For those who have not experienced a migraine, perhaps it would seem just another headache. But for someone like me who has suffered through migraines that will last over a week even with medication, I can definitely tell you that it's much more. The ache is not confined to the head; it's the whole experience. Nausea, sensitivity to light, and throbs so bad it makes simple tasks unbearable. It also comes with an emotional burden—the loneliness and frustration are pretty unbearable. Through the years, realizing how hormones are also implicated in triggering and exacerbating my migraines has helped change the game in my dealing with these episodes.

What are Hormonal Migraines?

Hormonal migraines are caused by fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone, the two main female hormones. These hormones are essential for the reproductive system, regulating menstrual cycles and pregnancy. They also have an effect on brain chemicals, such as serotonin and dopamine, which affect mood and pain perception. When hormone levels fluctuate, such as during menstruation, pregnancy, or menopause, they can destabilize the pathways in the brain, causing migraines.

According to Dr. Shivananda Pai, Consultant Neurology, migraines are more than a neurological disorder. "Migraines represent a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors. In women, hormonal fluctuations are a critical trigger that amplifies sensitivity to pain," he explains. Hormonal headaches are particularly challenging because they are influenced by multiple life stages, from puberty to post-menopause. Common causes include:

• Menstrual periods: Estrogen levels significantly drop just before menstruation often triggers a migraine.
• Pregnancy: Hormones can act to relieve symptoms or aggravate them during different times of pregnancy.
• Menopause: The hormonal fluctuation during menopause can intensify a migraine, while some women tend to find relief.
• Hormonal therapies: Birth control and HRT tend to level off hormone balances in some individuals but will exacerbate a migraine in others.

Complex Role of Hormones in Women’s Neurological Health

Estrogen and Neurological Health

Estrogen, often called the "hormone of femininity", does more than regulate reproductive functions. It is a powerful influencer of brain health. Estrogen modulates the activity of neurotransmitters like serotonin, which regulates mood and pain perception, and dopamine, associated with reward and pleasure.

During stages of hormonal stability, like in pregnancy's latter months, women may have fewer migraines because of the steady elevation of estrogen. However, a sudden downfall in estrogen destabilizes these chemicals in the brain, sending a heightened sensitivity for migraine triggers.

Menstrual Migraines

The most common form of hormonal migraines is menstrual migraines, which occur in response to the steep decline in estrogen levels just before menstruation. These are typically more intense and less responsive to standard treatment. The timing of these migraines provides clear evidence of the role hormones play in neurological health.

Pregnancy and Hormonal Shifts

Pregnancy is a rollercoaster of hormones. Although many women experience relief from migraines as a result of the constantly elevated levels of estrogen, some women, particularly in the first trimester, worsen. This individual variability is a characteristic of hormonal migraine triggers.

Hormonal Therapies and Management of Migraine

Hormonal treatments, such as oral contraceptives and HRT, have had mixed reviews regarding their use in managing migraine. Some women fare better with the stabilization the treatment provides, whereas others suffer worsening symptoms. This will depend on the nature and dose of the hormones used.

Post-Menopause: Migraine Remission or Continued Struggles?

For most women, menopause brings relief from their migraines. The decline in frequency and severity often accompanies stability in hormone levels. Even so, the susceptibility remains with some towards other forms of triggers including stress and sleep deprivation, not to forget diet-related factors and continues the saga of migraines well after the menopausal stages.

Effect on Neurological Health Due to Hormonal Changes

The relationship of hormones to neurological health goes beyond migraines. Hormonal changes have profound effects on a woman's brain in general.

Mood Disorders: Estrogen helps stabilize mood by regulating serotonin. Its decline at menopause increases the risk of mood swings and depression.

Neurodegenerative Diseases: Estrogen is neuroprotective, stimulating the growth and repair of brain cells. Its absence in post-menopausal women has been associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease and cognitive decline.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS): Hormonal cycles may affect the course of MS, a disease that occurs more frequently in women than in men. Estrogen's anti-inflammatory effects provide transient protection during pregnancy, reducing relapse rates in women with MS.

"The intricate interplay between hormones and neurological health underscores the need for gender-specific treatment approaches," says Dr. Pai.

Managing Hormonal Migraines: Practical Strategies

While hormonal changes are inevitable, several strategies can help manage migraines effectively:

1. Tracking Your Cycle

Understanding your menstrual cycle can help identify patterns and predict when migraines might occur. This knowledge allows for preventive measures, such as scheduling medications or adjusting lifestyle habits.

