I’ve always struggled with inconsistent sleep, staying up late and waking up at different times each day. My love for coffee was also on an all-time high with trying all the season specials. But it is only recently, I learned how this irregular sleep pattern and caffeine could increase my risk of heart attack and stroke. Now, I’m prioritizing a consistent sleep schedule and cutting out caffeine after 3 PM to protect my heart.

A new, shocking study shows that irregular sleep patterns can greatly increase the risk of heart attack and stroke. But that's not all: the timing of your caffeine intake could also play a critical role in your cardiovascular health. If you are struggling with inconsistent sleep patterns and regularly sipping on caffeinated beverages late in the day, you may be unknowingly putting yourself at risk for serious heart-related issues.

For most people, sleep is something of a given and we often only consider ourselves as long as we get our required seven to nine hours. However, according to a recent study conducted by researchers at the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, it may not be that long after all. The study, which included more than 72,000 participants, found that people with irregular sleep patterns—those who fall asleep and wake up at vastly different times each day—face a 26% higher risk of experiencing a heart attack or stroke. This increased risk persisted even for those who managed to get enough sleep. The study followed up participants for eight years to track heart events such as heart attacks, strokes, and heart failure. The conclusions were clear: irregular sleep, even if it's sufficient in duration, is a major cardiovascular risk factor.

The researchers found that those whose sleep patterns were highly irregular had a significantly greater chance of life-threatening heart issues. The more erratic your sleep schedule, the greater the risk, regardless of how many hours you sleep. In fact, people with irregular sleep schedules showed worse cardiovascular health outcomes, including higher rates of high blood pressure, elevated stress hormones, and poor blood sugar and cholesterol management.

Senior scientist Dr. Jean-Philippe Chaput said "sleep regularity may be more relevant than sufficient sleep duration in modulating MACE [major adverse cardiovascular event] risk." In the study, it shows that our bodies are comfortable with consistency, and a varied sleep schedule may interfere with other processes that keep us healthy, especially the heart.

Is it Caffeine After 3 PM Causing Sleeplessness?

Another daily habit that may be putting your heart at risk is caffeine consumption after 3 PM. According to Dr. Chaput, the experts emphasize the need for a healthy sleep schedule and avoiding caffeine late in the day. Caffeine can stay in your blood for up to eight hours, and its consumption later in the afternoon can disrupt your sleep cycle.

Consistent, good-quality sleep is necessary for maintaining healthy cardiovascular function, and the disruption of this by late-day caffeine intake exacerbates the risks posed by irregular sleep. When you drink coffee, tea, or other caffeinated beverages too late, the stimulant effect on your nervous system makes it harder to fall asleep at a regular time. This can lead to inconsistent sleep patterns, which, as we have seen, can be harmful to heart health.

Dr Chaput insists that humans need to adopt practices that contribute to regularized sleep habits. This can be attained by establishing a proper sleeping and waking schedule, eliminating afternoon intake of stimulants such as caffeine, and making your body clock coincide with the lifestyle one leads.

How Does Poor Sleep Affect Heart Health?

According to the experts, the disturbance due to irregular sleep patterns impacts more than one physiological process involved in the maintenance of the healthy heart. For example, poor sleep can be associated with increased inflammation of the body, weakened immunity, and altered regulation of blood sugar and cholesterol, all of which contribute to increased blood pressure and weakening endothelial function, both associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. Sleep also plays a very important role in regulating stress hormones. Poor or disturbed sleep results in increased levels of cortisol, the stress hormone, which increases blood pressure and can have negative impacts on cardiovascular health over time.

Scientists hypothesize that these disturbances trigger a series of negative effects that enhance the risk of developing chronic heart conditions, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, or even heart failure.

Tips to Protect Your Heart and Improve Your Sleep

In order to protect your heart, experts recommend several proactive measures to improve your sleep patterns and lifestyle. First, maintain a regular sleep schedule whereby you go to bed and wake up at the same time every day, including weekends. Consistency will keep your body's internal clock in check.

