One of the commonest causes of illness, a sore throat often clears up on its own, but knowing what's causing it is important to treat it properly. Viral, bacterial, or caused by allergic elements - these kinds of sore throats have different characteristics that need different responses.

Sore throats have several origins, including infection and environmental factors. Some common causes include:

Viral infections: Viruses cause 90% of sore throat cases. Sore throats may result due to flu or common cold as well as those from chickenpox and measles that can all cause irritation.

Bacterial Infections: Streptococcus bacteria, the most common cause of strep throat, is the most common bacterial source. Strep throat is contagious and can lead to complications if untreated.

Allergies: Pollen, pet dander, and mold can trigger throat irritation, often accompanied by postnasal drip, sneezing, and watery eyes.

Environmental Factors: Dry air, pollution, and smoke can dry out or irritate the throat, creating a scratchy sensation.

Other Causes: GERD, vocal strain, even tumors may be responsible for chronic sore throats.

How to Distinguish Between Viral, Bacterial, and Allergic Sore Throats

Determining your cause of sore throat requires analysis of symptoms that accompany it, how long the sore throat lasts, and how bad the sore throat is.

Viral Sore Throats

The viruses that cause a sore throat are usually similar to a cold in their symptoms and tend to be milder than bacterial infections.

Symptoms of Viral Sore Throat

- Red, swollen throat without white patches

- Persistent cough

- Runny nose and nasal congestion

- Fever, usually mild

Duration: Viral infections last for 7–10 days without antibiotics.

Treatment: Home remedies, such as warm fluids, saltwater gargling, and over-the-counter pain relievers can help alleviate it.

Also Read: Flu Season Grips 40 States In US, CDC Reports Alarming Numbers

Bacterial Sore Throats

Bacterial sore throats, mainly strep throat, are more severe and require prompt medical attention to prevent complications.

Symptoms of Bacterial Sore Throat

- Red and swollen tonsils with white patches or streaks of pus

- High fever

- Absence of a cough

- Nausea, vomiting, or stomach pain (especially in children)

- Small red spots on the roof of the mouth

Diagnosis: Rapid strep tests or throat cultures confirm the presence of bacteria.

Treatment: Antibiotics are necessary to eliminate the infection. Without treatment, complications like rheumatic fever or abscesses can develop.

Sore Throats Caused by Allergies

Throat irritation is caused by postnasal drip. Allergies create a buildup and drip of mucus down the back of the throat.

Allergic Sore Throat Symptoms

- Irritation of the throat and ears

- Runny eyes, sneezing, and nasal congestion

- These symptoms are usually relieved by antihistamines or removal from the source of the allergen

Duration: Allergic sore throats are sustained for as long as the allergens are exposed.

When to Seek Medical Care?

A sore throat should be taken to a doctor if:

- The condition lasts more than a week.

- There is shortness of breath or swallowing becomes painful.

- Swelling is too pronounced or the pain in the throat is extreme.

- High fever, rash, or joint pain occur along with the sore throat.

- A child shows signs of dehydration or refuses fluids due to throat pain.

Early diagnosis can prevent complications and speed recovery.

Effective Treatment for Sore Throats

Home Remedies for Viral and Allergy-Related Sore Throats

Viral infections and allergies often respond well to non-invasive treatments:

• Drink warm teas, broths, or water to soothe the throat.
• Gargling with warm, salty water can reduce inflammation.
• These help soothe an irritated throat and can alleviate coughing.

Let your body rest sufficiently. Humidifying dry air will help keep the throat moist, especially when winter is on its way.

Why Not All Sore Throats Require Antibiotics?

Bacterial infections require antibiotics such as penicillin or amoxicillin. Finish the treatment completely to avoid reoccurrence or resistance.

How to Keep Sore Throats at Bay When Winter Is Near

Prevention is better than cure, and simple lifestyle changes can reduce your risk:

• Wash your hands frequently to avoid infections.
• Avoid close contact with sick individuals.
• Use air purifiers to minimize exposure to irritants.
• Stay hydrated and maintain a balanced diet to boost immunity.

Understanding the cause of your sore throat—whether viral, bacterial, or allergic—is key to effective treatment and recovery. While many sore throats resolve on their own, seeking timely medical advice for persistent or severe symptoms can prevent complications. Prioritize self-care, and don’t hesitate to consult a doctor when needed. Remember, your throat’s health is a vital part of your overall well-being.

More than 10 million adults, young people, and children in the UK are currently living with arthritis, according to a 2025 report by Arthritis UK. The NHS says osteoarthritis is the most common form of the condition across the country.

NHS Issues Warning For People Taking NSAIDs For Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis develops when joints become stiff and painful over time. Symptoms vary widely depending on the joint involved and the severity of damage. While medication is often used to manage pain and inflammation, the NHS warns that some commonly used treatments can carry risks if not taken correctly.

One of the most widely used options for pain relief is NSAIDs, a group of medicines many people rely on daily.

