Low blood pressure, also known as hypotension, is usually considered a sign of good health and low risk for cardiovascular disease. However, there are times when persistently low blood pressure or a sudden drop can be a sign of an underlying health issue that needs medical attention. Knowing when low blood pressure becomes a problem can help ensure timely intervention and proper care.

Blood pressure readings consist of two numbers:

Systolic pressure (the top number) indicates the pressure in your arteries when your heart pumps blood. Diastolic pressure (the bottom number) reflects the pressure in your arteries while your heart is resting between beats.

The normal reading is usually 120/80 mmHg or less. Hypotension is clinically defined as having blood pressure readings less than 90/60 mmHg. In some patients, low blood pressure will have no adverse health consequences and therefore does not need to be treated. In extreme cases, however, it can limit the flow of oxygen and nutrients to vital organs, resulting in potentially life-threatening complications, such as shock.

Causes of Low Blood Pressure

Hypotension can result from many factors. Some of the factors that cause hypotension are as follows:

• Insufficient fluid intake or excessive fluid loss can lead to decreased blood volume and hence hypotension.
• An injury or internal bleeding may result in hypotension. This happens because blood pressure becomes significantly reduced.
• Some hormonal changes along with the increased blood requirement during pregnancy also causes hypotension.
• Issues like heart failure or arrhythmias can impair blood circulation and result in low blood pressure.
• Certain drugs, including diuretics, antidepressants, and blood-pressure-lowering medications, can induce hypotension.

Symptoms of Hypotension

While low blood pressure may not always cause symptoms, it can sometimes be associated with:

- Dizziness or fainting

- Fatigue and weakness

- Blurred vision

- Nausea

- Confusion or difficulty concentrating

- Shallow breathing

- Palpitations

If the person experiences these symptoms, with the recorded blood pressure reading, the medical services have to be consulted.

Types of Low Blood Pressure

1. Orthostatic Hypotension: This is a kind of hypotension that appears as a result of decreased blood pressure when a person is standing up from lying down or sitting position and primarily affects elderly people.

2. Postprandial Hypotension: This is a drop in blood pressure after eating, more common in older people.

3. Neurally Mediated Hypotension: It is triggered by standing for long periods. This type can affect younger people and is associated with miscommunication between the brain and heart.

When Is Low Blood Pressure Dangerous?

There is no such thing as a universal threshold for very low blood pressure, but a blood pressure reading below 90/60 mmHg can be dangerous and require prompt medical assessment if accompanied by symptoms of fainting, confusion, or shortness of breath. Sudden falls in blood pressure may point to potentially serious underlying causes, which can include:

• Internal bleeding
• Sepsis (severe infection)
• Allergic reactions

Management and Treatment

Treatment of hypotension depends on its cause:

• Hydration Drinking more water can help against dehydration-related hypotension.
• Compression Stockings: These can improve circulation and reduce blood pooling in the lower limbs.
• Dietary Changes: Increasing salt intake under supervision can help increase blood pressure
• Medication Changes: The physician may need to reduce dosages of some medications or replace prescriptions.

For more severe cases, physicians might also administer fludrocortisone or midodrine to increase blood pressure. Shock from hypotension should be treated promptly to ensure proper function of organs.

Can Hypotension Cause Fatigue?

Chronic fatigue syndrome has also been associated with low blood pressure. Prolonged tiredness, despite adequate rest, may require reassessment of blood pressure levels. Fatigue secondary to hypotension will impact functionality and thus requires assessment and treatment of the cause.

When to Seek Medical Care

If your blood pressure readings are low consistently and without symptoms, you probably have nothing to worry about. If you do have symptoms like dizziness, fainting, or confusion, you need to go to the doctor. Blood pressure checks are usually conducted regularly. Once you are aware of your own normal baseline, you will know right away when there is something wrong.

Lifestyle Tips That Support Normal Blood Pressure

1. Other than directly treating hypotension, a healthy lifestyle overall would promote balanced blood pressure levels.
2. Exercise regularly; it promotes cardiovascular health and can help regulate blood pressure.
3. Focus on nutrient-dense foods rich in iron, B vitamins, and electrolytes to support circulatory health.
4. Excessive alcohol consumption dehydrates the body and lowers blood pressure.
5. Practices like yoga and meditation can help maintain a healthy blood pressure range.

As 2025 comes to an end, one thing is clear, this year has been a year of remarkable shifts in how we understand health. This year, there have been breakthroughs, redesigns, and achievements in the healthcare sector, which has changed many lives. Scientists and doctors have pushed their boundaries in ways to save lives, make patients more comfortable and Health and Me lists down 5 such breakthroughs that defined the year 2025.