Along with regulating your sleep, paying attention to your caffeine habits is just as important. To reduce your risk of heart disease and stroke, experts suggest avoiding caffeine after 3 PM. If you’re sensitive to caffeine, this rule becomes even more critical.

In addition, the introduction of stress-reducing activities like yoga or mindfulness can also be beneficial to lower cortisol levels, and therefore both sleep and heart health can improve. A diet rich in antioxidants, healthy fats, and low on processed sugars also helps maintain cholesterol levels and reduce inflammation.

Does Your Sleep Environment Also Has A Role To Play

Apart from the timing of caffeine and your sleep schedule, another very overlooked factor is the quality of your sleep environment. Scientists have long known that the environment in which you sleep has a huge impact on the quality of your rest. Poor quality of sleep, even if your sleep schedule is regular, can cause health risks that are very much the same as those that arise from irregular sleep patterns.

Here’s an additional tip: make sure your bedroom is conducive to restful sleep. This means keeping your room dark, quiet, and cool. A temperature of around 65°F (18°C) is ideal for most people. Consider investing in a comfortable mattress and pillows, and avoid screen time at least 30 minutes before bed to allow your brain to unwind.

Irregular sleep, in association with taking caffeine in late parts of the day, can risk heart attack and stroke, but a simple maintenance of a sleep schedule, the reduction of consumption of afternoon caffeine, and sleep environmental awareness can definitely safeguard one's heart along with total health.

Your sleep is more than just a time for rest; it's a vital component of your long-term health, and maintaining consistency in your sleep habits is one of the best things you can do for your heart.

For years, PCOS was often diagnosed through the most visible disruptions: irregular periods, acne, facial hair, weight gain, or difficulty conceiving. That made many patients enter the healthcare system through gynecology, usually when menstrual, reproductive, or visible hormonal symptoms became hard to ignore.

The shift from Polycystic Ovary Syndrome to Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome encourages clinicians to look earlier, wider, and more systematically at the condition.

A Wider Starting Point

The old name placed the ovary at the center of the condition. PMOS keeps ovarian function in the picture, but it widens the diagnostic lens to include the hormone and metabolic systems that are often involved from the start. This distinction matters because the condition is not defined by harmful ovarian cysts. In fact, ovarian cysts are not required for diagnosis, and some women with PCOS may not show polycystic ovaries on ultrasound at all. The newer name, therefore, helps move diagnosis beyond a scan-based or ovary-only understanding, and closer to how the condition actually presents and manifests itself in the body.

From Period Problem To Whole-body Assessment

With PMOS, diagnosis should become less dependent on ultrasound and more attentive to the full clinical pattern. Doctors will still look at irregular or absent periods and signs of high androgen levels, such as acne, excess facial or body hair, hair thinning, and raised testosterone levels, where tested. But the newer framing should also make metabolic screening routine, especially for insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes risk, blood pressure, cholesterol, obesity, sleep apnea, and fatty liver-related concerns. WHO describes PCOS as a chronic metabolic condition that can persist beyond the reproductive years, with symptoms and risks varying from person to person.

PMOS: Why This Change Could Reduce Missed Diagnosis

The scale of underdiagnosis is large. It is estimated that PCOS affects 10–13% of reproductive-aged women, while up to 70% of affected women worldwide may not know they have the condition. A name that leads with “polyendocrine” and “metabolic” may help clinicians connect symptoms that were previously treated separately: a dermatologist sees acne, a gynecologist sees irregular periods, an endocrinologist sees insulin resistance, and a mental-health professional sees anxiety or poor quality of life.

What Needs To Change Now

The diagnosis is not changing into a different disease. The condition remains the same, but the way it is understood may become broader and more accurate. The real opportunity lies in better recognition: fewer patients being told their symptoms are only about cysts, weight, periods or fertility, and more patients being assessed for the long-term hormonal and metabolic risks that can come with the condition.

