For those who have not experienced a migraine, perhaps it would seem just another headache. But for someone like me who has suffered through migraines that will last over a week even with medication, I can definitely tell you that it's much more. The ache is not confined to the head; it's the whole experience. Nausea, sensitivity to light, and throbs so bad it makes simple tasks unbearable. It also comes with an emotional burden—the loneliness and frustration are pretty unbearable. Through the years, realizing how hormones are also implicated in triggering and exacerbating my migraines has helped change the game in my dealing with these episodes.

What are Hormonal Migraines?

Hormonal migraines are caused by fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone, the two main female hormones. These hormones are essential for the reproductive system, regulating menstrual cycles and pregnancy. They also have an effect on brain chemicals, such as serotonin and dopamine, which affect mood and pain perception. When hormone levels fluctuate, such as during menstruation, pregnancy, or menopause, they can destabilize the pathways in the brain, causing migraines.

According to Dr. Shivananda Pai, Consultant Neurology, migraines are more than a neurological disorder. "Migraines represent a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors. In women, hormonal fluctuations are a critical trigger that amplifies sensitivity to pain," he explains. Hormonal headaches are particularly challenging because they are influenced by multiple life stages, from puberty to post-menopause. Common causes include:

• Menstrual periods: Estrogen levels significantly drop just before menstruation often triggers a migraine.
• Pregnancy: Hormones can act to relieve symptoms or aggravate them during different times of pregnancy.
• Menopause: The hormonal fluctuation during menopause can intensify a migraine, while some women tend to find relief.
• Hormonal therapies: Birth control and HRT tend to level off hormone balances in some individuals but will exacerbate a migraine in others.

Complex Role of Hormones in Women’s Neurological Health

Estrogen and Neurological Health

Estrogen, often called the "hormone of femininity", does more than regulate reproductive functions. It is a powerful influencer of brain health. Estrogen modulates the activity of neurotransmitters like serotonin, which regulates mood and pain perception, and dopamine, associated with reward and pleasure.

During stages of hormonal stability, like in pregnancy's latter months, women may have fewer migraines because of the steady elevation of estrogen. However, a sudden downfall in estrogen destabilizes these chemicals in the brain, sending a heightened sensitivity for migraine triggers.

Menstrual Migraines

The most common form of hormonal migraines is menstrual migraines, which occur in response to the steep decline in estrogen levels just before menstruation. These are typically more intense and less responsive to standard treatment. The timing of these migraines provides clear evidence of the role hormones play in neurological health.

Pregnancy and Hormonal Shifts

Pregnancy is a rollercoaster of hormones. Although many women experience relief from migraines as a result of the constantly elevated levels of estrogen, some women, particularly in the first trimester, worsen. This individual variability is a characteristic of hormonal migraine triggers.

Hormonal Therapies and Management of Migraine

Hormonal treatments, such as oral contraceptives and HRT, have had mixed reviews regarding their use in managing migraine. Some women fare better with the stabilization the treatment provides, whereas others suffer worsening symptoms. This will depend on the nature and dose of the hormones used.

Post-Menopause: Migraine Remission or Continued Struggles?

For most women, menopause brings relief from their migraines. The decline in frequency and severity often accompanies stability in hormone levels. Even so, the susceptibility remains with some towards other forms of triggers including stress and sleep deprivation, not to forget diet-related factors and continues the saga of migraines well after the menopausal stages.

Effect on Neurological Health Due to Hormonal Changes

The relationship of hormones to neurological health goes beyond migraines. Hormonal changes have profound effects on a woman's brain in general.

Mood Disorders: Estrogen helps stabilize mood by regulating serotonin. Its decline at menopause increases the risk of mood swings and depression.

Neurodegenerative Diseases: Estrogen is neuroprotective, stimulating the growth and repair of brain cells. Its absence in post-menopausal women has been associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Hormonal cycles may affect the course of MS, a disease that occurs more frequently in women than in men. Estrogen's anti-inflammatory effects provide transient protection during pregnancy, reducing relapse rates in women with MS.