2. Consulting Specialists

Working with a neurologist or gynecologist can help develop a personalized treatment plan. Options might include hormonal therapies, triptans, or preventive medications tailored to your specific needs.

3. Adopting a Healthy Lifestyle

A well-balanced diet, regular exercise, and stress management are all integral parts of managing migraines. For instance, magnesium-rich foods and hydration can help reduce the frequency and severity of attacks.

4. Exploring Preventive Therapies

For people with severe or frequent migraines, preventive medications, such as beta-blockers or CGRP inhibitors, may be prescribed. These medications stabilize brain activity and therefore reduce the chances of migraine during hormonal fluctuations.

5. Mind-Body Techniques

Techniques like yoga, meditation, and biofeedback can enhance wellness and reduce the debilitating effects of stress-one of the most common migraine triggers.

Research that was once in its embryonic stage continues to shed more light on the role of hormones in migraines and other neurological conditions. Further breakthroughs in genetic testing might enable doctors to predict, at least in a way, how an individual would react to hormonal therapies. The importance of gender-specific approaches is gradually being realized, which involves differentiating between the plight of women with migraines from others.

As Dr. Pai puts it, "Empowering women with knowledge about the hormonal underpinnings of migraines can lead to better, more personalized care. With the right strategies, migraines can be effectively managed, allowing women to lead fuller, healthier lives.

Migraines are not headaches; they are a complex neurological condition that deeply impacts the lives of millions of women. Understanding the role of hormones in triggering and exacerbating migraines is a vital step toward better management and relief.

Awareness, proactive care, and advances in medical research can help women regain their lives from the grip of hormonal migraines. Whether tracking cycles, adopting healthier habits, or seeking tailored medical care, every step taken toward understanding and managing migraines is a step toward empowerment.

Dr Shivananda Pai is a Consultant Neurology at KMC Hospital Dr B R Ambedkar Circle in Mangalore, India.

Brandes JL. The Influence of Estrogen on Migraine: A Systematic Review. JAMA. 2006;295(15):1824–1830. doi:10.1001/jama.295.15.1824

Sacco S, Ricci S, Degan D, Carolei A. Migraine in women: the role of hormones and their impact on vascular diseases. J Headache Pain. 2012 Apr;13(3):177-89. doi: 10.1007/s10194-012-0424-y. Epub 2012 Feb 26. PMID: 22367631; PMCID: PMC3311830.

While thalassemia is known widely as a blood disorder, its impact can extend far beyond anemia and transfusions, said experts on World Thalassemia Day today.

World Thalassemia Day is observed every year on May 8 to raise awareness about the inherited blood disorder caused by faulty genes.

The disorder, which often requires blood transfusions every fortnight, affects approximately 1.3 million people living with severe forms of thalassemia worldwide. About 1.5 percent of the global population is carriers, and the disease claims nearly 11,000 lives annually.

Speaking to HealthandMe, health experts raised concerns about the growing mental health and neurological challenges faced by patients, especially children and young adults living with the condition.

Dr. Praveen Gupta, Chairman – Marengo Asia International Institute of Neuro & Spine (MAIINS), Gurugram, shared that repeated blood transfusions are important and save the lives of thalassemia patients, but long-term transfusion therapy can potentially lead to neurological complications if not properly monitored.

“Chronic transfusions can cause iron overload, which is the accumulation of iron in critical organs such as the brain, and may impact cognitive and psychological function, as well as mood,” Dr. Gupta explained.

He added that "changes in oxygen supply and related complications may make patients more vulnerable to headaches, lethargy, or even undetected brain injury".

However, experts stress that most neurological complications can be prevented through multidisciplinary care, iron chelation therapy, and regular monitoring.

Can Thalassemia Affect Brain Development in Children?

The expert stated that thalassemia may also indirectly affect brain development in children, particularly when severe anemia continues for long periods and limits oxygen supply to the growing brain.

