We’ve all heard the joke at some point — women take longer in the bathroom because they “pee more.” But is there any truth behind this bathroom stereotype? As it turns out, science is more complex than that, and the answer lies deep within the structure of our kidneys.

Biologically speaking, men generally have larger kidneys than women. But does that mean they produce more urine? Not necessarily.

A recent review of autopsy data has revealed some interesting findings. While men do tend to have physically larger kidneys, researchers aren’t entirely sure if this difference holds up once body size — such as height, weight, or body surface area (BSA) — is taken into account. In other words, just because a man has a bigger kidney doesn’t automatically mean it's more efficient or produces more urine.

Size Doesn’t Always Equal Output

However, here's where it gets interesting: When kidney size is adjusted relative to body size, men may not actually have significantly larger kidneys than women. And in clinical settings, women often show better kidney health outcomes over time. Studies suggest that women are less likely to develop or progress to chronic kidney disease (CKD), even though they may report more frequent urination.

So Why Do Women Feel the Urge More Often?

Hormonal fluctuations during menstruation, pregnancy, or menopause also play a significant role in urinary patterns. Estrogen, for instance, affects the urinary tract and can make women more sensitive to the urge to go.

What It All Means

Ultimately, urination is a deeply personal — and variable — experience. If you find yourself making more frequent bathroom visits than usual, regardless of gender, it might be worth discussing with a healthcare provider.

Because when it comes to your health, every drop matters.

Abnormal sleeping patterns, whether excessive or brief, can significantly increase your risk of developing chronic liver disease, an EMJ study suggests.

Sleep duration has previously been linked to worsening your chances of Type 2 diabetes; obesity; cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, stroke, heart attack; mental disorders such as depression, anxiety; weakened immune system and potentially contributing to neurological conditions such as dementia.

However, researchers have now also found that sleep disruption may intensify existing stress on the liver which can worsen metabolism and pave the way for disease progression.

The authors noted that poor sleeping habits may influence liver health for multiple reasons including by altering glucose metabolism, increasing inflammation and disrupt circadian rhythms that regulate liver function.

"Participants who reported consistently short sleep duration were more likely to have elevated liver enzymes and higher fibrosis risk scores compared with those reporting moderate sleep duration. Long sleep duration was also associated with adverse liver markers, though the relationship was weaker than that observed for short sleep," the study noted.

Despite discovering links, the involved researchers noted that the study only highlighted sleep as a potential factor that could worsen liver function along with other lifestyle reasons and did not act as a clear cause.

Why Is Chronic Liver Disease A Concern?

Once a rare condition, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) now affects one in three Indians. A JAMA study has now found that about 40 percent of the global population is now suffering from NAFLD, with abdominal obesity identified as its single biggest risk factor.

Researchers found that nearly 70 percent of people with Type 2 diabetes and about 80 percent of those with obesity are affected by NAFLD. They also discovered that NAFLD prevalence is higher in men than in women, with rates of 15,731 per 100,000 population in men compared with 14,310 in women.

READ MORE: This Deadly Liver Disease Is Affecting People In Their 20s And This One Symptom Is The Red Flag

Between 2010 and 2021, India recorded a 13.2 percent increase in age-standardized prevalence, ranking just behind China at 16.9 percent and Sudan at 13.3 percent. Additionally, the disease peaks earlier in men, between 45 and 49 years of age, while women show the highest prevalence between 50 and 54 years.

NAFLD, now called as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), is when excess fat builds up in the liver, unrelated to heavy alcohol use, due to obesity, Type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and cholesterol.

It ranges from simple fat accumulation to inflammation and damage, which can progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis or liver cancer, The disease often has no symptoms and is managed with lifestyle changes such as diet and weight loss.

Why Is NAFLD on the rise?

Poor diets (high carbs/sugar), sedentary habits and rising obesity are some of the key reasons why an uptick in NAFLD cases has been seen pan-India. Increased intake of refined carbs, sugary drinks, processed foods and unhealthy fats can increase the risk of obesity, diabetes, hypertension and high cholesterol which can pave the way for this liver disease.

Experts also note that working long hours at desks without any proper physical activity can lead to weight gain and fat accumulation in the liver.

