Is It Just A Cold, Flu Or COVID-19? How To Spot The Differences, Key Prevention Tips

As respiratory viruses become more widespread during fall and winter, it can be difficult to tell the difference between common cold, flu, and COVID-19. Symptoms often overlap, but understanding the distinctions is crucial for managing your health and protecting those around you.

According to Dr. William Brian Glenn from Hackensack Meridian Medical Group, while all three illnesses share similar symptoms, some unique signs can help differentiate them. Colds, the flu, and COVID-19 are caused by different viruses, but they all present with cough, sore throat, runny nose, and general fatigue. However, COVID-19 comes with additional symptoms, including loss of taste or smell, shortness of breath, nausea, and in some cases, diarrhea or vomiting.

One of the first indicators is the onset of symptoms. Colds generally appear gradually over time, while flu symptoms are more sudden and intense. In contrast, COVID-19 symptoms may take anywhere from 2 to 14 days after exposure to surface. Additionally, while colds are often mild, COVID-19 can progress to more severe conditions such as difficulty breathing and chest pain, particularly in high-risk individuals.

Certain groups are more susceptible to severe complications from these respiratory infections. According to Dr. Glenn, older adults, young children, and people with chronic conditions like diabetes, heart disease, and cancer are at higher risk. Individuals on immunosuppressive medications are also more vulnerable to respiratory infections.

If you fall into a high-risk category, it’s important to discuss your prevention strategies with a healthcare provider. Vaccines for both flu and COVID-19 are highly recommended and can protect against severe illness.

For those planning to travel, it's vital to check the flu and COVID-19 vaccine guidelines for your destination, as cold and flu seasons vary across regions.

While there is no foolproof way to avoid illness, there are several steps you can take to reduce your risk:

1. Wash your hands frequently with soap and water.

2. Use a tissue or your elbow when coughing or sneezing.

3. Particularly in crowded spaces or areas with poor ventilation.

4. Regularly clean frequently touched objects like doorknobs and light switches.

5. Keep your body hydrated and get plenty of rest to support your immune system.

Despite their similarities, there are a few distinctions between colds, the flu, and COVID-19. Below is a breakdown of the key differences in symptoms:

Symptom	Common Cold	Flu	COVID-19
Fever	Rare	Common (high fever)	Common, often prolonged
Cough	Mild	Dry, can be severe	Dry, persistent, can worsen
Fatigue	Mild	Common, sudden onset	Common, can be severe
Muscle Aches	Mild	Common, often intense	Common, often intense
Loss of Taste/Smell	Rare	Rare	Common, unique to COVID-19
Shortness of Breath	No	Rare	Common in severe cases
Runny Nose/Sneezing	Common	Sometimes	Less common

*information provided in this table is for informational purposes only

When to See a Doctor

While colds generally resolve on their own with rest and over-the-counter remedies, there are times when you should consult a healthcare provider. Use the following checklist to determine if you should seek medical help:

- Fever lasting more than three days

- Difficulty breathing or chest pain

- Persistent cough with green or yellow mucus

- Sudden loss of taste or smell

- Severe body aches or fatigue that worsens over time

- Vomiting or diarrhea, particularly in children

- Symptoms that worsen after initial improvement

Because of the symptom overlap, the only reliable way to distinguish between COVID-19 and the flu is through testing. COVID-19 rapid tests are available in many pharmacies and healthcare centers. If you're feeling unsure about your symptoms, getting tested can provide clarity and help prevent spreading the illness to others.

The winter season brings with it an increased risk of respiratory illnesses. While symptoms of colds, the flu, and COVID-19 can be similar, understanding the subtle differences is essential for treatment and prevention. Protect yourself and your loved ones by staying informed, following health guidelines, and getting vaccinated when necessary.

Proper hygiene, timely vaccination, and monitoring of symptoms can significantly reduce the chances of severe illness and help you navigate the cold and flu season with confidence.