Pregnancy is accompanied by a lengthy list of do's and don'ts—take prenatal vitamins, no alcohol, exercise carefully, and eat well. But what about when an unplanned health issue presents itself, such as the necessity for a mammogram? For most women, this might not even be something they think about until they are in a position where breast cancer screening is an option.

Perhaps you're over 40 and in need of your yearly mammogram, or perhaps you have a history of breast cancer in your family and you want to keep your screenings current. More emergently, you've found a lump in your breast. So, can you have a mammogram when pregnant? The answer is yes, but there are several things to consider.

Pregnancy creates substantial hormonal changes that affect the body, as well as breast tissue. Estrogen and progesterone's rise causes the breasts to expand and condition to produce milk, which results in denser tissue. This increased density is more challenging to detect any abnormalities with using mammograms. Even post-delivery, should the woman be breastfeeding, milk-filled glands can also make the breasts denser and, as a result, make mammogram readings less clear.

While 3D mammograms have improved imaging technology to help navigate dense breast tissue, doctors often suggest postponing routine screening mammograms until after pregnancy if there are no symptoms or high-risk factors. However, if a lump or abnormality is found, your doctor may recommend immediate diagnostic imaging.

When Is a Mammogram Necessary During Pregnancy?

Mammograms are not done routinely if a woman becomes pregnant, yet there are specific situations where one might be unavoidable. Breast cancer in pregnancy does occur—1 in 3,000 times—but it's not common. If a lump is detected by a woman, she has constant breast pain and no explanation, or she is at high risk (e.g., strong history of breast cancer in her family or genetic defect such as BRCA1 or BRCA2), a physician will order a mammogram.

The process itself takes very little radiation exposure. The radiation employed by a mammogram is concentrated on the breast, and there is little to no radiation that reaches other areas of the body. A lead apron is also placed over the belly to shield the unborn child.

Alternative Breast Imaging Options During Pregnancy

For pregnant women requiring breast imaging, physicians may initially suggest an ultrasound. In contrast to a mammogram, an ultrasound is not done with the use of radiation and is deemed safe for pregnant women.

An ultrasound of the breast can establish whether a lump is a fluid-filled cyst or a solid tumor that needs further investigation. Yet ultrasounds are not always diagnostic, and in certain instances, a mammogram or biopsy is needed to determine or rule out cancer.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is also an imaging choice but has some drawbacks. The majority of breast MRIs employ a contrast material called gadolinium, which is able to pass through the placenta and to the fetus. Although risks are not entirely clear, physicians usually do not use MRI with contrast unless necessary. Some practitioners may offer an MRI without contrast as an option.

What If You Find a Lump In Your Breast During Pregnancy?

Breast changes throughout pregnancy are normal, but finding a lump should never be taken lightly. If you notice a lump, alert your medical provider right away. They will conduct a clinical breast exam and potentially have you get an imaging study such as an ultrasound or mammogram to see whether anything needs to be done.

If imaging indicates a suspicious mass, a biopsy can be suggested. Core needle biopsy is the most frequently used and is safe during pregnancy. It consists of numbing the skin with local anesthetic and inserting a hollow needle into the area to obtain a small sample of tissue to be tested.

Breast Cancer Treatment During Pregnancy

In the extremely uncommon event of a diagnosis of breast cancer while pregnant, therapy will be determined by the nature and extent of cancer and by how far along in pregnancy one is. The most frequent form of treatment is surgery—either mastectomy (surgical removal of the entire breast) or lumpectomy (surgical removal of the lump)—which is usually safe while pregnant.

Chemotherapy is also possible but usually only attempted after the first trimester, when it can damage developing fetal tissue. Radiation therapy is not used during pregnancy and is typically deferred until after giving birth. Hormonal therapy and targeted therapies are also omitted until after giving birth.

Can I Get a Mammogram While Breastfeeding?

Yes, you can have a mammogram while you are breastfeeding. The radiation in a mammogram does not impact breast milk or hurt the baby. But breast density is still high during lactation, and this might complicate detection of abnormalities. To enhance image quality, physicians usually advise breastfeeding or pumping 30 minutes prior to the mammogram.

Routine screening mammograms are usually delayed in pregnancy unless there is a high-level concern.

If a lump is detected, an ultrasound is typically the initial imaging study done, with a mammogram being a consideration if additional assessment is necessary.

• Pregnancy mammograms utilize minimal radiation and are safe when required.
• Breast MRI with contrast is usually avoided in pregnancy.
• Breast biopsy, when necessary, is safe during pregnancy.

If breast cancer does develop during pregnancy, there are available treatment options that can be adjusted to keep the mother and infant safe.

Pregnancy is a period of significant change, and health issues particularly those involving breast health, are anxiety-provoking. Routine mammograms are typically postponed until after giving birth, but diagnostic testing can be done if necessary. The best you can do is discuss changes you notice in your breasts with your healthcare provider in an open manner. Early detection and prompt treatment can make a very big difference in the health of both mother and fetus.

