Imagine this. A young teenager, 17, years old, who is fully developed. Now imagine this, the same teenager has a fully developed extra set of limbs and a pelvis. That extra set of pair is attached with chest artery. But, how can this happen?

While it is extremely rare, and has a chance of less than one case occurring per 100,000 births. Such things do happen. This is called parasitic twin.

What Is A Parasitic Twin?

It is an extremely rare type of cojoined twin where a baby is born with an underdeveloped twin attached to its body. This condition is also known as vestigial twins. The condition is very closely related to conjoined twins, where babies are connected at birth and share organs. However, the main difference is that in conjoined twins, there are two developed babies, whereas in parasitic twins, only one is fully developed, other one is underdeveloped and non functional.

In such a case, the twin who is developed is medically known as the autositic or the dominant twin. The dominant twin is healthy in most aspect but may have extra tissue, organs, or limbs from the parasitic twin.

The parasitic twin may be attached with the dominant twin through several places. The common joints are at the head, torso, chest, pelvis, buttocks, or back. In these cases, the parasitic twin is not alive and they die either in the womb or during the childbirth.

Doctors Remove Parasitic Twin

Now, let's go back to the case we referred to, where a young teenager had an extra pair of limbs attached to chest. The teenager who has not been named is from Uttar Pradesh's Unnao neighbourhood, and was treated in AIIMS, Delhi. The team of doctors successfully removed the extra set of limbs from his body.

Dr Asuri Krishna, who led the team of specialist who surgically removed the extra limbs told the BBC that only 40 to 50 cases of parasitic twins have been documented in world medical literature, and in those cases, the surgery had been attempted on children. The doctor said that without much medical literature to guide them, the team of doctors depended on "intuition, skill and knowledge".

The doctor shared that the child had two fully formed legs, buttocks and external genitalia, which weighed around 15kg "protruding from his abdomen".

How Was The Surgery Performed?

The doctor shared that first they identified how interconnected the parasitic and host twins were. The doctors took scans and found that parasitic twin was attached to the teen's breastbone. The blood was being supplied from a vessel in his chest. However, "there wasn't much connection with other main organs like the liver or kidneys," said Dr Krishna. The team also found a large cyst in the teen's abdomen.

Then the surgery was performed in two stages. In the first stage, the parasitic twin was removed. Then the cystic mass was extracted from the surrounded area. The entire surgery was completed in two and a half hours and the team of doctors included radiologists, anaesthetists, and plastic surgeons.

The biggest challenge was when the teen's blood pressure dropped as 30 to 40% of his blood flowed to the parasitic twin, however, the doctors were prepared for it and they stabilized him.

Summers are approaching and what would be better than having your own clothes that keep you cool? Scientists at the University of Alabama at Birmingham in the United States are working on innovations and have also applied for a patent. The research team led by Dr Vinoy Thomas, who is a native of Valakam in Kottarakkara. The findings have been published in the journal of the American Chemical Society.

What Is The New Finding Of Self-Cooling Fabric?

The researchers did not create a brand-new cooling fabric. Instead, they introduced a technique that transforms regular textiles into heat-regulating materials. This is done using two processes: electrospinning and plasma surface modification.

The first technique allows boron nitride nanoparticles to be evenly spread across the surface of the fabric. The second method uses low-temperature plasma (LTP) treatment to embed silicon oxide nanoparticles into the stitching threads.

Both boron nitride and silicon oxide are known for their heat-resistant qualities. By combining these two methods, researchers have created a coating that significantly lowers heat. The nanoparticles act as an added protective layer on the fabric.

Testing showed that the coating remains effective even after five to eight washes and does not affect the fabric’s original properties. Although its performance gradually decreases with repeated washing, researchers suggest applying a double-layer surface coating to improve durability.

Commercial production is expected to start once the patent is approved. In experiments, the coated garments reduced an external temperature of 35°C by 15°C, lowering it to 20°C. According to the researchers, this technique can be applied to any type of fabric.

Unlike earlier studies that focused on inventing entirely new heat-resistant materials, this innovation modifies existing fabrics. The study states that this approach is more efficient and cost-effective than current technologies.

The research team also includes Dr Ranjith Rajanpillai, Dr Kannadasan Appavu, Dr Claudiu T Lungu, and Dr Sanjay K Behura from the Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering.

Innovations For Sizzling Summers

In Japan, something similar happened when former Sony engineer Hiroshi Ichigaya came up with kuchofuku or "fan jackets". This garment has a built-in feature, powered by battery, which is a fan at the lower back. This helps the circulation of air and to evaporate sweat and cool workers. These jackets are commonly used by construction workers, delivery partners, and people working in factory to combat extreme heat.

The meningococcal B vaccine (4CMenB) is completely ineffective in preventing gonorrhea -- a sexually transmitted infection (STI) --, especially among high-risk groups like gay and bisexual men, according to the results of the world’s largest randomized control trial (RCT).

Gonorrhea is a common bacterial STI caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrheae, and is transmitted through unprotected sex.

Even as antimicrobial resistance in gonorrhea has increased rapidly in recent years, Australian researchers explored the efficacy of 4CMenB against the disease.