Dr. Gupta noted that poor oxygenation, nutritional deficiencies, iron overload from repeated transfusions, and metabolic complications may affect:

• Cognitive function
• Learning ability
• Attention span
• Overall neurodevelopment
• Early warning signs may include:
• Delayed speech
• Difficulty concentrating
• Poor school performance
• Frequent headaches
• Irritability
• Developmental delays

Also read: World Thalassemia Day 2026: Why Screening Before Marriage Or Pregnancy Is Important

Early Signs Parents Should Not Ignore

Dr. Vipin Khandelwal, Sr. Consultant Paediatric Haemato Oncology & BMT at Apollo Hospitals Navi Mumbai, told HealthandMe that thalassemia affects the blood’s ability to carry oxygen, and prolonged disruption can impact growth, immunity, bone health, and learning abilities.

“The early signs of thalassemia are often subtle, which is why many families miss them until anemia becomes severe,” he said.

Parents should watch for persistent symptoms such as:

• Unusual tiredness
• Pale appearance
• Poor appetite
• Difficulty gaining weight
• Delayed growth
• Delayed walking or speech
• Reduced stamina
• Bone pain
• Recurrent weakness

He stressed that while thalassemia is inherited, many serious complications can be prevented with early diagnosis, regular check-ups, timely transfusions, and proper iron monitoring.

Why Depression and Anxiety Are Common Among Thalassemics?

Read More: Hantavirus Updates Of The Day: 8 May 2026 - US CDC Classifies Outbreak As 'Level 3' Emergency

Further, the experts also highlighted risk of anxiety, stress, low self-esteem, and depression among people with thalassemia who face lifelong blood transfusions, frequent hospital visits, leading to physical fatigue, and fear of complications. Over time, these challenges may increase, many often go unnoticed or untreated.

Dr. Roshan Dikshit, Senior Consultant, Haematology & Bone Marrow Transplant at Aakash Healthcare, told HealthandMe that thalassemia is not only a physical health condition, but also an emotional and psychological challenge. He stressed the need to provide mental support to thalassemic patients.

“Frequent hospital visits, lifelong blood transfusions, fear of complications, and social limitations can increase the risk of anxiety, stress, and depression, especially among teenagers and young adults,” said Dr. Roshan Dikshit, Senior Consultant, Haematology & Bone Marrow Transplant at Aakash Healthcare.

According to Dr. Dikshit, many patients struggle with:

• Low self-esteem
• Isolation
• Emotional fatigue.

Importantly, these emotional challenges often go unnoticed.

“Mental health support should be considered an essential part of thalassemia care. Counseling, family support, social acceptance, and open communication can significantly improve a patient’s emotional well-being and quality of life,” he said.

He also emphasized that early psychological intervention can help patients cope better with the disease and reduce the long-term mental health burden associated with chronic illness.

For most children, a swimming pool is all about fun: summer afternoons, splashing around, and playing with friends. It feels harmless, even healthy, and in many ways, it is. But over time, a small pattern has started to show up. Parents notice it after a swimming session: red eyes, constant rubbing, and sometimes complaints of burning or discomfort that were not there before. It does not always seem serious in the beginning, which is probably why it gets ignored. Still, it keeps happening often enough to be worth paying attention to.

In an interview with Health and Me, Dr Neeraj Sanduja, Director, Viaan Eye & Retina Centre, Gurugram, explained how swimming pool time could be giving your children eye infections.

What’s Really Causing the Problem

It is easy to assume the water is the issue, but that is only part of it. Most pools are treated with chlorine, which is necessary to keep them clean. The problem starts when chlorine mixes with other things that end up in the water: sweat, dirt, and even small amounts of urine. That mix creates compounds that can irritate the eyes.

Children are more likely to be affected because they spend more time in the water and often open their eyes while swimming. The natural layer that protects the eyes gets disturbed, and that is when the redness or burning starts. In some cases, it is not just irritation. If the pool is not maintained properly, there is also a risk of infections. Conjunctivitis, for example, can spread quite easily in shared water.

What Parents Usually Notice First

The signs are not always dramatic. In fact, they are easy to miss at first. A child may come back with slightly red eyes and say they sting a bit or keep rubbing them without thinking much of it. Sometimes there is watering that does not settle quickly.

If it is just mild irritation, it usually improves within a few hours. But if the redness stays, or there is itching, swelling, or discharge, it is likely to be something more than just chlorine exposure. That is usually the point at which it needs attention.

Small Things That Actually Help

The good part is that this is mostly preventable. Swimming goggles make a difference. Not everyone likes wearing them, especially younger children, but they do help keep the eyes protected. A proper fit matters; otherwise, water still gets in.