For the first time, the number of centenarians in Japan has exceeded 100,000. According to the latest figures from the health ministry, the country now has 107,677 people aged 100 and above, of whom 88% are women.

The oldest woman is Kishimoto Fuyo, a 114-year-old from Kyoto City, while the oldest man is Kato Hikaru, a 112-year-old from Kumamoto.

Health Minister Kenichiro Ueno told reporters he was “delighted that so many people are living long, healthy and active lives”. Citing progress in medicine and technology behind the long life, Ueno also warned about the challenge of maintaining a sustainable social security system.

Why Is Japan A Super-Ageing Society?

The long lives of Japanese people may be attributed to several factors, including genetics, a healthy diet and an active lifestyle.

The island nation’s cuisine predominantly consists of fish, vegetables and rice, with less saturated fat than many Western diets. Older people also regularly walk, use public transport, cycle and stretch.

However, Japan’s ageing population is linked to two major demographic trends: low birth rates and longer life expectancy.

Fertility falling below the replacement level means fewer younger people are entering the population, while improvements in healthcare allow people to live longer.

To curb the falling fertility rates, the government in 2023 launched programs aimed at increasing the birth rate, including a 3.5-trillion-yen (US$22.5 billion) increase in family-policy spending.

However, the country's total fertility rate still dropped to a record low of 1.14 in 2025, far below the 2.1 children needed to maintain the current population.

On the other hand, there were 153 people aged 100 or older when centenarian surveys began in 1963. The number exceeded 1,000 in 1981 and surpassed 10,000 in 1998, according to the Health and Welfare Ministry.

Also read: Unusually High Cancer-Fighting Immune Cells Could Explain Why Some People Live Beyond 100: Study

What Are The Challenges Of A Super-Ageing Society?

The World Health Organization defines “super-ageing” societies as countries where more than 20% of the population is aged 65 or older.

As the proportion of older adults grows relative to the working-age population, population ageing can place pressure on healthcare systems, economies and social support structures. It can also contribute to challenges such as pension pressures, labor shortages and increasing demand for long-term care.

An ageing population can increase the need for continuous medical care, caregiving and social support, due to

• Chronic disease burden of heart disease, diabetes, cancer and cognitive
• Resource strain, where Hospitals and nursing homes face shortages of specialized geriatric care personnel and integrated support services.
• Social isolation, where loss of community engagement and inadequate public transportation or age-friendly housing can increase vulnerability.
• Elder mistreatment: Social and family abuse, alongside systemic ageism, can undermine the dignity and safety of older citizens.

Read More: Normal Ageing or Alzheimer's? Doctors Explain Six Key Differences to Watch For'

Ageing Is Becoming A Global Challenge

Japan’s demographic shift is part of a broader global trend. According to WHO, by 2030, one in six people worldwide will be aged 60 or older. The number of people aged 60 and above is projected to rise from 1 billion in 2020 to 1.4 billion by 2030.

By 2050, the global population aged 60 and older is expected to reach 2.1 billion. The number of people aged 80 or older is also expected to triple between 2020 and 2050, reaching 426 million.

By 2050, two-thirds of the world’s population aged over 60 is expected to live in low- and middle-income countries.

Population ageing therefore has implications not only for how long people live, but also for healthcare, caregiving, social support and the size of the working-age population.

Climate change is an environmental issue, but its effects are reaching the eye clinic. Hotter summers, intense ultraviolet radiation, polluted air, shifting pollen seasons and extreme rainfall can affect the eyes.

Because the eye’s surface is exposed to the environment, changes in temperature, humidity and air quality may produce symptoms. Five risks deserve attention in India.

Heat and Dry-Eye Disease

Extreme heat, dry winds and prolonged air-conditioning can accelerate evaporation of the tear film that protects the eye. Dehydration may compound the problem. Burning, grittiness, redness, watering and blurred vision are common warning signs.

Outdoor workers, drivers, older adults and contact-lens users may be especially vulnerable. Hydration, protective glasses and preservative-free lubricating drops recommended by an ophthalmologist can help.

Cumulative Ultraviolet Damage

Sunlight can affect more than the skin. Acute, intense ultraviolet exposure may injure the corneal surface and cause photokeratitis, producing pain, watering, light sensitivity and blurred vision. Exposure over years is associated with pterygium a fleshy growth on the eye and certain forms of cataract.

Choose sunglasses labelled UV400 or offering 99–100 per cent UVA and UVB protection. Dark lenses without verified UV protection are not adequate. A broad-brimmed hat provides protection.

