When was the last time you measured your waistline? If you assume that BMI is the only number to focus on when it comes to your health, think twice. New research has revealed a shocking revelation—your waist circumference might be a far better predictor of men's cancer risk than BMI.

The study finds that for each 4-inch increase in waist size, a man's risk of cancer increases by a staggering 25%. Meanwhile, BMI, commonly regarded as the gold standard for assessing obesity, raises cancer risk by only 19% for the same weight gain. So, if you've been dismissing that pesky belly fat, it's time to take notice.

But why is your waistline so important? The reason is visceral fat—the hidden, deep fat that accumulates around your organs. Unlike other body fat, visceral fat is a stealthy troublemaker, causing inflammation, insulin resistance, and abnormal blood fat levels—all of which combine to create a cancer-perfect storm.

Obesity has been associated with an increased risk of numerous health conditions, including cancer, for decades. The research, though, indicates that a specific measure of the body—waist circumference—may be an even more reliable forecaster of cancer risk in men than the more frequently employed Body Mass Index (BMI). This finding emphasizes the need to pay particular attention to the distribution of fat and not merely to the weight of the body.

BMI has been the go-to measure for years for gauging health risks related to obesity. New research, though, that appears in The Journal of the National Cancer Institute indicates that waist measurement is a better predictor of cancer risk in men. According to the research, four more inches (10 cm) around the waist will add 25% to a man's cancer risk. Conversely, a 3.7 kg/m² rise in BMI (from a BMI of 24 to 27.7) increased cancer risk by only 19%.

Why is waist circumference a better predictor, then? Unlike BMI, which measures weight relative to height, waist circumference actually measures abdominal fat—specifically, visceral fat. This type of fat encircles internal organs and is also linked to higher levels of inflammation, insulin resistance, and abnormal blood lipids, all of which are factors in cancer growth. BMI, however, does not measure fat distribution, so two individuals with the same BMI can have very different levels of health risk depending on where fat is deposited on their bodies.

Why Men Are at Higher Risk?

Interestingly, the research identified a significant difference between men and women when it came to waist circumference and cancer risk. Although waist circumference and BMI were linked with obesity-related cancers in women, the relationship was weaker than for men. An increase of 12 cm (4.7 inches) in waist size or a 4.3 rise in BMI (from 24 to 28.3) raised the cancer risk in women by just 13%—a much lower percentage than for men.

Experts credit this difference to the way that fat is stored in the body. Men are more likely to carry fat around the abdomen, especially as visceral fat, which is more metabolically active and associated with cancer-producing biological alterations. Women, by contrast, store fat in peripheral sites such as the hips and thighs, where it is less likely to drive systemic inflammation and metabolic disturbances.

A possible reason is that men tend to depot fat more in the visceral regions, whereas women tend to carry more subcutaneous and peripheral fat," wrote the researchers. "This may render waist circumference a more robust risk factor for cancer in men and account for why waist circumference provides additional risk information beyond BMI in men but not women."

Cancer Types Most Linked to Abdominal Fat

The research used the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) data to define obesity-related cancers. These cancers are esophageal (adenocarcinoma), gastric (cardia), colorectal, rectal, liver, gallbladder, pancreatic, renal, and thyroid cancers, and multiple myeloma and meningioma. In men, abdominal obesity is especially significant in raising the risk of these cancers through high levels of insulin and markers of inflammation.

For women, the research proposes that both waist circumference and hip circumference may give a more accurate estimate of visceral fat and cancer risk. "Adding hip circumference to risk models could strengthen the link between waist circumference and cancer, especially in women," researchers observed.

What This Means for Men's Health and Cancer Prevention?

With these results, doctors advise men to be more mindful of their waistline than only their BMI. Waist size is an easy method to gauge health risk, and its maintenance through lifestyle changes might be the key to cancer prevention.

How To Reduce Cancer Risk In Men?

Track Your Waist Size: Regularly measure your waist circumference and try to keep it in a healthy range (below 40 inches for men, according to medical advice).

Eat a Balanced Diet: A diet containing high fiber, lean protein, and healthy fats can assist in limiting visceral fat gain.

Exercise Consistently: Regular exercise with a combination of aerobic and strength training will help maintain a healthy waistline.

Control Stress and Sleep: Persistent stress and inadequate sleep tend to cause weight gain, especially in the midsection of the body.

Regular Health Screenings: Early identification of cancer risk factors through regular screening can greatly enhance long-term health status.

Semaglutide, a well-known drug for diabetes and weight loss, commonly referred to as Ozempic, has been found to help patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) walk longer distances. PAD is a circulatory condition where narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to the limbs due to plaque buildup. This condition is particularly common among individuals with diabetes.

A study published in The Lancet demonstrated that administering 1 mg of semaglutide to adults with type 2 diabetes and symptomatic PAD led to a 13% increase in their walking distance compared to those given a placebo. The drug was also associated with an improvement in ankle-brachial indices, a key test that compares blood pressure in the ankle to that in the arm, assessing blood flow in the lower limbs. The results of the STRIDE trial were presented at the American College of Cardiology Annual Meeting on March 29. The research was funded by Novo Nordisk, the manufacturer of Ozempic.