For this shift to matter, awareness must grow across the medical fraternity and among patients, so PMOS is approached as a multi-system condition; symptoms are recognized earlier, and care becomes more connected from the beginning.

(Written by Dr. Rashmi Dharaskar, Sr. Consultant Obstetrics and Gynaecologist at Surya Mother & Child Super Specialty Hospital).

When Indian summers touch 48 degrees, it’s no longer just uncomfortably hot—it’s a serious public health challenge. Extreme heat affects everything from hydration levels in the body to digestion, the health of your skin, heart, and even mental well-being. Surviving (and staying healthy) through such brutal temperatures requires 360-degree body care, not just an extra glass of water or switching on the AC.

Dr P. Venkata Krishnan, Senior Consultant & Director—Internal Medicine, Narayana Hospital, Gurugram, in an interview with Health and Me, shared a complete and practical survival plan to help your body cope with the extreme Indian summer—inside and out.

Hydration: Go Beyond Plain Water

In intense heat conditions, your body loses water and electrolytes very quickly through sweat. Electrolytes help carry water to the blood and tissues. Hence, drinking only plain water in summer may not suffice. Try sipping water consistently at regular intervals instead of gulping large quantities at once. Electrolyte-rich fluids like coconut water, lemon water with a pinch of salt, or buttermilk are healthy, affordable options to soothe parched throats. Avoid excess caffeine, colas, and alcohol, as they increase dehydration; if you must indulge, have a glass of water before your coffee or alcoholic drink.

Pro tip: Check your urine colour—dark yellow is a warning sign of dehydration.

Eat Light, Cool, and Smart

Our digestive systems are also tired in extreme summers. Spicy, heavy, and oily foods generate more internal heat, which puts an additional burden on digestion. Opt for seasonal fruits like watermelon, muskmelon, papaya, and berries instead of chips and snacks.

To ease digestion, add items like curd, rice, cucumber, and bottle gourd to your meals. Avoid red meat and fried foods during peak summer days. Smaller, lighter meals are easier for the body to process in extreme heat. Find ways to increase hydration through fruits and vegetables in your food too, apart from water intake.

Protect Your Skin from Heat Damage

Heat doesn’t just tan your skin—it accelerates ageing, causes pigmentation, and triggers rashes. Incorporating a summer skincare regimen can help prevent damage to your skin.

1. Use a broad-spectrum sunscreen daily, even if you’re indoors.
2. Wear loose, breathable cotton or linen clothing.
3. Take cool (not ice-cold) showers to soothe overheated skin.
4. Seek medical advice for prickly heat, fungal infections, or sudden rashes—they thrive in sweaty conditions.

Mind Your Heart and Blood Pressure

Extreme temperatures put additional stress on the cardiovascular system, especially in people with hypertension, diabetes, or heart conditions. There are just a few things to bear in mind. When the temperature outside sizzles, avoid stepping outdoors for prolonged periods, especially between 12 pm and 4 pm, when the sun beats down mercilessly.

Take all prescribed medications exactly as advised—don’t skip doses even if you experience heat-induced nausea. If you feel dizzy or experience palpitations or severe fatigue, consult your doctor as soon as possible. Heat exhaustion can silently progress to heatstroke, which is a medical emergency.

Smart Cooling at Home and Work

Air conditioning is helpful, but overexposure can lead to dry skin, headaches, and respiratory discomfort. However, since the emphasis is more on cooler environments in summer, there are a few ways to avoid overexposure to AC.

Once every two or three hours, step away from your desk for a few minutes. Walk or stand, and sip some water. Open windows, if possible, to avoid thermal shock. Set AC temperatures between 24 and 26 degrees, despite the urge to cool the surroundings further. Use fans and cross-ventilation whenever possible, relying a little less on air conditioning in the process. Never move directly from extreme heat into freezing AC environments, or vice versa, as it can impact your body suddenly.

