A woman's health is intricately linked to her menstrual cycle, which is an important sign of her overall well-being. Throughout puberty and menopause, hormonal changes affect not only fertility but also mood, energy, and long-term health. A normal cycle usually indicates balance, whereas abnormalities may suggest problems such as PCOS, endometriosis, or thyroid disease.

Our bodies do not always work in a perfect clockwork operation and unexpected vaginal bleeding can often confused us. Is it a mere spotting? A normal period? A symptom of something more concerning? Differences between spotting, menstrual bleeding, and intermenstrual bleeding should be understood is crucial for maintaining reproduction health.

Here is a short guide to help you differentiate while you are confused.

Spotting

Spotting is vaginal bleeding that doesn't happen as part of your regular menstrual period. It commonly manifests as fine droplets or smears of blood on clothing or toilet tissue. The intensity of the blood ranges from deep red (recent blood) to pink (having cervical mucus mixed in it) or brown (older, oxidized blood). Spotting is not very much and can't be seen in a way that needs either a tampon or a pad to absorb.

Common Causes of Spotting

Spotting is caused by numerous factors, and in the majority of instances, it is nothing to worry about. Some frequent causes are:

Hormonal Birth Control Transitions: New birth control technique, for instance, birth control pills, IUDs containing hormones, or implants, results in temporary spotting as the body adapts.

Ovulation Bleeding: A few individuals get spotting light around the time of ovulation as a result of hormonal changes. It normally happens in the mid-cycle and could be followed by slight cramping.

Cervical Ectropion: A harmless condition when cells from the inside of the cervical canal migrate to the outer cervix, causing the outer cervix to become more sensitive and prone to faint bleeding on coitus or physical activity.

Early Pregnancy (Implantation Bleeding): 15–25% of pregnant women experience light spotting around 10–14 days post-conception, which is confused with an early period.

When to See a Doctor

Spotting is usually harmless, but it's best to consult a doctor if:

• It continues after a few months of initiating new birth control
• Is accompanied by pelvic pain or abnormal discharge
• Occurs after frequent intercourse
• Occurs during pregnancy and is not verified as implantation bleeding

Menstrual Bleeding

There is a time, also known as a period or menstruation, when the uterine lining sheds due to changing hormone levels. It would last for approximately 2-7 days and is heavier initially. The hue and texture of period blood shift during the menstrual cycle:

Red: New active bleeding at the start of a period

Brown or dark red: Older, slower blood in leaving the uterus

Clots: It's normal to have small clots, but bigger clots may be a sign of heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB)

Why You Have a Period Essentially?

Menstruation is a part of the reproductive cycle, and it happens around every 21–35 days. When there's no pregnancy after ovulation, hormone levels fall, causing the uterine lining to be shed.

Signs Your Period May Be Abnormal

Though periods differ in different people, there are some signs that point towards probable underlying conditions:

• Prolonged bleeding (longer than 7 days)
• Heavy flow necessitating pad/tampon changes every 1–2 hours
• Severe cramps that disrupt daily life
• Irregular periods or absent periods

If you have any of these, conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometriosis, or thyroid disease may be involved, and a medical visit is in order.

Intermenstrual Bleeding

Unlike spotting, intermenstrual bleeding is heavier and unexpected between regular periods. It may be from bright red to dark brown and can contain blood clots.

Possible Causes of Bleeding Between Periods

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Chlamydia and gonorrhea can lead to inflammation and abnormal bleeding.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): A bacterial infection of the reproductive organs and can lead to abnormal bleeding.

Uterine Fibroids or Polyps: Benign growths in the uterus that may cause unexpected bleeding.

Endometrial Hyperplasia or Cancer: In some instances, abnormal bleeding may be a sign of abnormal cell growth in the lining of the uterus.

When to See a Doctor

See a doctor if intermenstrual bleeding is:

• Frequent or persistent
• Associated with pelvic pain or discomfort
• Associated with abnormal discharge, fever or painful sex

Recognizing your body's rhythms can assist you in identifying normal versus abnormal bleeding. Monitoring your menstrual cycle through an app or calendar may flag changes that should be checked with a doctor. If you have any questions regarding abnormal bleeding, visiting your health care provider is the way to go.

Delhi AQI turns 'very poor' on Friday, with overall Air Quality Index hitting at 331 at 7am. As per the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) data, Jahangirpuri was the worst-affected area, and had its AQI at 405, under the 'severe' zone. Reports have shown that PM2.5 or the particulate matter levels in Delhi is well over 30 times the World Health Organization (WHO) safe standard.

However, the Minister of State for Environment Kirti Vardhan Singh said in Parliament that the WHO guidelines are only meant to help nations frame their own standards, factoring in geography, environmental conditions and local circumstances. He said that no global authority conducts official rankings, the government evaluates air quality within the country through its annual Swachh Vayu Survekshan, which ranks 130 cities under the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) based on improvement efforts.