What Are NSAIDs And Why Are They Prescribed?

NSAIDs, or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, are commonly prescribed by GPs to relieve pain, swelling, and inflammation. They are available in several forms, including tablets, capsules, suppositories, creams, gels, and injections. Some NSAIDs can be bought over the counter, while stronger versions require a prescription.

Common types of NSAIDs

The most commonly used NSAIDs include:

• ibuprofen
• naproxen
• diclofenac
• celecoxib
• mefenamic acid
• etoricoxib
• indomethacin
• aspirin for pain relief (low-dose aspirin is not usually classed as an NSAID)

Doctors usually advise which NSAID is suitable and explain the potential benefits and risks. However, the NHS stresses that patients should also understand possible side effects and when to seek medical help.

NHS Warning On Who Should Be Cautious With NSAIDs

The NHS advises that NSAIDs may not be suitable for everyone. Extra caution is needed if you have asthma, stomach ulcers, angina, or if you have previously had a heart attack or stroke. People taking low-dose aspirin should always speak to their GP before using an NSAID.

Who Should Avoid Or Seek Advice Before Taking NSAIDs?

You should consult a pharmacist or doctor before using NSAIDs if you:

• are over the age of 65
• are pregnant or trying to conceive
• are breastfeeding
• have asthma
• have had an allergic reaction to NSAIDs in the past
• have a history of stomach ulcers
• have heart, liver, kidney, blood pressure, circulation, or bowel problems
• are taking other medicines
• are buying medicine for a child under 16 (aspirin should never be given to children under 16)

The NHS explains that NSAIDs are not always completely avoided in these cases, but they should only be used with medical advice, as the risk of side effects may be higher.

If NSAIDs are unsuitable, doctors or pharmacists may recommend alternatives such as paracetamol.

Possible Side Effects Of NSAIDs

Over-the-counter NSAIDs generally cause fewer side effects than prescription-strength versions. However, risks increase when they are taken at high doses, used for long periods, or taken by older adults or people with underlying health conditions.

Possible side effects include:

• indigestion, stomach pain, nausea, and diarrhoea
• stomach ulcers, which can lead to internal bleeding and anaemia
• headaches
• drowsiness
• dizziness
• allergic reactions

In rare cases, NSAIDs can affect the liver, kidneys, heart, or circulation, and may increase the risk of heart failure, heart attacks, or strokes.

Taking NSAIDs Alongside Other Medicines

It is essential to seek medical advice before taking NSAIDs if you are already using:

• another NSAID
• low-dose aspirin or warfarin
• ciclosporin
• diuretics for high blood pressure
• lithium
• methotrexate
• selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as citalopram or fluoxetine

Signs And Symptoms Of Osteoarthritis

Common symptoms of osteoarthritis include joint pain, stiffness, and difficulty moving the affected joints. Some people may also experience:

• swelling
• joint tenderness
• a grating or crackling sensation when moving joints
• pain and stiffness after periods of inactivity
• enlarged or knobbly joints
• reduced range of movement
• muscle weakness or muscle loss

The NHS notes that osteoarthritis can affect almost any joint but most commonly involves the knees, hips, and small joints of the hands. Anyone with persistent symptoms should see their GP for diagnosis and treatment advice.

Even people who do not fall into higher-risk groups should only use NSAIDs as directed by a healthcare professional. Side effects can still occur, especially with long-term use. If NSAIDs are not appropriate, safer alternatives may be suggested to manage pain effectively.

Following the water contamination emergency in Indore, similar concerns have now surfaced in Madhya Pradesh’s capital. Groundwater samples collected from four locations in Bhopal have tested positive for E. coli bacteria. In response, the Bhopal Municipal Corporation has barred residents from using groundwater for any purpose.

Officials clarified that the contamination is restricted to underground water sources and has not spread to the treated piped water supplied across the city. According to ANI, civic teams have tested 1,810 water samples so far and inspections are still underway in all zones.

E. coli was the same bacteria responsible for Indore’s recent water crisis, which claimed 20 lives, including that of a five-month-old infant. As per a report by Dainik Bhaskar, fear has gripped several neighbourhoods in Bhopal, with residents hesitant even to touch the water. Locals say the water is unfit not only for drinking but also for washing hands, utensils, or bathing. In some areas, tap water reportedly turns reddish within minutes and emits a strong, foul smell. Adding to the concern, iron levels in the water are said to be nearly 100 times above permissible limits.

Here is what you need to know about E. coli, how it spreads, its symptoms, and ways to stay safe.

What Is E. Coli Bacteria?

Escherichia coli, commonly known as E. coli, refers to a group of bacteria that naturally live in the intestines of humans and animals. Most of these strains are harmless and even play a role in digestion. However, certain types can trigger illness when they enter parts of the body where they do not belong or release harmful toxins.

These disease-causing strains attach themselves to body cells and produce toxins, leading to infection and inflammation.

What Happens During An E. coli Infection?

