Imagine this. A young teenager, 17, years old, who is fully developed. Now imagine this, the same teenager has a fully developed extra set of limbs and a pelvis. That extra set of pair is attached with chest artery. But, how can this happen?

While it is extremely rare, and has a chance of less than one case occurring per 100,000 births. Such things do happen. This is called parasitic twin.

What Is A Parasitic Twin?

It is an extremely rare type of cojoined twin where a baby is born with an underdeveloped twin attached to its body. This condition is also known as vestigial twins. The condition is very closely related to conjoined twins, where babies are connected at birth and share organs. However, the main difference is that in conjoined twins, there are two developed babies, whereas in parasitic twins, only one is fully developed, other one is underdeveloped and non functional.

In such a case, the twin who is developed is medically known as the autositic or the dominant twin. The dominant twin is healthy in most aspect but may have extra tissue, organs, or limbs from the parasitic twin.

The parasitic twin may be attached with the dominant twin through several places. The common joints are at the head, torso, chest, pelvis, buttocks, or back. In these cases, the parasitic twin is not alive and they die either in the womb or during the childbirth.

Doctors Remove Parasitic Twin

Now, let's go back to the case we referred to, where a young teenager had an extra pair of limbs attached to chest. The teenager who has not been named is from Uttar Pradesh's Unnao neighbourhood, and was treated in AIIMS, Delhi. The team of doctors successfully removed the extra set of limbs from his body.

Dr Asuri Krishna, who led the team of specialist who surgically removed the extra limbs told the BBC that only 40 to 50 cases of parasitic twins have been documented in world medical literature, and in those cases, the surgery had been attempted on children. The doctor said that without much medical literature to guide them, the team of doctors depended on "intuition, skill and knowledge".

The doctor shared that the child had two fully formed legs, buttocks and external genitalia, which weighed around 15kg "protruding from his abdomen".

How Was The Surgery Performed?

The doctor shared that first they identified how interconnected the parasitic and host twins were. The doctors took scans and found that parasitic twin was attached to the teen's breastbone. The blood was being supplied from a vessel in his chest. However, "there wasn't much connection with other main organs like the liver or kidneys," said Dr Krishna. The team also found a large cyst in the teen's abdomen.

Then the surgery was performed in two stages. In the first stage, the parasitic twin was removed. Then the cystic mass was extracted from the surrounded area. The entire surgery was completed in two and a half hours and the team of doctors included radiologists, anaesthetists, and plastic surgeons.

The biggest challenge was when the teen's blood pressure dropped as 30 to 40% of his blood flowed to the parasitic twin, however, the doctors were prepared for it and they stabilized him.

For decades, childhood vaccination was one of the clearest public health success stories in Europe. But a new study published in The Lancet Regional Health—Europe, suggests that progress has started to slip, and in some countries, it has slipped quite noticeably.

The research led by a team from the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore in Rome looked at vaccination coverage across seven different vaccines in European Union countries, tracking data all the way from 1980 to 2024. What it found was not a sudden collapse, but something arguably more concerning: a slow, steady stall that has crept in over the last few years without much attention.

Which Childhood Vaccine Rates Dropped?

According to the research, recent declines were most widespread for vaccines against

• Hemophilus influenzae type b
• polio,
• hepatitis B
• diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis.

Where the Decline Is Happening

Since 2019, sixteen countries have seen vaccination rates drop for four or more of the vaccines studied. Bulgaria, Cyprus, Ireland, the Netherlands, Romania, and Sweden stood out in particular, with all seven vaccines showing a downward trend in recent years.

The pattern wasn't uniform everywhere, though. Germany and Spain saw declines in five of the seven vaccines, while France and Italy told a more mixed story, with four vaccines improving even as three others slipped.

At the higher end, Luxembourg and Portugal managed to maintain at least 95 percent coverage across all seven vaccines, a benchmark most countries are still trying to reach. Romania, on the other hand, fell below 80 percent, making it the lowest performer in the study.

Why This Is Happening Now

According to the researchers, the timing of this decline is not a coincidence. Most of it began somewhere between 2019 and 2022, a period that overlaps almost exactly with the Covid-19 pandemic and its aftermath. Routine vaccination services were widely disrupted during that time, and the study suggests that many countries simply haven't fully recovered since.

There's also a broader factor at play: vaccine hesitancy, which researchers describe as a growing contributor to the decline, separate from any pandemic-related disruption. In other words, this isn't only about missed appointments during lockdowns. It also reflects a shift in how some parents and communities are approaching vaccination altogether.

What This Means Going Forward

Vaccination remains one of the most effective tools available for preventing serious childhood diseases, and researchers are clear about what's at stake if this trend continues. A sustained drop in coverage doesn't just affect individual children; it also weakens herd immunity, making entire communities more vulnerable to diseases that had largely been kept under control for years.

The study was direct about what needs to happen next, stating that international, national, and community-level action will be necessary to reverse these trends. Without it, the progress that took decades to build could continue to erode, quietly, one missed vaccination at a time.

