Our pituitary gland produces Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and this hormone helps in stimulating egg development.

Usually, the second or third day of the menstrual cycle is when FSH is measured. If ovarian reserve is reduced, that is higher-than-normal levels, which may imply that ovaries need more stimulation to mature eggs. From cycle to cycle the FSH levels change.

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LH And The Ovulation Story

FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH) cooperate to control ovulation. The ovary releases a developed egg in response to an increase in LH.

LH levels may be disproportionately greater than FSH in PCOS-affected individuals, which can lead to irregular menstrual periods and ovulation. Instead of using LH alone, fertility specialists assess it in link with other hormone markers.

Also read: World Embryologist Day: What Really Happens Inside An IVF Lab?

Estradiol And AFC: Completing The Picture

An indicator of ovarian activity during the menstrual cycle is estradiol (E2), a type of estrogen generated by growing follicles. Combined interpretation is crucial since elevated early-cycle estradiol levels can occasionally conceal an elevated FSH.

The Antral Follicle Count (AFC), which is done via a transvaginal ultrasound, is another crucial evaluation. AFC gives an additional indication of ovarian reserve by counting the number of visible tiny follicles in the ovaries.

Indeed, the combination of AMH and AFC provides a more thorough insight than any test by itself.

Also read: World IVF Day: Why Men Need To Be Part Of The Fertility Conversation

Fertility Evaluation Isn't Just For Women

Female hormone testing frequently receives greater attention, whereas male fertility contributes to roughly half of all infertility issues.

A semen screening remains one of the most significant and cost-effective tests, measuring sperm count, mobility, and morphology. When necessary, additional hormonal or genetic tests might be suggested.

Era Of Self-Diagnose

After getting a test report, many people search the web for quick answers, but those disguised numbers without proper medical context from a specialist can erupt unnecessary tension.

The fertility markers depend on a variety of factors, some of which include: age, weight, menstrual history, prior pregnancies, medications, hormonal status, and lifestyle.

Therefore, understanding the parameters like “low” or “high” online may create chaos within the individuals. Instead, consult a fertility specialist to decode the report.

By Dr Rubeena Zainab, Senior Consultant - Reproductive Medicine, Milann Fertility and Birthing Hospital, Bengaluru