"The intricate interplay between hormones and neurological health underscores the need for gender-specific treatment approaches," says Dr. Pai.

Managing Hormonal Migraines: Practical Strategies

While hormonal changes are inevitable, several strategies can help manage migraines effectively:

1. Tracking Your Cycle

Understanding your menstrual cycle can help identify patterns and predict when migraines might occur. This knowledge allows for preventive measures, such as scheduling medications or adjusting lifestyle habits.

2. Consulting Specialists

Working with a neurologist or gynecologist can help develop a personalized treatment plan. Options might include hormonal therapies, triptans, or preventive medications tailored to your specific needs.

3. Adopting a Healthy Lifestyle

A well-balanced diet, regular exercise, and stress management are all integral parts of managing migraines. For instance, magnesium-rich foods and hydration can help reduce the frequency and severity of attacks.

4. Exploring Preventive Therapies

For people with severe or frequent migraines, preventive medications, such as beta-blockers or CGRP inhibitors, may be prescribed. These medications stabilize brain activity and therefore reduce the chances of migraine during hormonal fluctuations.

5. Mind-Body Techniques

Techniques like yoga, meditation, and biofeedback can enhance wellness and reduce the debilitating effects of stress-one of the most common migraine triggers.

Research that was once in its embryonic stage continues to shed more light on the role of hormones in migraines and other neurological conditions. Further breakthroughs in genetic testing might enable doctors to predict, at least in a way, how an individual would react to hormonal therapies. The importance of gender-specific approaches is gradually being realized, which involves differentiating between the plight of women with migraines from others.

As Dr. Pai puts it, "Empowering women with knowledge about the hormonal underpinnings of migraines can lead to better, more personalized care. With the right strategies, migraines can be effectively managed, allowing women to lead fuller, healthier lives.

Migraines are not headaches; they are a complex neurological condition that deeply impacts the lives of millions of women. Understanding the role of hormones in triggering and exacerbating migraines is a vital step toward better management and relief.

Awareness, proactive care, and advances in medical research can help women regain their lives from the grip of hormonal migraines. Whether tracking cycles, adopting healthier habits, or seeking tailored medical care, every step taken toward understanding and managing migraines is a step toward empowerment.

Dr Shivananda Pai is a Consultant Neurology at KMC Hospital Dr B R Ambedkar Circle in Mangalore, India.

Brandes JL. The Influence of Estrogen on Migraine: A Systematic Review. JAMA. 2006;295(15):1824–1830. doi:10.1001/jama.295.15.1824

Sacco S, Ricci S, Degan D, Carolei A. Migraine in women: the role of hormones and their impact on vascular diseases. J Headache Pain. 2012 Apr;13(3):177-89. doi: 10.1007/s10194-012-0424-y. Epub 2012 Feb 26. PMID: 22367631; PMCID: PMC3311830.

From Independence Day and Janmashtami to Ganesh Chaturthi, Onam, Eid, Navratri, Dussehra, Diwali, Christmas and New Year, the period from August to January means celebrations across the country. However, some can also suffer from stress, loneliness and worsening of pre-existing mental health symptoms.

In India, festivals can provide connection, cultural continuity and family bonding. However, celebration is not positive for everyone. For some, the period can lead to issues such as social pressure, loneliness, grief, financial concerns and even interpersonal conflict. Festive periods can be challenging for the general population, while people with pre-existing mental health conditions may be vulnerable to worsening symptoms, increased sensitivities or relapse.

Festivals carry an expectation that everyone should be happy. People are expected to participate, dress up, attend gatherings and appear enthusiastic. Though some may experience anxiety, burnout, depression or emotional exhaustion, maintaining this expected level of participation can become another source of stress. Emotional wellbeing does not automatically change because it is a festival. Recognising this can reduce guilt and self-criticism.

Family Gatherings And Emotional Sensitivities

Festivals frequently bring extended families together. While this can strengthen relationships, it can also reactivate longstanding interpersonal dynamics. Questions about marriage, children, career, finances, appearance or personal choices can become uncomfortable, particularly when they touch existing vulnerabilities.

