A few weeks ago, I experienced a persistent headache that refused to go away. It started out as a dull ache behind my eyes and was worse each time I gazed at my laptop or phone. Hours spent looking at the screens left me seeing blurry visions and throbbing temples. I suspected it was due to stress, but the eye exam said it was from uncorrected vision and digital eye strain. The optometrist suggested new glasses and the 20-20-20 rule. It was a wake-up call because within days of wearing the right prescription and taking frequent screen breaks, the headaches subsided.

Headaches are a common complaint, varying from mild annoyance to debilitating pain interfering with daily activities. While stress, dehydration, and underlying health conditions often dominate the conversation about headache triggers, eye-related issues can also be a significant cause. Understanding the connection between headaches and eye health is essential for proper diagnosis and management.

The eyes are delicate organs working continuously to understand the world. Any form of stress, misalignment, or an existing condition of the eye can cause irritation. According to Dr. Neeraj Sanduja, MBBS, MS, Ophthalmologist, and Eye Surgeon, "Headaches from eye conditions usually present with distinct characteristics, like temple or forehead pain, even behind the eyes, often after tasks requiring long-term concentration of the gaze."

This discomfort can often radiate to surrounding areas, such as the temples or forehead, manifesting as headaches. These are known as ocular headaches, which are distinct from migraines or tension headaches but can often feel similar.

Common Eye-Related Causes of Headaches

1. Eye Strain (Asthenopia)

Prolonged activities such as reading, watching computer screens, or driving are very focused activities. The muscles used in these functions are overused, which in turn often gives a dull ache around the eyes or temples-a common headache type known as eye strain. Not functionally disabling, this kind of headache has become increasingly more common in our digital age. "Eye strain, while uncomfortable, is often manageable with proper rest and corrective measures," says Dr. Sanduja.

2. Uncorrected Vision Problems

Conditions like myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism make the eyes work harder to focus. Extra effort to have clear vision results in headaches, especially after performing long tasks such as reading or screen usage.

3. Outdated or Incorrect Eyewear Prescriptions

Using glasses or contact lenses with an outdated or incorrect prescription can cause headaches. Regular eye checkups are essential to ensure that your prescription aligns with your current vision needs.

4. Computer Vision Syndrome (Digital Eye Strain)

With increased screen time, digital eye strain has emerged as the primary cause of headaches. This condition is often accompanied by other symptoms, including dry eyes, blurred vision, and neck pain. Inadequate breaks during screen use increase the strain on the eyes, leading to headaches.

5. Glaucoma

This condition presents with increased intraocular pressure. The patient suffers from intense headache, especially in the eyes, and sometimes, it is associated with nausea and vomiting or by the presence of halos in the lights. Early detection and intervention help prevent vision loss.

6. Eye Muscle Imbalance (Binocular Vision Dysfunction)

Even the slightest misalignment of the eyes can cause strain as the muscles work to keep things in focus. The result is a common condition called binocular vision dysfunction, often bringing on headaches and an inability to concentrate.

7. Inflammatory Eye Disorders

Inflammatory disorders like uveitis or optic neuritis may bring about severe headaches, usually with additional symptoms, including redness, photophobia, or a change in vision.

What is Eye Strain and Why Does It Matter?

Not every headache is ocular in etiology, and some symptoms differentiate ocular headache from others. You should look for medical consultation if:

• The headache improves or worsens as time passes on.
• Associated symptoms include double vision, pain in the eye, or even redness.
• Nausea, sensitivity to light, or seeing halos around lights occurs with the headache.
• You haven't had a comprehensive eye exam in more than a year.

An eye examination may determine if the headaches are indeed related to some vision problem. In the process, an ophthalmologist may check the eyes' nerves and inspect the optic discs to dismiss conditions such as increased intraocular pressure. Dr. Sanduja further advises, "For most individuals, eye strain-related headaches can be alleviated by addressing refractive errors with proper lenses or improving visual ergonomics."

In some instances, referred pain may account for the relationship between headaches and eye discomfort: pain can be felt in one location even though it is caused by an injury or condition elsewhere. A complete assessment will determine the cause.

How to Manage Eye-Related Headaches

- Corrective lenses for nearsightedness, farsightedness, or astigmatism can help relieve headaches caused by uncorrected vision problems.

- Adopt the 20-20-20 rule: focus on something that is 20 feet away for 20 seconds every 20 minutes.

- For more critical conditions such as glaucoma or inflammatory conditions, treatment includes medication, lifestyle adjustments, or even surgery.

• Take breaks regularly when using your screen.
• Always ensure proper lighting when reading or working.
• Stay hydrated to help keep your eyes healthy.

Not all headaches associated with the eyes are caused by vision problems. Referred pain can originate from tension headaches or sinus infections, radiating discomfort to the eyes. This makes professional evaluation critical in determining the true cause.