This was the Centre's response on Thursday to a question in Rajya Sabha on India's stand on IQAIr's World Air Quality Ranking, the WHO Global Air Quality Database, the Environmental Performance Index (EPI), and the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) metrics.

While this was happening in the Parliament, the Central government's 'Air Quality Early Warning System for Delhi' said that "The air quality is likely to be in the Very Poor category from 11.12.2025 to 13.12.2025. The outlook for the subsequent 6 Days: The air quality is likely to be in the Very Poor category.

So, what is to be considered? Is the central government evading India's global air quality rankings? Previously, the union government also denied any deaths directly linked to air pollution.

However, the GBD data found that at least 15% of all deaths in 2023 were related to air pollution. The analysis was based on the data released by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). The data estimated around 17,188 deaths in the national capital, all of which were linked to long-term exposure to particulate matter or PM2.5. This means 1 in every 7 deaths in Delhi could be traced to city's toxic air.

Also Read: Connection Between Migration And Pollution: People Are Leaving City To Be Away From Delhi's Toxic Air

Is The Government Doing Anything?

Amid the continuously worsening air condition in Delhi, the government has now formed an 'expert group' to combat air pollution as health crisis rise.

The panel will study how pollution builds up from human activity as well as natural causes and will recommend technology upgrades, policy reforms, and sector specific interventions that can be put into action.

The group will be chaired by retired IAS officer and former Union Environment Secretary Leena Nandan. Other members include former CPCB member secretary Dr JS Kamyotra, IIT Delhi professor emeritus Mukesh Khare, IIT Kanpur professor emeritus Mukesh Sharma, and Dr Suneel Pandey, director of Circular Economy and Waste Management at TERI. Representatives from CAQM, the IMD, APAG, PHDCCI and senior officials from the Delhi government are also part of the group. The Secretary of Environment and Forest is a member, and the DPCC chairman will serve as member secretary.

This expert panel will act as a high level advisory body, offering clear, actionable guidance that can shape both emergency responses and long term reforms. It will track the progress of current pollution control programs, study global best practices, and flag where corrections are needed. The group will meet every month, either in person or virtually, and will receive administrative support from the Delhi Pollution Control Committee. The initial tenure is six months, with the option to extend if required.

What Does Government Data Tell Us About Pollution And Health?

The government revealed that in the span of three years between 2022 to 2024, Delhi's six state run hospitals recorded 200,000 cases of acute respiratory illness. The government also said in parliament that more than 30,000 people were hospitalized in Delhi over three years with respiratory illness.

For weeks Delhi's PM2.5 levels have stayed 20 times the limit recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). In the span of three years, here is how many case Delhi's six major hospitals have recorded:

• 2022: 67,054
• 2023: 69,293
• 2024: 68,411

"Analysis suggests that increase in pollution levels was associated with increase in number of patients attending emergency rooms. However, this study design cannot provide confirmation that the association is causal," the government told parliament.

A new Ontario study revealed that there has been a 157 percent increase in the prescriptions for stimulant medications used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The study noted that the prescriptions skyrocketed between 2015 to 2023. This means the prescriptions have increased four times each year from 2020 to 2023, as compared to 2015 to 2019, linked pandemic and mental health conditions to be a reason for the same. The study is published in JAMA Network Open. Researchers at ICES, the non-profit group formally known as the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences in Toronto, along with North York General Hospital and the Hospital for Sick Children.

Growth Accelerates After the Pandemic

According to the study, prescription rates began climbing steadily before the pandemic but accelerated sharply from 2020 onward. Between 2020 and 2023, stimulant prescriptions rose nearly four times faster each year compared with the period between 2015 and 2019. This shift suggests that life disruptions during lockdowns may have pushed many people to seek help for long-standing attention and focus struggles.

Using data from Ontario’s Narcotics Monitoring System, the researchers tracked prescriptions for stimulant medications, the primary treatment for ADHD. These drugs increase dopamine and other chemicals in the brain, helping people concentrate, regulate emotions and think more clearly.

The overall result was a 157 percent rise in new stimulant prescriptions over eight years.

Women See the Largest Increase

The most striking finding is how dramatically rates have increased among women. Women between 25 and 44 saw a surge of more than 420 percent. For men in the same age group, the increase was nearly 220 percent. Younger women also experienced a major rise, with prescriptions up almost 370 percent among those aged 18 to 24.

By 2023, women over the age of 18 were receiving stimulant prescriptions at higher rates than men, reversing long-standing patterns in ADHD diagnosis and treatment. Historically, boys and men have been diagnosed more often because the condition has been viewed through a male-focused lens.

Experts say this makeover in the data reflects a deeper shift in understanding ADHD in females. Girls often present with symptoms of quiet inattention rather than the hyperactivity commonly seen in boys. Because they tend not to disrupt classrooms, they are frequently overlooked and reach adulthood without a diagnosis.