For someone who has experienced criticism or comparison within the family, a seemingly casual festive comment may carry considerably more emotional weight because of the history attached to it. The festive setting can therefore bring individuals into closer contact with relationships or unresolved issues that they may otherwise have greater distance from.

Also read: Excessive Screen Time & Mental Health: Expert Urges Parents To Limit Children's Screen Time At Times Health Summit 2026

Why Clinical Populations May Be More Vulnerable

For individuals already living with a mental health condition, the festive season can introduce several stressors simultaneously. Travel, disrupted sleep, irregular meals, increased social stimulation, financial pressure, family conflict and interruptions to established treatment routines can place additional demands on psychological functioning.

People with conditions such as depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, trauma-related conditions, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, eating disorders or other psychiatric difficulties may be more sensitive to these changes.

In individuals with a history of recurrent episodes, significant disruption may also contribute to relapse. Festivals themselves do not necessarily cause relapse. Rather, the accumulation of environmental, interpersonal and behavioural stressors can increase vulnerability in someone already at risk.

Changes from an individual's usual baseline such as significant alterations in sleep, appetite, mood, anxiety, irritability, impulsivity, social withdrawal or functioning can therefore be important early warning signs.

Grief Can Become More Visible

Many traditions are built around shared experiences: preparing food, decorating homes, travelling to family members, exchanging gifts or gathering for meals. When someone important is no longer present, familiar rituals can make their absence more noticeable.

This can occur during religious festivals as well as occasions such as Independence Day or New Year, when people naturally reflect on their lives and relationships. Participating in a celebration does not mean grief has disappeared, just as sadness during a celebration does not eliminate the capacity for joy.

The festive season can also place pressure on household finances. Clothing, gifts, travel, home decoration and social events can increase expenditure over several months. For those already experiencing financial uncertainty, this can create considerable stress.

People living alone, those estranged from family, individuals experiencing relationship difficulties, older adults and people who have recently relocated may become more conscious of social isolation during this period. New Year can be particularly challenging because social expectations around parties, relationships and celebration become highly visible.

Also read: Can Mental Health Improvement Help Lower High Blood Pressure? Study Points Towards 3 Habits

Indians Living Abroad: Culture, Belonging and Homesickness

Celebrating Diwali, Eid, Navratri, Onam, Christmas or Gurpurab away from India can provide an important connection with cultural identity and family traditions. At the same time, it can highlight physical distance from parents, siblings and extended family.

A person may attend a community celebration abroad while still missing the food, sounds, neighbourhood atmosphere and family rituals associated with celebrations in India. Those unable to travel home may experience increased homesickness, particularly when several major occasions occur within a short period.

Festivals Can Be Difficult For General Population Too

Feeling tired, overwhelmed, irritated, lonely or emotionally sensitive during a demanding period does not automatically indicate a psychiatric disorder.

Even psychologically healthy individuals can experience festive stress because of travel, social obligations, financial commitments or difficult family interactions.

Making The Festive Season Psychologically Sustainable

• Set boundaries around intrusive questions: “I’d rather not discuss that today” or “We’re comfortable with where things are right now” can end conversations about marriage, children or finances without confrontation.
• Decline invitations without over-explaining.
• A smaller number of meaningful gatherings may be preferable to trying to attend every event.
• Decide spending limits for gifts, travel and celebrations in advance rather than responding to social pressure.

For those receiving mental health care, prescribed medication, therapy and established support systems should not be casually disrupted during the festive period.

Curated festive content represents selected moments, not the entirety of another person's life.

Professional support becomes particularly important when festive stress is accompanied by persistent hopelessness, severe anxiety, substantial social withdrawal, changes in sleep or appetite, increased substance use, impaired functioning or other marked behavioural changes.

The goal is not to remove complexity from celebration, but to make space for it. Allowing people to experience the festive season without the pressure to feel festive can itself be an important form of psychological care.