An E. coli infection occurs when harmful strains of the bacteria enter the body. It most often affects the digestive system, causing symptoms such as watery diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and gastroenteritis. In some cases, the bacteria can also infect the urinary tract.

Certain strains produce Shiga toxin, which can lead to severe complications, including kidney damage, especially in children and older adults.

Why E. coli Infections Occur?

E. coli has many strains. While some support gut health, others can cause serious illness. Experts classify the harmful types based on how they attach to cells and the toxins they release. Several strains are known to cause diarrhoeal diseases, including:

• Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC)
• Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
• Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)
• Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)
• Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)
• Diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC)

Other important strains include uropathogenic E. coli, which is a common cause of urinary tract infections, and E. coli K1, which can lead to meningitis in newborns, according to the Cleveland Clinic.

Common Signs Of E. coli Infection

An infection affecting the gut often begins with digestive symptoms. These may include:

• Diarrhoea that is watery and sometimes blood-stained
• Abdominal pain and cramping
• Reduced appetite
• Mild fever

The Cleveland Clinic notes that watery diarrhoea is usually the earliest symptom when the gastrointestinal tract is involved. Symptoms can vary depending on which part of the body is infected.

How To Protect Yourself From E. Coli?

Preventing E. coli infection largely depends on basic hygiene and safe food practices. Since the bacteria spreads through contaminated food, water, and faecal matter, simple precautions can lower the risk significantly.

Maintain hand hygiene

Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds before eating or cooking, after using the toilet, changing diapers, or handling animals. Proper handwashing removes bacteria and limits its spread.

Practice safe food handling

Use separate cutting boards and utensils for raw meat and ready-to-eat foods. Clean kitchen surfaces and tools with hot, soapy water after each use. Keep raw meat away from fruits and vegetables to avoid cross-contamination.

Cook food completely

Ground meat should be cooked to at least 160°F or 71°C, while poultry needs to reach 165°F or 74°C. Using a food thermometer ensures food is properly cooked and free from harmful bacteria.

Clean fruits and vegetables

Wash all produce under running water just before consumption, even if you plan to peel it. This helps remove bacteria picked up from soil or contaminated irrigation water.

Choose safe drinks

Consume only pasteurised milk and juices, and rely on boiled or treated municipal water. Avoid unpasteurised products and untreated water, as pasteurisation effectively eliminates dangerous E. coli strains.

We often hear of dementia as an adult, or older people's disease, but, a father from Glasgow shares how his four-year-old daughter was diagnosed with the condition. Childhood Dementia news of Darren Scott's daughter was delivered to him like a "complete thunderbolt", he tells Sky News. She was diagnosed with the condition before she turned four. Five doctors were waiting, when Sophia Scott, who had just turned four, were summoned to a Glasgow hospital room. Then came the worst news. Scott was told that his daughter could not live beyond the age of 16. "We were told... there was nothing they could do. It was a moment that broke us, shattered our lives. We have never recovered," he says.

What Is Childhood Dementia?

As per Dementia Australia, childhood dementia is a rare brain condition that affects one in every 2,900 babies globally. Childhood dementia is a group of serious brain conditions that interfere with a child’s memory, behavior, emotions and ability to communicate. It isn’t caused by lifestyle or ageing. Instead, it stems from more than 100 rare genetic disorders that children are born with. These include conditions such as Niemann-Pick type C, Batten disease and Sanfilippo syndrome.

No two children experience childhood dementia in the same way. The illness progresses differently for each child, but one thing remains constant: there is currently no cure. Like adult dementia, childhood dementia is progressive, meaning symptoms worsen over time. Heartbreakingly, around half of all affected children do not survive beyond the age of 10.

What causes childhood dementia?

Childhood dementia is genetic. Globally, about one in every 2,900 babies is born with a condition that can lead to childhood dementia. In Australia alone, an estimated 1,394 children were living with dementia in 2021.

The conditions that cause childhood dementia fall into several categories, including inborn errors of metabolism, lysosomal disorders, mitochondrial disorders, mucopolysaccharidoses, leukodystrophy, neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA), and peroxisomal diseases.

Signs and symptoms to look out for

Symptoms can begin in early childhood or appear much later, sometimes not showing up until the teenage years. The progression may be rapid or unfold slowly over several years, deeply affecting both the child and their family.

Much like adults with dementia, children may struggle with memory loss, confusion, changes in personality, anxiety or fear, and severe sleep disturbances. They may also find it difficult to concentrate, learn, communicate or understand things, and some experience behavioral challenges such as hyperactivity.

In addition, childhood dementia can affect the body beyond the brain. Children may develop problems with their bones or joints, experience issues with the heart, lungs or digestive system, lose their ability to move, see or hear, or have seizures.

As the condition advances, children gradually lose skills they once had — talking, walking, reading, writing and playing. Eventually, the body itself begins to shut down. Without major medical breakthroughs and more research, most children with childhood dementia will continue to face a shortened life, often not surviving beyond their teenage years.