Think being in great shape and having a “normal” BMI gives men a good shot at fertility? Think again.

While fertility is usually seen as a women's issue, it's increasingly becoming a men's problem too. Sperm counts worldwide have dropped by more than half since 1973, and the decline has been speeding up in recent years. Now, a new study in Denmark just found something that should worry a lot of men.

Researchers looked at over a thousand young men and measured their actual body fat, not just their BMI. What they found was surprising. Men with a "normal" BMI but slightly higher body fat had noticeably lower sperm counts than leaner men in the same weight range.

The Numbers Don't Lie

Men with 20 to 24 percent body fat had sperm counts that were 23 percent lower than the leanest group. This gap showed up even among men who were considered to be of normal weight.

In other words, you could look completely fine, weigh the "right" amount for your height, and still be carrying extra fat that's actually messing with your hormones.

That's because body fat doesn't just sit there. It changes your hormone levels. The study, published in the journal Human Reproduction, found higher body fat was linked to lower testosterone, along with shifts in a few other hormones tied to reproduction.

“Higher body fat percentage was associated with poor semen characteristics and impaired reproductive hormone levels but not with testicular volume,” said the team from Aarhus University, Denmark.

The researchers noted that a higher percentage of adipose tissue might adversely affect semen production and hormonal balance.

Why Muscle Might Matter More Than Weight

It may not really be about losing weight at all. Other studies focus on muscle weight. Muscles may not be just something that makes you look good; they actually work like a hormone-producing organ in your body.

A 2025 study published in Frontiers in Endocrinology examined 823 semen analyses and concluded that assessing fat distribution, rather than obesity alone, could provide additional information about male reproductive health.

So for men thinking about having kids someday, hitting the gym and building muscle might do more for fertility than just watching the number on the scale go down.

What About Weight-Loss Drugs?

Even as many people now are on GLP-1 drugs like Ozempic and Wegovy for weight loss, the question is: do these drugs help or hurt fertility? The early research is actually reassuring.

A review presented at recent ENDO 2026 examined five randomized clinical trials and found no bad effects on hormones, sex drive, or sperm quality in men taking these drugs. However, doctors are worried about men who lose weight too fast and lose muscle along with the fat.

Other Factors That Can Affect Sperm Health

Body composition is only one factor linked to male reproductive health. Lifestyle factors such as smoking, heavy alcohol use, cannabis use, obesity and anabolic steroid use have also been associated with poorer sperm health.

Heat exposure may also affect sperm production. Regular use of saunas and hot tubs has been studied as a potential risk factor, while prolonged heat exposure from devices such as laptops placed directly on the lap has also raised concerns.

Disney star Debby Ryan has opened up about living with a “life-altering” brain injury that left her with “hellish” migraines.

Appearing on a web series, the 33-year-old Ryan said she has also suffered five concussions and revealed the “fringe science treatment” that helped her recover.

“The brain injuries make things significantly worse,” the Disney Channel alum said.

“I had a pretty crazy life-altering brain injury a few years ago, and I was out of commission for, like, six months. And I went to this neurological rehab,” Ryan shared. “[I] went and did this fringe science treatment that was, like, really sci-fi and crazy. … That kind of got me back online, but there were some things that just did not come back.”

According to Ryan, her first four concussions stemmed from blunt-force injuries, while her most recent concussion was caused by “sustained shaking over, like, a minute of time.”

How The Injury Changed Her Life

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Ryan said her life changed significantly after the injury. “There’s sort of pre-incident Debby and post-incident Debby,” she said.

She said that because of her migraines and brain injuries, she sometimes thinks better with her eyes closed, as the world can feel too bright and loud.

“Quite often the world is really loud. It’s really too bright, it’s too — there’s a lot going on,” she explained. “The visual data that I’m taking in can be so distracting.”

Ryan said she feels “very fortunate” that her “amazing” support system helped her deal with the aftermath of her latest concussion.

“[They] reminded me who I am and was and also held a lot of space for that to change — potentially permanently — and love me through that,” she said.

Ryan acknowledged that it must also have been difficult for her loved ones to process the changes.

How Does A Traumatic Brain Injury Affect You?

Cleveland Clinic explains that a traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs when a sudden external force injures the brain. TBIs can range from mild to severe and may affect thinking, movement, memory, behavior and emotions.

Symptoms can include headaches, confusion, memory problems and mood or behavioral changes. Some people can also experience longer-term problems that affect their daily lives.

Types Of Traumatic Brain Injuries

There are two broad types of TBI:

• Penetrating TBI: This occurs when an object pierces the skull and enters the brain tissue, damaging part of the brain. It may also be called an open TBI.
• Blunt or closed TBI: This occurs when a forceful impact causes the brain to bounce or twist inside the skull.

According to the American Headache Society, post-traumatic headache is one of the most debilitating symptoms following a concussion.

Post-traumatic headache typically develops within seven days of a concussion or regaining consciousness after the injury. It can present in different ways but often resembles migraine in its symptoms and duration.

In some cases, these headaches can become persistent or chronic.