By Ms Dhara Ghuntla, Psychologist/Psychotherapist, Sujay Hospital, 7 Hills Hospital & Criticare Hospital

As Delhi wakes up to another spell of deteriorating air quality just days ahead of Diwali, ophthalmologists warn that dust, smoke, particulate matter, and toxic gases can affect children's eyes, triggering redness, itching, burning, excessive watering, and dryness.

On Tuesday, India's national capital's average Air Quality Index (AQI) climbed to 331 at 7 am, entering the ‘very poor’ category. At the same time, eight monitoring stations recorded readings above 400, falling in the ‘severe’ zone, according to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).

As per data from the CPCB, 33 of the city's 58 monitoring stations recorded AQI levels in the ‘very poor’ category. Meanwhile, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology have forecast that air quality is likely to remain in the ‘very poor’ category over the coming days.

“Children’s eyes are more sensitive to irritants in the environment, and exposure to pollutants, particulate matter and toxic gases can irritate the surface of the eye,” Dr Shibal Bhartiya, Clinical Director – Ophthalmology and Program Director – Community Outreach and Wellness at Marengo Asia International Institute of Neuro and Spine (MAIINS), told HealthandMe.

Also read: Supreme Court Allows Green Crackers In Delhi-NCR Ahead Of Diwali: Are They Really Safe For Your Health?

How Does Air Pollution Affect Children's Eyes?

The experts warned that exposure to pollutants and particulate matter can irritate the surface of children's eyes, causing redness, itching, burning, excessive tearing and dryness.

Dr Neepa Thacker Dave, Senior Consultant in Paediatric Ophthalmology at SRCC Children's Hospital, told HealthandMe that the eye’s surface is protected by a delicate tear film that provides lubrication, maintains clear vision and helps defend against environmental irritants. Exposure to airborne pollutants can disturb this protective layer and contribute to ocular surface irritation and inflammation.

"Excessive watering does not necessarily mean that the eyes are adequately lubricated. Irritation can trigger reflex tearing even when the tear film is unstable. Consequently, children may experience watering alongside dryness or discomfort," she said.

Further, children with existing allergies or sensitive eyes may notice their symptoms worsening during periods of high pollution.

“Long-term exposure to poor air quality may also worsen pre-existing ocular surface conditions,” Dr Bhartiya said.

How Can Parents Protect Children's Eyes From Air Pollution?

Read More: Rising AQI In Delhi-NCR: Doctors Warn Of Lung And Heart Risks As Pollution Builds

Reducing children's exposure to pollution is important, particularly on days when air quality is poor.

Dr Bhartiya advised parents to:

• Avoid outdoor activities when pollution levels are high.
• Keep windows closed during periods of severe pollution.
• Encourage children to avoid rubbing their eyes.
• Ensure children wash their faces after coming indoors.

Dr Dave also highlighted the importance of greater awareness, reduced exposure and timely medical care in protecting children from pollution-related eye irritation and discomfort.

When Should Children See an Eye Specialist?

Dr Dave said children may not always have the vocabulary to describe eye discomfort. Parents and teachers should watch for frequent eye rubbing, excessive blinking, squinting, watering or reluctance to participate in reading and outdoor activities.

Parents should not dismiss eye irritation in children, particularly when pollution levels are high.

Although mild irritation may improve when exposure is reduced, recurring or persistent symptoms warrant an eye examination. Eye pain, significant sensitivity to light, blurred or reduced vision, marked redness or difficulty opening the eye require prompt medical attention.

Type 2 diabetes is an incurable but manageable metabolic disorder that affects millions worldwide. But a new clinical trial has shown promise in reversing type 2 diabetes in young adults through intensive diet and exercise. It suggests that more than half younger adults with this condition may be able to achieve remission within six months through a structured programme combining a low-calorie diet with supervised aerobic and strength training.

The study, published in The Lancet Regional Health – Americas, found that 54% of participants who followed the intensive lifestyle programme achieved diabetes remission after 24 weeks. In comparison, only 4% of those receiving usual medical care reached the same outcome.

The research, called the RESET for Remission trial, was led by researchers from McGill University in Canada and the University of Leicester in the UK. It focused on adults with early-onset type 2 diabetes, a form of the disease diagnosed before the age of 45.