According to the Union Health Ministry, the prevalence of the condition could be in the range of 9-53 percent. Multiple other health studies also suggest nearly 40 percent of urban Indians may have some form of fatty liver disease

Hepatologist Dr Cyriac Abby Philips, popularly known as LiverDoc on social media, noted on X that many patients do not realize that timely lifestyle changes can completely reverse the condition. “All it takes is being in charge of your body and health. No shortcuts—go slow and steady,” he wrote.

If left untreated, NAFLD can progress to Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH), where liver inflammation begins. Over time, this inflammation can lead to scarring of the liver, known as fibrosis. Advanced fibrosis results in cirrhosis, which severely affects liver function.

NAFLD can also increase the risk of chronic liver disease, liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Many patients diagnosed with liver cancer have a history of untreated fatty liver.

The NHS is urging millions of people across the UK to take vitamin D to support overall health, but experts say certain symptoms should not be ignored. In a post shared on X, an NHS spokesperson said: “From October to March we can’t make enough vitamin D from sunlight, so to keep bones and muscles healthy, it’s best to take a daily 10 microgram supplement of vitamin D. You can get vitamin D from most pharmacies and retailers.”

While health professionals agree that vitamin D supplementation is important for many people, especially during the colder months, they stress that it should be taken carefully.

Why Does Sunlight Matter For Vitamin D Production?

Sunlight plays a crucial role in how the body makes vitamin D. UVB rays trigger a reaction in the skin that converts a compound called 7-dehydrocholesterol into vitamin D3. This form of vitamin D is essential for absorbing calcium, maintaining strong bones, and supporting the immune system.

As sunlight in the UK is not strong enough between autumn and early spring, the government advises everyone to consider taking a daily supplement of 10 micrograms, or 400 IU. Relying on food alone is often not enough to meet daily needs during this period.

Expert Warns Too Much Vitamin D Can Backfire

Biomedical scientist Tobias Mapulanga, who co-founded Repose Healthcare, has warned that some people may be taking more vitamin D than their bodies can handle. He explained that as winter advice circulates, many people add tablets, sprays, or gummies without realising they are doubling up.

He said that symptoms such as constant thirst, needing the toilet more often, nausea, stomach discomfort or constipation, headaches, mental fog, and new aches or cramps can appear soon after increasing vitamin D intake. These signs are often mistaken for winter illnesses, when they may actually point to excess supplementation.

“The message is simple,” he added. “The right dose helps, but taking too much can leave you feeling worse, not better.”

High-Dose Supplements Raise Safety Concerns

Research shows that 42% of UK adults reported taking vitamin D supplements in the past year. However, an investigation by Which? found some vitamin D products on sale contained doses as high as 12.5 times the recommended safe upper limit.

NHS England also logged 42 incidents over a two-year period where high-strength vitamin D was given more often than intended. Some of these cases led to hospital treatment for hypercalcaemia, a condition caused by too much calcium in the blood, according to reports from Bristol Live.

Stop Taking Vitamin D If You Notice These Warning Signs

1. Ongoing thirst and frequent trips to the toilet

If you suddenly feel unusually thirsty or find yourself urinating more often after starting vitamin D, it may be a sign you’re overdoing it. Cut back to a single 10 microgram tablet and stop using any additional vitamin D products if this happens.

Too much vitamin D can disrupt fluid and salt balance in the body, leaving you dehydrated and running to the bathroom. Check labels carefully and remove multivitamins, sprays, gummies, and fortified foods or drinks that also contain vitamin D.

Keep water close by and sip regularly while your body settles. Stay well below the upper limit of 100 micrograms, keep just one product visible, and put the rest out of sight to avoid accidental doubling.

2. Nausea, excessive burping, or stomach discomfort

Feeling sick, bloated, or dealing with an upset stomach after taking vitamin D suggests it isn’t agreeing with you. Try taking your supplement with a full meal and switch from sprays or gummies to a plain D3 tablet if symptoms persist.

Food helps protect the stomach lining, while sprays and gummies often contain sweeteners or flavourings that can irritate digestion. Choose a simple cholecalciferol tablet with minimal ingredients and reduce the dose to 10 micrograms.

Avoid fortified shakes or energy drinks until your stomach feels normal again.

3. New muscle cramps or bone aches

If you notice more aches in your bones or frequent muscle cramps after starting vitamin D, take it as a signal to reassess. Lower your dose and focus on staying well hydrated while eating mineral-rich foods.