Sleep & Mental Well-being Do Matter

Poor sleep due to heat can increase irritability, anxiety, and fatigue. Include some calming activity before bedtime. Put away screens, as they radiate heat too. Some tips to help you sleep better:

1. A lukewarm shower before bed.
2. Well-ventilated bedrooms.
3. No heavy dinners or eating late at night; ideally, finish dinner before 9 pm, leaving a gap of a couple of hours afterwards before going to sleep.
4. Mindful slow breathing or short meditation helps control heat-related restlessness.

Special Care for Vulnerable Groups

Children, elderly individuals, pregnant women, and outdoor workers are at higher risk of heat-related health concerns. They should particularly ensure that they hydrate more frequently.

1. Watch for signs like dry mouth, lethargy, confusion, or reduced urination. Seek a doctor’s advice if needed.
2. Include cooling foods to prevent dehydration and encourage lighter, frequent meals instead of full, heavy meals.
3. Never leave children or pets inside parked vehicles or in spaces without ventilation—even for a few minutes.

A holistic approach covering hydration, nutrition, skincare, heart health, and mental well-being can help your body adapt and stay resilient. Extreme heat is not “just a bad summer." Treat it seriously, listen to your body, and make smart daily choices, because protecting yourself from the heat today prevents long-term health problems tomorrow.

Cancer is one of the most dreaded diseases. It is characterised by a malignant tumor that obstructs the normal functioning of organs. According to a recent analysis from the World Health Organisation (WHO), more than a third of cancer cases in the world are preventable. Cervical, stomach, and lung cancers make up half of the cases. This implies that millions of such deadly cases in the world can be prevented with behavioural changes, timely medical intervention, reduced occupational risks, and an ability to tackle environmental pollutants. It turns out that most preventable cancers can be avoided by making two simple lifestyle changes.

Preventable cancers in the world

Researchers say that addressing preventable causes represents one of the most powerful opportunities to reduce the global cancer burden. The analysis also noted that, in 2022, there were approximately 19 million new cases of cancer, and 38 per cent were related to 30 modifiable risk factors. The most common modifiable risk factors are:

1. High BMI
2. Smoking
3. Insufficient physical activity
4. Alcohol intake
5. Smokeless tobacco
6. Air pollution
7. Exposure to infectious agents
8. Suboptimal breastfeeding
9. Occupational exposures

What are the preventable risk factors for cancer?

The most common preventable risk factor, however, was smoking tobacco. It is associated with 15 per cent of all cancer cases in a year. In men, the risk was significantly higher. Smoking contributed to 23 per cent of the new cancer cases globally in men that year. However, smoking alone was not the only cause; air pollution, depending upon the region, played a huge role. In East Asia itself, 15 per cent of lung cancer cases in women were attributed to air pollution. In Western Asia and Northern Africa, 20 per cent of lung cancer cases in men were due to air pollution.

After smoking tobacco, the next key lifestyle risk factor was drinking alcohol. It accounted for 3.2 per cent of all cancer cases—approximately 7 lakh. As per researchers’ estimates, drinking alcohol and smoking tobacco account for about 48 per cent of all preventable cancer cases. Infections, however, were associated with 10 per cent of new cancer cases. Among women, the largest share of these cases was attributed to high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV), which contributes to cervical cancer cases. However, with the HPV vaccine being more accessible, cervical cancer cases have reduced.

Can smoking give you stomach cancer?

Stomach cancer cases are higher among men and are mostly associated with inadequate sanitation, smoking, infections, and poor access to clean water. A first-of-its-kind analysis, this study helps show how much cancer risk comes from preventable causes. By examining these patterns, countries can be alerted to work towards preventing cancers in the first place by taking appropriate steps.

Researchers also mentioned in their paper that 4 in 10 cancer cases in the world in 2022 could have been prevented by eliminating the risk factors considered in the study. The study was published in the Nature Medicine journal.