Rinsing the face and eyes with clean water after getting out of the pool is another simple step. It helps wash away whatever is left behind. Also, children tend to rub their eyes when they feel discomfort. That only makes things worse. It is a small habit, but one that needs to be corrected gently. And then there is the pool itself. A clean-looking pool is not always a safe one. Maintenance matters more than appearance.

When It Shouldn’t Be Ignored

Most of the time, these issues settle quickly, but not always. If the same problem keeps coming back after every swim, or if the symptoms last beyond a day, it is better to get it checked. Waiting it out does not always help. Children may not always explain clearly what they are feeling. So, small changes, like avoiding light or blinking more than usual, can be signs that something is not right.

Finding the Right Balance

Swimming is still one of the best activities for children. It keeps them active, helps them relax, and is something they genuinely enjoy. The idea is not to stop it, just to be a little more careful. A few small steps can go a long way in preventing discomfort later. And once that becomes part of the routine, the experience stays what it is meant to be: fun, safe, and worry-free.

Every year, millions of people around the world receive a cancer diagnosis—and nearly as many receive a flood of well-meaning but dangerously incorrect advice. From social media posts to family folklore, myths about cancer are pervasive, and they can delay treatment, fuel panic, or give false comfort when vigilance is needed. this crisis of misinformation at the clinical frontline. “Patients sometimes arrive having avoided medical care for months because they believed a natural remedy would suffice.

The World Health Organization estimates that between 30 and 50 percent of all cancers are preventable. Tobacco use, poor diet, physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, and certain infections together account for a large proportion of global cases. Awareness and early action are the most powerful tools available. Cancer is not one disease but over 100 distinct conditions, each with its own biology, risk factors, and treatment pathways. This complexity is part of why myths take hold so easily.

What is cancerism?

Dr Amish Vora, MBBS, MD, DNB, DM- AIIMS Delhi, Medical Oncologist, Director of H.O.P.E. Oncology Clinic, New Delhi, defines "cancerism" as encompassing three deeply interrelated phenomena:

Fear and Stigma: The pervasive fear and social stigma attached to a cancer diagnosis, which can cause patients to conceal their illness, avoid seeking help, and suffer in silence. Dr Vora argues this fear is often as damaging as the disease itself.

Misconceptions and Myths: The widespread false beliefs about cancer—its causes, treatment, and curability—that circulate through communities, social media, and word of mouth, leading patients to delay or abandon proven medical care.

Discrimination: The direct discrimination faced by cancer patients in workplaces, families, and communities—from job loss to social isolation—which compounds their suffering and undermines recovery.

“Cancerism is as real and as harmful as the cancer itself,” says Dr Vora. “Addressing it requires the same urgency we apply to developing new treatments. We cannot cure cancer in a society that is still afraid to say the word.”

Common Myths and Facts About Cancer

Drawing on his clinical experience and the framework of Cancerism, Dr Vora identifies the following as the most dangerous and persistent misconceptions he encounters:

Cancer is always fatal.

Many cancers are treatable. When caught early, 5-year survival rates exceed 90% for several types, including breast, skin, and prostate cancer.

Sugar directly feeds and grows cancer cells.

All cells use glucose for energy, not just cancer cells. Cutting out sugar will not starve a tumour. The science does not support this claim.

Cancer is purely genetic—if it runs in your family, you’ll get it.

Only 5-10% of cancers are hereditary. Lifestyle and environmental factors account for the vast majority of cases.

Biopsies and surgery cause cancer to spread.

There is no credible scientific evidence that biopsies cause cancer to spread. Avoiding or delaying diagnosis is far more dangerous.

A positive attitude alone can cure cancer.

Mental well-being and emotional support are important for quality of life, but they cannot replace evidence-based medical treatments.

Deodorants and antiperspirants cause breast cancer.

Major studies including those by the National Cancer Institute have found no link between antiperspirant use and breast cancer risk.

Cancer is not contagious—you can catch it from someone.

Cancer cannot be transmitted person to person. It is not an infectious disease. You cannot catch it through proximity or contact.

Mobile phones cause brain cancer.

Decades of research have found no conclusive evidence that mobile phone use causes brain tumours. Major health bodies concur on this.

Superfoods can prevent or cure cancer.

No single food has proven cancer-preventing or curative properties. A balanced overall diet reduces risk, but there are no miracle foods.

If you feel fine, you don’t have cancer.

Many cancers are asymptomatic in their early stages. Regular screening is the only reliable way to detect them before symptoms appear.