Reinventing Speculum: The Flower That May Transform Pelvic Exams

Few medical tools have stayed as frozen in time as the vaginal speculum. Cold, metallic, and intimidating, its origin traces back to Dr. James Marion Sims in the mid-19th century, during experiments carried out unethically on enslaved women. Beyond its history, patients have long reported pain, anxiety, and emotional distress linked to it. But this year, a young design team dared to ask what would happen if pelvic exams could feel safe.

Enter Lilium, a flower-inspired speculum created by Delft University engineers Tamara Hoveling and Ariadna Izcara Gual. Made with soft plastic and shaped to bloom like a lily, it opens gently, eliminates the harsh clicking sound, and uses a tampon-like applicator for insertion. Designed to feel familiar and symbolically comforting, Lilium represents a shift toward trauma-informed, patient-first gynecological care—something long overdue.

Zaynich: India Launches Its First New Antibiotic in 30+ Years

For 28-year-old Sahil Mehra from Mumbai, a severe, drug-resistant Pseudomonas infection left his kidneys failing and his doctors nearly out of options. Even last-resort antibiotics couldn’t stop the superbug.

Then came Zaynich, India’s first new antibiotic in more than three decades. Developed by Wockhardt, it combines cefepime, a fourth-generation cephalosporin, with zidebactam, a novel β-lactam enhancer that boosts the drug’s power against tough bacteria. Early reports and trials suggest a 97% effectiveness against drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and even a 20% higher cure rate than meropenem in Phase 3 studies. Within four days of receiving Zaynich, Mehra’s condition stabilized—a reminder of why antibiotic innovation is essential in the age of superbugs.

A Powerful Cholesterol-Lowering Pill Could Change Heart Care

High LDL cholesterol remains one of the biggest drivers of cardiovascular disease. While statins help, many people never reach target levels. Injectable PCSK9 inhibitors work well but remain expensive and less accessible.

This year, an experimental daily pill—enlicitide—showed promise of changing that equation. In the Phase 3 CORALreef Lipids trial involving 2,912 adults, enlicitide reduced LDL-C levels by 55.8% at 24 weeks, with post-hoc analysis suggesting reductions up to 59.7%. With a safety profile similar to placebo, enlicitide could become the first oral PCSK9 inhibitor to make potent cholesterol control easier and more widely available.

Zombie Cell: A Longevity Pill From China Claims Life Up to 150 Years

A Shenzhen-based biotech company sparked global debate by claiming it has developed a pill that targets ageing at the cellular level. The pill focuses on clearing “zombie cells”—old cells that refuse to die and trigger inflammation. Made with compounds derived from grape seeds, early animal lab work suggests potential lifespan extension. While far from proven in humans, the idea that such a pill could stretch life to 120–150 years captured the world’s imagination and intensified conversations around longevity science.

The World’s First Single-Dose Dengue Vaccine Gets Approved

With dengue cases hitting record levels globally, Brazil approved the world’s first single-dose dengue vaccine, called Butantan-DV. Developed by the Butantan Institute in collaboration with Wu Xi, it uses a live attenuated virus and is currently approved for ages 12 to 59. Until now, the only dengue vaccine required two doses months apart. This single-shot version could transform dengue prevention, especially in tropical countries facing surges linked to rising temperatures.

Recently the news of Norovirus outbreak in an AIDA cruise that has infected more than 100 guests and crew on board made news. This is the 21st outbreak, as confirmed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This case has brought back memories from the Royal Caribbean Cruise outbreak, where 94 out of 1,874 and 4 crew members also were infected by Norovirus.

This virus is also known as the 'rib-cracking' winter virus, which sets it apart from rest of the winter viruses. People who have been sickened by this contagious virus are vomiting explosively, which may make the sufferers to experience a cracking in their ribs, which is where it gets its name 'rib-cracking' winter virus.

What Is Norovirus? What Makes It So Unique?

The virus typically spikes after the holidays, when families gather indoors. However, new data from the Centers for CDC shows this year’s surge has arrived weeks ahead of schedule, and experts say there’s no obvious explanation yet.

According to the CDC, 12.5 percent of norovirus tests came back positive during the week of November 22, nearly identical to the 13 percent positivity rate the week before. Compared to two weeks earlier, infections have jumped by about 25 percent. But the real number of cases is likely far higher, as most people with norovirus never get tested.

Between August 1 and November 13, health officials recorded 153 norovirus outbreaks, more than double last year’s 69 during the same period, and far above the 65 reported in 2023.

The CDC estimates the U.S. sees around 2,500 outbreaks every year. An outbreak is recorded when two or more people fall ill from a suspected or confirmed shared source.

On cruise ships, which are closely monitored by federal agencies, outbreaks have also been climbing. The AIDAdiva, a German vessel currently on a long global route, recently reported a spike in cases. In a statement to USA TODAY, AIDA Cruises said it has increased hygiene measures on board and that infections are already declining.

“Seasonal illness peaks between November and April, and the AIDAdiva report reflects what we’re seeing on land,” the cruise line said.