Excess vitamin D can interfere with mineral balance, which muscles rely on, and dehydration can make cramping worse. Drink water with meals and include yoghurt, leafy greens, beans, and bananas in your diet.

Gentle stretching and short walks can ease stiffness. Stick to one 10 microgram supplement and avoid adding anything else until symptoms improve.

4. Brain fog or headaches

Trouble concentrating or recurring headaches can be signs that your vitamin D intake is too high. Replace multivitamins or high-strength products with a single 10 microgram D3 tablet.

High doses can raise calcium levels, and extra additives found in combined supplements may affect clarity of thought. Choose a product that contains only cholecalciferol and basic fillers.

Take it with food at the same time each day for consistency and better digestion. Avoid combined vitamin A and D products and focus on one simple supplement.

To prevent accidental overuse, review everything you take that contains vitamin D. Spread out all tablets, sprays, gummies, and fortified foods, and read each label carefully. Convert IU to micrograms by dividing by 40 to make totals easier to track.

Discard any extras and stick to one daily 10 microgram source. Keep a note of symptoms such as thirst, frequent urination, stomach upset, cramps, or mental fog to see how they relate to your intake.

For decades, iodine deficiency was a serious public health concern in India. Conditions like goitre and other iodine-related disorders were widespread until the nationwide introduction of iodised salt changed the picture. The move is widely seen as a major health success, preventing thyroid problems on a large scale.

Due to this, iodine has come to be almost inseparable from conversations around thyroid health. While its role is vital, doctors now caution that focusing on iodine alone can give a false sense of security.

“The thyroid is often misunderstood as a simple gland that switches on with iodine,” says Dr. Narendra BS, Lead Consultant – Endocrinology and Diabetology at Aster Whitefield. “In reality, it is a complex hormone-producing system that depends on several nutrients and physiological processes working together.”

Thyroid Does Not Run On Iodine Alone

The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism, energy levels, body temperature, and even mood. Iodine is required to make these hormones, but it is only one step in a longer chain.

According to Dr. Narendra, problems can still arise even when iodine intake is adequate. “Hormone production and activation involve multiple stages. If other nutrients are lacking or the body is under stress, thyroid function can suffer despite normal iodine consumption,” he explains.

Nutrients That Quietly Support Thyroid Function

Several nutrients play supporting roles in keeping the thyroid healthy. Selenium is needed to activate thyroid hormones into their usable form. Iron is essential for hormone production itself, which is why thyroid disorders and anaemia often occur together. Zinc contributes to hormone synthesis, while adequate protein levels help transport thyroid hormones through the bloodstream.

“When these nutrients are missing, patients may continue to experience symptoms even though they are using iodised salt regularly,” Dr. Narendra notes.

Diet Patterns Matter More

Modern eating habits can also place strain on the thyroid. Very restrictive diets, frequent meal skipping, or cutting out entire food groups can disrupt hormonal balance. Diets heavy in ultra-processed foods may increase inflammation and worsen overall metabolic health, indirectly affecting thyroid function.

“A varied, balanced diet supports not just the thyroid, but the entire endocrine system,” says Dr. Narendra. “Nutrition should be looked at as a whole, not reduced to a single nutrient.”

Lifestyle factors often overlooked in thyroid care include stress and sleep. Chronic stress and poor sleep quality can interfere with how thyroid hormones are converted and used in the body.

“This is why some people feel unwell despite having ‘normal’ thyroid blood test results,” Dr. Narendra explains. “Stress hormones can mask or worsen symptoms, making the problem harder to identify if we focus only on iodine levels.”

When Salt Alone Is Not The Solution

Many people turn to iodised salt hoping it will ease fatigue, weight gain, or hair loss. While correcting iodine deficiency is important, these symptoms are frequently linked to broader thyroid disorders, including autoimmune conditions, which require medical evaluation and proper treatment.

“Iodised salt prevents iodine deficiency, but it cannot correct poor diet, chronic stress, sleep deprivation, or undiagnosed thyroid disease,” Dr. Narendra cautions.

Iodised salt is a starting point, not a complete solution. It plays a crucial role in preventing iodine deficiency, but true thyroid health depends on balanced nutrition, healthy habits, and timely medical care. The thyroid needs more than what comes from the saltshaker to function well.