The large randomized, placebo-controlled trial involving 587 gay and bisexual men showed that the risk of gonorrhea incidence remains essentially the same even after vaccination.

“Across both arms, the gonorrhea incidence was virtually the same -- at around 48 per cent per year, indicating very clearly that the vaccine had no effect on preventing gonorrhea,” said Professor Kate Seib, from Griffith University, in Australia, who led the trial.

In light of the study, the researchers stressed the need to explore other options to combat gonorrhea, such as condoms and regular testing.

The 4CMenB Vaccine

While meningococcal disease (caused by Neisseria meningitidis) and gonorrhea (caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae) are distinct infections, both are caused by Neisseria bacteria, which share 80-90 percent genetic material.

The bacterium N. meningitidis primarily causes meningitis and septicemia, and observational studies have shown that meningococcal B (MenB) vaccines such as the 4CMenB offer 33-40 percent cross-protection against gonorrhea.

However, the latest study, presented at the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in Denver, US, found no protection against gonorrhea.

The study “provides strong evidence that the 4CMenB meningococcal vaccine is not effective at preventing gonorrhea in gay and bisexual men who are at high risk of contracting it,” Seib said.

According to the US National Institute of Health, the 4CMenB vaccine is a highly effective, protein-based vaccine designed to protect against invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) serogroup B.

Approved in over 50 countries, it offers 71-95 percent effectiveness in infants and 100 percent in adolescents.

What Is Gonorrhea

Gonorrhea is a common STI, and sexually active people of any age can get the disease and pass it on to partners, and even to their baby during childbirth.

Gonorrhea is the second most common STI caused by bacteria, just behind chlamydia.

As per data from the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2020, there were an estimated 82.4 million new infections among adults globally.

The NIH noted that nearly 1 million new gonorrhea infections occur in the United States every year. About half of these infections occur in people ages 15 to 24.

The symptoms of Gonorrhea in men include:

• White, yellow, or green discharge from the penis
• Pain or burning (possibly severe) when peeing
• Testicular pain and swollen testicles.

Notably, the condition also occurs in women, but up to 50 percent of them won’t experience symptoms. This increases the risk of spread to other partners.

• Common symptoms in women include:
• Unusual vaginal discharge (white or yellow).
• Pain in your lower abdomen or pelvis.
• Pain during sexual intercourse
• Pain when you pee
• Bleeding between periods

A new study suggests that drinking sugary drinks can increase anxiety, among other mental issues, in adolescents by 34 percent.

Sugary drinks are known to be more harmful due to their low fiber, protein, or fat, which typically slow down digestion in solid foods. This means liquid sugar gets into your bloodstream very quickly, causing a sudden jump in blood sugar and insulin levels.

Hyper-fast intake of such drinks can also make it hard for your liver to process the sugar, especially the fructose part. n large amounts, fructose turns into fat in your liver. This buildup of fat is linked to metabolic problems that lead to Type 2 diabetes.

Apart from this, a Bournemouth University, UK literature review analyzed people aged between ten and 19 who drank fizzy drinks, colas, sweetened fruit juices, sweetened milk drinks, energy drinks, and sweetened tea or coffee and found multiple links between the beverages and anxiety diagnosis.

The gut-brain axis — the connection between the brain and the gut — may help explain the link between sugary drinks and anxiety. But gut health is influenced by many factors, including diet, stress, and sleep, which are also linked to anxiety.

Overall, the study suggests that cutting back on sugary drinks could help support teenagers’ mental health. While many studies have looked at how reducing sugary drinks improves physical health, more research is needed to see if it also benefits mental health.

READ MORE: Smoking Cannabis Can Lead To Mental Illnesses In Teenagers, Study Finds

WHO Asks Countries To Tax Sugary Drinks

The World Health Organization is asking countries across the world to increase taxes on sugary drinks and alcohol to reduce cases of chronic conditions such as Type 2 diabetes, obesity, heart disease and fatty liver.

In a January 13 virtual conference, WHO Director-General Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said: "Health taxes have been shown to reduce consumption of these harmful products, helping to prevent disease and reduce the burden on health systems.

"At the same time, they generate an income stream that governments can use to invest in health, education and social protection."

According to a recent report on sugar-sweetened beverages taxes, at least 116 countries tax sugary drinks, including sodas or carbonated canned drinks, but other high-sugar products, such as 100 per cent fruit juices, sweetened milk drinks and ready-to-drink coffees and teas, escape taxation.

Additionally, another report on alcohol taxes shows that even though 167 countries levy taxes on liquor, wine and beer, alcohol has become more affordable or remained unchanged in price in most countries since 2022, as taxes do not get adjusted for inflation and income growth.

How To Cut Back On Sugary Drinks?

Sugary drinks can feel addictive. If you find yourself hooked, try to slowly reduce how much you drink, just like you would with alcohol or tobacco. It helps to plan ahead for when you usually crave a soda.

You can start by mixing plain sparkling water with an equal amount of fruit juice or soda. Then, week by week, slowly reduce the amount of the sugary drink until you're mostly just drinking sparkling water. If it helps, add a little lemon or lime juice for flavor.