Beyond Blood Sugar Levels

The significance of this study lies in its demonstration of semaglutide's multifaceted protective effects beyond just improving blood sugar levels and aiding weight loss. Previous findings have already established its role in reducing the risk of cardiovascular events, benefiting kidney health, and even helping lower certain addictive behaviors.

Understanding Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)PAD occurs when arteries narrow, restricting blood flow to the arms and legs. It is one of the most serious complications of diabetes and a leading cause of disability and amputation. More than 230 million people worldwide are affected by PAD, and there are currently no medical treatments available that can prevent or slow down its complications in diabetics.

Experts emphasize that PAD is a persistent and highly debilitating disease for which no current therapies exist. Patients suffering from PAD often experience severe limitations in their ability to function and walk without pain. As the condition progresses, some individuals may require interventions such as revascularization surgery, which aims to restore blood supply to the legs. In extreme cases, limb amputation may become necessary.

Semaglutide As A Potential Solution

Medical professionals point out that functional impairment in individuals with PAD is often overlooked in its early stages despite the severe disability it causes. The findings of the STRIDE trial are particularly promising as they indicate that semaglutide’s benefits on maximum walking distance were noticeable at 26 weeks and continued to improve up to 52 weeks without reaching a plateau. This suggests that semaglutide could be a viable long-term therapy option for PAD patients.

Experts further highlight that amputation is one of the most feared complications of diabetes and is significantly more common in diabetic individuals than in those without the condition. The findings of this study offer a ray of hope in addressing this pressing issue.

Following the trial’s promising results, Novo Nordisk has submitted a label extension application for Ozempic to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). If approved, this could mark a major breakthrough in the treatment of PAD, potentially offering a new medical option for millions affected by the disease.

As per the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) National Health Measures Survey, 1 in 15 Australian adults is living with diabetes. The ABS also included the details on the number of Australians who showed signs of kidney disease, vitamin D deficiencies and other potential chronic illnesses.

The survey also noted a total 6.6% of Australians over the age of 18 have diabetes. There is also an increase of 1.5% when compared to a decade ago.

What Is Diabetes?

Diabetes is a long-term condition that happens when there is too much sugar in your bloodstream. This is because your body is unable to process it correctly. When someone is diabetes-free, the pancreas produce a hormone called insulin that helps move sugar into the cells of the body. However, with someone with diabetes, the pancreas either does not make enough insulin or the body does not use it well. This leads to sugar build up in the blood.

Increasing Prevalence of Diabetes

Diabetes has become a significant health challenge in Australia, with the number of diagnosed individuals rising to 1.3 million between 2000 and 2021. Data from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) shows that men are more likely to have diabetes than women. Additionally, adults living in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas are at a higher risk of developing the condition. These figures highlight the growing burden of diabetes on individuals and healthcare systems nationwide.

Apart from diagnosed cases, an estimated 500,000 Australians may be living with undiagnosed type 2 diabetes. The National Health Measures Survey also found that 2.7% of adults are at high risk of developing diabetes. The prevalence of undiagnosed cases suggests a need for increased awareness, screening, and early intervention to prevent complications.

What Could Be The Risk Factors?

Several health risk factors contribute to diabetes, including a high body mass index (BMI), large waist circumference, smoking, and high blood pressure. Individuals with diabetes are more likely to exhibit multiple risk factors compared to those without the condition. However, data also shows that 88.9% of people with diabetes are non-smokers, and 70.5% maintain normal blood pressure levels. These findings align with the management goals set by the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners.

How Can Diabetes Be Managed?

Lifestyle and dietary changes can significantly reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Research indicates that up to 58% of cases can be delayed or prevented through healthier choices. However, approximately 42% of cases are linked to genetic factors, making prevention challenging for some individuals. Reducing the stigma around diabetes is essential to encourage at-risk individuals to seek medical advice and support without fear of judgment.

Cholesterol and Vitamin D Deficiency Trends

The AIHW health survey also examined cholesterol levels and vitamin D deficiencies among Australians. Around 30.2% of adults have high cholesterol, with women more likely to be affected than men. Additionally, 17.8% of adults have cholesterol levels close to abnormal.

High-density lipoprotein (HDL), often referred to as "good cholesterol," plays a crucial role in transporting cholesterol to the liver for breakdown. However, 14.9% of Australians have an abnormally low HDL level, increasing their risk of heart disease and stroke.

Seasonal Variations in Vitamin D Levels

Vitamin D deficiency is another widespread health concern, affecting 20.6% of adults. Seasonal variations impact deficiency rates, with 26.1% of adults experiencing low vitamin D levels in winter, compared to 15.5% in summer. Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption, bone health, and muscle function, and severe deficiencies can lead to brittle bones and other health issues.