While headaches can stem from a variety of causes, eye-related issues are often overlooked. If you experience frequent headaches with accompanying eye symptoms, consulting an ophthalmologist is essential. Dr. Sanduja concludes, "Regular eye checkups are not just about vision—they are vital for overall health. Addressing eye-related headaches can significantly improve quality of life and well-being."Regular eye checkups not only protect your vision but also help identify potential triggers for your headaches.

Dr Neeraj Sanduja is a practising Ophthalmologist and Eye Surgeon at Viaan Eye and Retina Centre in India

India has reported its second human fatality due to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) or bird flu, marking the first such death in four years. While bird flu infections in humans are rare, they are highly lethal, with a fatality rate of one in two cases. The most recent victim was a two-year-old girl from Palnadu, Andhra Pradesh, who passed away in mid-March after being hospitalized for over 10 days at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Mangalgiri.

The pathogen responsible for the infection and subsequent deaths was confirmed only on 31 March, following a survey by the Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology (ICMR-NIV). According to details shared by the state government, the child, who had a habit of consuming raw chicken, was admitted to the hospital on 4 March with symptoms including fever, breathlessness, nasal discharge, seizures, diarrhea, and reduced feeding. Two days before falling ill, she had reportedly consumed raw chicken. She succumbed to the infection 12 days later.

In a statement issued on Wednesday, the state government noted that no abnormal cases of respiratory infections had been identified in the ongoing survey. However, surveillance will continue for the next two weeks, with testing arranged for any suspected cases. Union health ministry officials stated that, based on data from the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP), no unusual surge in influenza-like illness (ILI) or severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) cases has been observed in the district in recent weeks.

A national joint outbreak response (NJOR) team has been deployed to conduct an epidemiological investigation and provide assistance to the state.

3 States Impacted By Bird Flu

This year, outbreaks of HPAI—also known as Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 or bird flu—have been reported in Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. The trend follows a similar pattern observed in 2024, when states such as Jharkhand and Kerala, along with the aforementioned three states, recorded widespread H5N1 infections in poultry, prompting authorities to cull thousands of birds.

The Union government emphasized that "human-to-human transmission of the H5N1 virus is uncommon, and the risk of any other epidemiologically linked case being reported is assessed to be low."

India's first recorded human infection of the H5N1 influenza virus occurred in 2021 when an 18-year-old boy in Haryana succumbed to the infection within days of contracting it.

In May last year, Australia reported its first human infection with H5N1, stating that the patient had acquired the virus in India. Towards the end of 2024, the deaths of four big cats—three tigers and a leopard—were attributed to H5N1 infection.

Oxytocin, commonly referred to as the "love hormone" because it is involved in bonding and social behavior, is now being investigated for its surprise effect on pregnancy. Although oxytocin is traditionally linked to childbirth, milk letdown during lactation, and emotional bonding, recent findings indicate that this hormone can possibly delay early pregnancy. A study on mice conducted recently has helped explain how the hormone can stop embryonic growth, which may provide new understanding of human fertility and pregnancy.

In a few mammals, such as marsupials, bats, and more than 130 others, a process called "diapause" takes place. This is a natural biological phenomenon that sees embryos suspend their development in order to wait until the right conditions prevail for pregnancy to resume. Although very uncommon and hard to monitor in human beings, clinical experience from in vitro fertilization clinics indicates that human embryos might at times show delayed implantation. One highly documented case in 1996 showed that an embryo implanted in a uterus was in a suspended state for five weeks before implantation took place.

The new research by scientists at the NYU Grossman School of Medicine investigated oxytocin's possible role in inducing this pause in pregnancy. Their results indicate that oxytocin could be a major player in controlling diapause in mice, and they raise questions about its possible role in human pregnancies.

Oxytocin-Induced Pregnancy Pause

To study the impact of oxytocin on pregnancy, scientists tested female mice who had recently given birth by letting them be mated while still lactating. The research revealed that nursing females had pregnancies that lasted about a week longer than those of the non-nursing mice. Since the normal pregnancy in mice takes only 19 to 21 days, this postponement is a drastic halt to embryonic development.

The research team then sought to determine how this pause occurred. Using optogenetics, a technique that enables the activation of specific neurons through light stimulation, they artificially triggered the release of oxytocin in pregnant mice. After five days of oxytocin stimulation, the researchers examined the mice’s uteruses and found that five out of six had embryos in a dormant state, indicative of diapause. Conversely, pregnant mice that were not administered oxytocin stimulation did not exhibit any indication of developmental arrest.

In further confirmation of their research findings, the scientists administered oxytocin to early-stage mouse embryos in the laboratory setting. They detected identical cellular alteration related to diapause, implying that oxytocin has a direct influence on suspended embryonic development.