Also read: US FDA Launches Expedited IND Pilot To Speed Up Drug Trials

Air Pollution and Ocular-Surface Inflammation

Particulate matter, vehicle emissions, smoke, ozone and construction dust come into direct contact with the tear film. They may destabilise it and trigger inflammation, worsening dry eye, redness and allergic conjunctivitis. On days with poor air quality, limit avoidable outdoor exposure, use wraparound glasses and avoid rubbing the eyes.

Artificial tears may wash irritants from the surface, but persistent symptoms require examination rather than repeated use of over-the-counter “whitening” drops.

Longer Allergy Seasons

Changing temperatures, rainfall patterns and plant cycles can alter the amount and timing of airborne pollen. Combined with dust and pollution, this may result in more frequent or prolonged allergic-eye symptoms. Intense itching, watering and swollen eyelids are typical.

Cold compresses can provide relief, but rubbing may damage the ocular surface and, in susceptible people, contribute to corneal problems. Anti-allergy drops should be selected with medical guidance. Steroid eye drops must never be self-prescribed because misuse can raise eye pressure, promote infection and damage vision.

Also read: Bouncy Castles Linked To MRSA Outbreak In 48 Children In Ireland

Eye Infections After Extreme Rainfall and Flooding

Heavy rain, waterlogging and disrupted sanitation increase exposure to contaminated water and surfaces. Crowding during outbreaks may also facilitate the spread of infectious conjunctivitis through hands, towels, cosmetics and shared personal items.

Do not splash floodwater or questionable tap water into the eyes, and never rinse contact lenses with water. Pain, marked light sensitivity, reduced vision, corneal whiteness or symptoms in a contact-lens wearer require urgent assessment.

Climate-related eye problems are not confined to one season. Prevention begins with UV protection, clean hands, hydration, sensible exposure reduction and timely eye examinations. Sudden loss of vision, severe pain, flashes, new floaters or an eye injury should always be treated as an emergency.

More women in the US and UK are seeking testosterone to manage menopause symptoms, with some turning to online pharmacies without a prescription, according to media reports.

There are no US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved testosterone products specifically indicated for women. Australia has approved a low-dose testosterone product for postmenopausal women, while the UK and New Zealand permit some female-dosed formulations, although availability varies.

What’s Happening In The US?

Reuters reported that off-label testosterone use is rising in the US, mainly to treat persistently low sexual desire associated with menopause. Some clinicians are also prescribing testosterone for symptoms such as fatigue and loss of muscle strength, despite a lack of medical guidance supporting these uses.

Prescriptions for low sexual desire reportedly rose 146% between January 2023 and July 2026. However, many pharmacies and health insurers continue to deny these prescriptions.

Also read: US Congress To Hold First-ever Menopause Hearing: Why It Matters For Women

Why Are UK Women Turning To Testosterone?

The BBC reported that some women in Wales are posing as men to buy testosterone from online pharmacies because of difficulties accessing NHS prescriptions.

There has also been a “very sharp increase” in testosterone referrals to the NHS for postmenopausal women.

Menopause specialist Dr Michelle Olver said she had seen women with testosterone levels up to 12 times the safe level after buying the hormone online, putting them at risk of permanent side effects.

Why Is Testosterone Gaining Attention?

Also read: ‘I Was Vocal About Cancer But Silent About Menopause Out Of Shame’, Says Actress Lisa Ray

Although testosterone is often called a male hormone, women also produce it, primarily through the ovaries and adrenal glands. Levels generally decline with age.

Some women are prescribed testosterone for distressing loss of sexual desire. Others are seeking it for fatigue, impaired thinking, low mood and loss of muscle strength.

The FDA is set to hold a public workshop on September 17 to examine testosterone use in menopausal women. The agency says off-label use is growing, while questions remain about its effects on sexual function, mood, cognition, muscle and bone health, as well as long-term cardiovascular and breast cancer safety.

What Does The Evidence Say?

Menopause does not automatically mean a woman has a “testosterone deficiency.”

Notably, there is no established testosterone level below which an otherwise healthy woman is diagnosed as testosterone deficient. A blood test alone also cannot determine whether low testosterone is responsible for symptoms such as fatigue, low mood or loss of sexual desire.

However, the Menopause Society and other medical organizations support testosterone use in menopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder.

“We do not have any evidence in women that it will improve muscle mass or bone density or mood or well-being or really any other metric,” said Dr Stephanie Faubion, director of Mayo Clinic's Center for Women's Health and medical director of The Menopause Society.

“What testosterone is being touted for in the lay public and on social media is not really what we have data for,” she said.

Are There Any Side Effects?

According to Cleveland Clinic, testosterone treatment generally isn’t recommended for women with cardiovascular disease, liver disease or hormone-sensitive cancers such as breast or uterine cancer.

Excess testosterone can cause acne, increased facial or body hair and scalp hair loss. Higher doses may also lead to voice deepening and clitoral enlargement, some of which can be irreversible.

Testosterone should therefore not be used in higher doses as a way to boost energy, muscle strength or libido.