How Did The Study Test Diet And Exercise For Diabetes Remission?

Also read: GLP-1 Drugs May Be More Effective Than Metformin At Preventing Diabetes: Study

The trial enrolled 96 adults aged 18 to 45 who had both obesity and type 2 diabetes. Participants were recruited at research centres in Montreal and Edmonton in Canada, and Leicester in the UK. None of them were using insulin.

Of these, 50 were assigned to the intensive diet-and-exercise programme, while 46 received usual medical care. For the first 12 weeks, participants in the intervention group followed a very low-calorie diet providing 800 to 900 calories a day.

During the first two weeks, they consumed meal-replacement products. From weeks three to 12, they could include one structured meal containing lean protein and vegetables alongside the meal replacements.

The programme also included supervised aerobic and resistance training twice a week, along with one independent exercise session each week. For the next 12 weeks, participants followed a healthy diet designed to maintain their weight loss and continued exercising.

Blood sugar and blood pressure medications were stopped at the beginning of the intervention under medical supervision, according to the study protocol.

To qualify for remission, participants had to maintain an HbA1c level below 6.5% without taking medication for at least 12 weeks. HbA1c is a blood test that reflects average blood sugar levels over approximately three months.

54% Achieved Diabetes Remission After Six Months

Also read: Early Adulthood Obesity Linked To Thyroid, Ovarian And Endometrial Cancers: Study Of 6.3 Million

At the end of 24 weeks, 27 of the 50 participants in the intensive lifestyle group had achieved remission, compared to two of the 46 participants receiving usual care.

After considering relevant factors, researchers found that participants following the intensive programme were 21 times more likely to achieve remission than those receiving standard care.

The intervention group also experienced greater weight loss. Participants with available weight data lost an average of 8.4 kg over 24 weeks, compared to 1.2 kg in the usual care group. After adjustment, the difference in weight loss between the groups was approximately 7.5 kg.

The benefits were not just limited to body weight and blood sugar. MRI scans showed that participants in the intervention group lost more than 9% of their liver fat and more than 24% of their visceral fat, which is the fat stored around internal organs.

Their physical fitness improved, grip strength increased, and blood pressure and resting heart rate declined. Participants also reported fewer symptoms of depressed mood, distress and better quality of life.

Importance Of Strength Training

Also read: 90-Year-Old Japanese Bodybuilder Says He Has Never Fallen Sick, Shares How He Maintains Muscle Strength

One of the important aspects of the programme was its focus on preserving muscle during rapid weight loss. Losing weight through severe calorie restriction can reduce both body fat as well as mass, which includes muscle. Researchers wanted to determine whether adding resistance training could help participants lose fat while maintaining muscle.

Lead author Dr Kaberi Dasgupta, professor of medicine and director of the Division of General Internal Medicine at McGill University, told Fox News Digital, "Our study shows that it is possible to combine a low-calorie diet with supervised exercise in young adults with type 2 diabetes," she said.

"There has previously been some concern about combining the two as being too much of a burden for people. However, people in our study stayed in our study."

Explaining the role of exercise in the results, Dasgupta said, "In our study, we think the diet provoked the weight loss, and exercise helped make sure it was [not] from muscle."

She added, "We were happy and surprised that not only did people lose fat from their organs and liver, our MRI studies indicated their muscle did not decrease at all and their handgrip strength went up."

The researchers also focused on muscle preservation. "Our findings demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of combining structured aerobic and resistance exercise with a low energy diet in early onset type 2 diabetes, supporting its potential to deliver substantial and holistic health and well-being benefits alongside diabetes remission."

However, the trial did not include a separate group following the low-calorie diet without exercise. Therefore, researchers could not establish how much of the muscle preservation and fitness improvement was specifically due to exercise.

Dasgupta acknowledged this limitation and said, "The main limitation is that we had to compare the diet plus exercise with usual care," she said. "We would have liked to compare diet alone against diet and exercise to perfectly prove the point that the improvements in muscle and fitness were from the exercise."