Pain is the body’s way of signaling that something is wrong. In most cases, pain fades once the underlying issue heals. However, for millions of people, pain becomes a constant companion, lasting for months or even years. This condition, known as chronic pain, not only affects physical health but also has a profound impact on emotional well-being.

Current studies emphasize the strong link between chronic pain and mental illness such as anxiety and depression. Individuals suffering from long-term pain tend to be stuck in a vicious cycle of fear, stress, and emotional distress. But how does chronic pain actually lead to deteriorating mental health, and how can the cycle be stopped?

For over 45 million Americans, chronic pain is a way of life. Although physical pain is the most visible symptom, its impact reaches far beyond the physical body. Chronic pain is frequently accompanied by psychological distress, as many victims experience anxiety and depression caused by their illness.

As per Dr. Ravi Kesari, a general medicine specialist, "Chronic pain and mental illness tend to exacerbate each other. Patients have disturbed sleep patterns, increased mental tension, and depression-like symptoms. This forms a vicious circle in which pain causes emotional distress, which further increases the perception of pain."

This cycle is especially seen in conditions like:

Fibromyalgia – A syndrome of widespread pain, fatigue, and cognitive difficulty.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) – A bowel condition frequently associated with stress and tension.

Lower Back Pain – Prolonged pain in the lower back, often accompanied by decreased mobility and depression.

Migraine and Nerve Pain – Prolonged headaches and nerve pain that interfere with daily functioning.

Research indicates that two-thirds of IBS sufferers experience anxiety symptoms, and 65% of patients with depression exhibit chronic pain symptoms. This commonality indicates that mental illness not only heightens sensitivity to pain but also complicates recovery.

How Stress of Chronic Pain Can Rewires Your Brain?

When a person hurts, the body releases stress chemicals such as cortisol and adrenaline to assist in the regulation of pain. Such hormones are helpful during short-term occurrences, but once pain persists over time, continued exposure to stress hormones alters brain chemistry.

"Chronic pain leads to chronic stress, and that changes the neurochemicals in the brain that control mood, thought processes, and behavior," explains Dr. Kesari. "That's why people with chronic pain tend to be irritable, angry, or drained of emotions."

Chronic exposure to stress hormones can cause:

Heightened anxiety and fear reactions, making people excessively careful about everyday activities.

Depression, as serotonin and dopamine levels decrease—two neurotransmitters that produce happiness and motivation.

Cognitive impairment, including problems concentrating, remembering, or deciding.

Pain, Anxiety, and the Fear of Movement

Another very frequent mental impact of chronic pain is kinesiophobia, or fear of movement. Individuals with chronic pain tend to avoid movement for fear of making their pain worse. This avoidance behavior can cause stiffness in the muscles, loss of mobility, and increased pain over time.

For example, a person with chronic back pain might try to avoid exercising, which would further weaken muscles and worsen their condition. This pattern of avoidance and worsened pain begets a spiraling sense of helplessness that further fuels anxiety and mood shifts.

"Anxiety is an understandable reaction to chronic pain," says Dr. Kesari. "People become concerned about what pain will mean for their lives, so tasks that are minor—such as shopping for groceries or socializing—become overwhelming."

Daily Struggles and Self-Esteem Loss

Chronic pain does not only impact mood; it is able to significantly modify the way an individual perceives himself. Most of those who have chronic pain struggle with simple activities such as exiting bed, dressing up, or personal hygiene. Failing to do so by oneself may cause the individual to feel inadequate, frustrated, and socially withdrawn.

As Dr. Kesari describes, "Patients tend to feel ill at ease in social situations because they view their condition as a restriction. This adds to low self-esteem and exacerbates mental illness such as depression."

Considering the complex connection between chronic pain and mental well-being, both physical and emotional welfare must be treated.

Dr. Kesari stresses, "Healthcare providers need to take a whole-body approach to treating chronic pain. That involves coupling conventional pain management with mental health care to break the cycle between pain and emotional distress."

Some strategies that have been found to be effective are:

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) – A type of psychotherapy that enables people to deal with negative thought processes and respond to pain.

Physical Therapy & Movement-Based Practices – Gentle exercise, like tai chi or yoga, decreases pain and alleviates fear of movement.

Medication Management – Painkillers can be beneficial, but only as part of a combination of holistic therapies to prevent dependency.

Stress-Reduction Techniques – Techniques such as meditation, deep breathing, and mindfulness assist in balancing stress hormones.

Social Support & Therapy Groups – Sharing experiences with others who live with chronic pain has been shown to combat the sense of isolation and offer emotional support.

Chronic pain is not merely a physical condition—it has a powerful impact on mental health, causing anxiety, depression, and extreme lifestyle constraints. But knowledge of the interlinkage of pain and emotional health can encourage proactive measures toward improved general well-being.

Dr Ravi Kesari is MBBS, MD- General Medicine at Apollo Spectra Hospital, Bangalore in India