How Oxytocin Affects Embryonic Development?

The research showed that oxytocin slows down the process through which embryonic cells convert genetic information into proteins. This process, essential for growth and development of the cell, is copying DNA instructions into RNA, which then guides protein synthesis. By suppressing this process, oxytocin puts the embryo into suspended animation.

Interestingly, scientists also learned that embryos without oxytocin receptors were still able to enter diapause, suggesting that more than one biological pathway is used to trigger the pause. Still, having working oxytocin receptors seemed to increase the embryo's chances of surviving the halted state. When oxytocin receptors in the embryos were deactivated, survival rates while in diapause fell to 11% from 42%.

Implications for Human Fertility and Pregnancy

Although this research is in its infancy, it presents exciting possibilities for human fertility studies. A better grasp of the role oxytocin plays during early pregnancy may lead to significant advances in treating unexplained infertility and recurrent miscarriage. If human embryos can enter a state of diapause, further study could reveal how hormonal or environmental influences are responsible for early pregnancy loss.

Also, these discoveries may have greater implications outside pregnancy. As oxytocin is implicated in cell survival, researchers now want to know if what it does in diapause can help understand how to keep nerve cells from dying in the developing nervous system. What stops cells from dying early on might help neurobiology and regenerative medicine advance.

Even with these thrilling findings, much remains to be answered. How long can diapause be in various species, including humans? What are other biochemical signals that cooperate with oxytocin to control embryonic development? And might this information one day lead to targeted fertility treatments or interventions?

More studies are needed to uncover these secrets. As researchers learn more about the multifaceted functions of oxytocin, its image as just the "love hormone" is changing. This potent molecule seems to play a much more intricate function in reproductive biology than has been known, and it may play a role not only in when life starts, but in when it temporarily gets suspended.

Oxytocin's role in pregnancy is turning out to be more complex than originally thought. Though still a primary force behind labor and maternal attachment, it has also recently been found to retard embryonic development, which could have far-reaching consequences for reproductive science. As more research unfolds, the hormone could provide new insights into fertility, enhance IVF success, and even prevent early miscarriage. The possibility of oxytocin-based fertility therapies is an exciting one, and future research will be important to determine how this information can be translated to human pregnancy.

A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine has listed five key factors that impact the longevity of individuals. The research tracked participants for up to 47 years, assessing how five specific factors influenced their risk of death, longevity, and the number of healthy years they could gain by altering these habits. The conclusions of this study were based on data analyzed from over two million adults aged 18 and above across 39 countries.

Five Factors That Influence Longevity

• High blood pressure
• High cholesterol
• Diabetes
• Smoking
• Bodyweight, including being overweight and underweight

Women Could Add 14 Years To Their Lives

As per the researchers, women who didn't have these five risk factors at age 50 could potentially add more than 14 years to their lives, and men could gain almost 12 additional years. Men were most affected by these factors as those with all five faced a 94% chance of dying before 90, while their counterparts without these issues had just a 68% chance. Women with all five risk factors at age 50 had an 88% chance of dying before 90, whereas those without these problems had a 53% chance.

Diabetes Is The Main Factor

Out of all the factors, cholesterol was the least impactful of all. As per the study, people who lowered their cholesterol levels could only add 1.2 extra healthy years to their lifespan. On the contrary, individuals who quit smoking could potentially extend their lives by up to six years. Women who do not have diabetes could gain an extra 6.4 years, while men without the condition might see an increase of 5.8 years. Even a slight reduction in blood pressure could lead to an additional 1.8 healthy years, and achieving a normal BMI could contribute an extra 2.6 years, with variations depending on the region.

Importance Of Lifestyle Changes

The study reinforces the importance of lifestyle modifications in extending a healthy lifespan. The researchers noted that small but consistent changes in daily habits could significantly impact longevity. For example, maintaining an optimal weight through a balanced diet and regular physical activity helps control blood pressure, diabetes, and cholesterol levels, reducing overall health risks.

Smoking cessation emerged as the most crucial lifestyle change that could dramatically influence lifespan. Quitting smoking, even later in life, significantly reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases, lung disorders, and certain cancers, contributing to longer and healthier lives. Similarly, diabetes management through dietary changes, regular exercise, and proper medical intervention plays a vital role in preventing complications and enhancing longevity.

Regional And Gender-Based Differences

The study also highlighted variations in longevity gains based on gender and geographical regions. For instance, men were more susceptible to the adverse effects of these five risk factors than women. This disparity could be attributed to lifestyle differences, genetic predisposition, or healthcare access.

Additionally, in certain countries with high obesity rates, maintaining a normal BMI was one of the most significant contributors to longevity. Meanwhile, in regions with lower tobacco consumption, factors like high blood pressure and diabetes had a more prominent role in affecting lifespan.