Why Norovirus Hits So Hard

Norovirus infects roughly 21 million Americans every year and sends about 2 million to hospitals or clinics. It spreads easily through contaminated food, surfaces, shared utensils, or direct contact with an infected person. Even a tiny amount of virus can trigger illness.

Symptoms usually appear within 12 to 48 hours and include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach cramps, and sometimes fever and chills. The biggest danger is dehydration, which can set in quickly. Severe fluid loss can lead to low blood pressure, reduced organ perfusion, electrolyte imbalances, and in extreme cases, seizures or fainting.

The virus contributes to about 900 deaths in the U.S. annually, mostly among older adults.

Doctors emphasize that hand sanitizers don’t reliably kill norovirus. Frequent handwashing with soap and water is the best protection.

The season’s lowest positivity rate was recorded in early August at 6.5 percent. But with holiday travel and gatherings underway, health officials warn infections are likely to rise.

What Are The Symptoms Of Norovirus And How Long Do They Last?

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Stomach pain or cramps
• Watery or loose diarrhea
• Feeling ill
• Low-grade fever
• Muscle pain

The symptoms usually begin 12 to 48 hours after your first exposure to the virus and could last from 1 to 3 days. You can, however, continue to shed virus in your stool for several week after your recovery. The shedding could go up for months if you have another medical condition.

Delhi woke up again to a thick layer of smog, with Delhi's AQI hovering over 300 on the Air Quality Index on Thursday morning under "very poor" category. After a long nine-day wait, city's AQI had slipped under "poor" category on Tuesday, but it is again back on the "very poor" category, while on Wednesday, there were strong winds that dispersed the pollutants. Yet the condition of the air quality remains bad.

As a result of this many people are leaving the city, or have at least considered leaving the city.

"I Felt Breathless And Constantly Fatigued"

Nikita Singh, 31, who runs a remote PR boutique agency was living in Delhi on and off for two years because it was two years back when she struggled to breathe during Delhi winters. "The pollution levels were so extreme that I felt breathless and constantly fatigued. That was the first time I seriously questioned whether I could continue living here long-term," she says.

For the first two years, she kept "oscillating". "I would stay in Delhi for work during peak months, then leave when pollution became unbearable, especially from November to January. Every return felt heavier. I had my eyes burning, headaches, chest tightness and a general feeling of 'I cannot do this forever'."

She has now permanent moved away from Delhi to Jodhpur, in Rajasthan, where she works remotely. However, it has not been easy on her. "Emotionally, it was tough because Delhi had become familiar, and my life and work circle were mostly based there," she says. However, thanks to her fully remote work and that fact that she had decided to prioritize her health, she was able to make the move.

She says that Jodhpur offers the cleaner air which she "never felt in Delhi". Her decision to move also came with her family uprooting from Delhi. "My family and I shifted together. AQI was a major trigger. We realized we could not keep exposing ourselves to those levels of pollution year after year," she reveals.

Migration And Pollution: More Delhiites Are Considering To Move Out Of The City

She is not alone, Vikash Makkar, a freelance linguist specialist and a journalist, who had been living in Delhi from the last 12 years, moved back to his hometown in Jamshedpur. "Since October with an unplanned journey, I moved to my hometown and have been living there. It is quite relaxed here as compared to Delhi's ongoing pollution crisis that I had faced," he shares.

29-year-old Riya Baibhawi also uprooted from the city. She had been living in Delhi from last 5 years. She is currently living in Ludhiana, Punjab, and her decision to leave city is also affected by the pollution. Though, it was not easy for her. "It was very tough because it was very difficult to find career opportunities with competitive salaries outside Delhi-NCR. It also required a cut down of my social life, which adversely affected my mental health," she says. She shares that one of her friends, who had been living in Noida for the last 20 years had also moved out as pollution exacerbated her asthma.

Another family, who have been living in Delhi's Karol Bagh for more than two decades now are considering moving out of Delhi. "They are looking for properties outside Delhi where air is cleaner," shares their 26-year-old daughter who now lives in her marital home in Noida.

As per a survey by a consumer insights platform Smytten PulseAI, about 34.6% of the residents surveyed in Delhi NCR have considered to move out of the city due to worsening air. A 2023 study published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health shows that if the level of PM2.5 increases by 10µg/m3, migrants coming into the city will be reduced by 21.2%. While migration in the city has been ongoing, pollution does show some strains of people moving out of the city.

As per the Air Quality Life Index released by the Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago (EPIC), the fine particulate matter or PM2.5 in air will shorten an average Indian's life expectancy by 5.3 years, and in Delhi, it could shorten a person's life span by 11.9 years. However, the Union government has said in the parliament that there is "no conclusive national data to establish a direct correlation between deaths or diseases occurring exclusively due to air pollution". This statement comes at a time when doctors themselves noted a surge in cases due to pollution and have urged people to leave the cities.