Pandemic, Social Media and Online Clinics Play a Role

Heidi Bernhardt, founder of the Centre for ADHD Awareness Canada, says the pandemic played a major role in changing how people experienced and recognized ADHD symptoms. With routines disrupted and support systems diminished, many adults began to notice difficulties that had been manageable before.

At the same time, TikTok, Instagram and other social platforms created a surge in conversations about neurodiversity. Online mental health services also became more accessible, making it easier for adults to pursue an assessment, sometimes for the first time in their lives.

Awareness Helps, But Misdiagnosis Is a Concern

Specialists welcome the fact that more women are now being correctly diagnosed. Dr. Anita Parhar of the ADHD Centre for Women says the rising prescription rates show that women are finally being acknowledged and treated for symptoms they may have lived with for years.

But researchers also caution that the rapid increase raises the possibility of misdiagnosis. Some symptoms linked to ADHD can overlap with anxiety disorders or other mental health issues. When ADHD is diagnosed incorrectly, the underlying condition may go untreated.

Pediatrician and ADHD specialist Jane Liddle notes that failure to treat true ADHD carries its own risks. Untreated ADHD is associated with higher rates of anxiety, depression, academic problems and addiction.

As prescriptions continue to rise, experts say the priority should be ensuring accurate diagnosis and access to appropriate care, especially as awareness of ADHD continues to evolve.

As 2025 comes to an end, one thing is clear, this year has been a year of remarkable shifts in how we understand health. This year, there have been breakthroughs, redesigns, and achievements in the healthcare sector, which has changed many lives. Scientists and doctors have pushed their boundaries in ways to save lives, make patients more comfortable and Health and Me lists down 5 such breakthroughs that defined the year 2025.

Reinventing Speculum: The Flower That May Transform Pelvic Exams

Few medical tools have stayed as frozen in time as the vaginal speculum. Cold, metallic, and intimidating, its origin traces back to Dr. James Marion Sims in the mid-19th century, during experiments carried out unethically on enslaved women. Beyond its history, patients have long reported pain, anxiety, and emotional distress linked to it. But this year, a young design team dared to ask what would happen if pelvic exams could feel safe.

Enter Lilium, a flower-inspired speculum created by Delft University engineers Tamara Hoveling and Ariadna Izcara Gual. Made with soft plastic and shaped to bloom like a lily, it opens gently, eliminates the harsh clicking sound, and uses a tampon-like applicator for insertion. Designed to feel familiar and symbolically comforting, Lilium represents a shift toward trauma-informed, patient-first gynecological care—something long overdue.

Zaynich: India Launches Its First New Antibiotic in 30+ Years

For 28-year-old Sahil Mehra from Mumbai, a severe, drug-resistant Pseudomonas infection left his kidneys failing and his doctors nearly out of options. Even last-resort antibiotics couldn’t stop the superbug.

Then came Zaynich, India’s first new antibiotic in more than three decades. Developed by Wockhardt, it combines cefepime, a fourth-generation cephalosporin, with zidebactam, a novel β-lactam enhancer that boosts the drug’s power against tough bacteria. Early reports and trials suggest a 97% effectiveness against drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and even a 20% higher cure rate than meropenem in Phase 3 studies. Within four days of receiving Zaynich, Mehra’s condition stabilized—a reminder of why antibiotic innovation is essential in the age of superbugs.

A Powerful Cholesterol-Lowering Pill Could Change Heart Care

High LDL cholesterol remains one of the biggest drivers of cardiovascular disease. While statins help, many people never reach target levels. Injectable PCSK9 inhibitors work well but remain expensive and less accessible.

This year, an experimental daily pill—enlicitide—showed promise of changing that equation. In the Phase 3 CORALreef Lipids trial involving 2,912 adults, enlicitide reduced LDL-C levels by 55.8% at 24 weeks, with post-hoc analysis suggesting reductions up to 59.7%. With a safety profile similar to placebo, enlicitide could become the first oral PCSK9 inhibitor to make potent cholesterol control easier and more widely available.

Zombie Cell: A Longevity Pill From China Claims Life Up to 150 Years

A Shenzhen-based biotech company sparked global debate by claiming it has developed a pill that targets ageing at the cellular level. The pill focuses on clearing “zombie cells”—old cells that refuse to die and trigger inflammation. Made with compounds derived from grape seeds, early animal lab work suggests potential lifespan extension. While far from proven in humans, the idea that such a pill could stretch life to 120–150 years captured the world’s imagination and intensified conversations around longevity science.

The World’s First Single-Dose Dengue Vaccine Gets Approved

With dengue cases hitting record levels globally, Brazil approved the world’s first single-dose dengue vaccine, called Butantan-DV. Developed by the Butantan Institute in collaboration with Wu Xi, it uses a live attenuated virus and is currently approved for ages 12 to 59. Until now, the only dengue vaccine required two doses months apart. This single-shot version could transform dengue prevention, especially in tropical countries facing surges linked to rising temperatures.