Low blood pressure, also known as hypotension, is usually considered a sign of good health and low risk for cardiovascular disease. However, there are times when persistently low blood pressure or a sudden drop can be a sign of an underlying health issue that needs medical attention. Knowing when low blood pressure becomes a problem can help ensure timely intervention and proper care.

Blood pressure readings consist of two numbers:

Systolic pressure (the top number) indicates the pressure in your arteries when your heart pumps blood. Diastolic pressure (the bottom number) reflects the pressure in your arteries while your heart is resting between beats.

The normal reading is usually 120/80 mmHg or less. Hypotension is clinically defined as having blood pressure readings less than 90/60 mmHg. In some patients, low blood pressure will have no adverse health consequences and therefore does not need to be treated. In extreme cases, however, it can limit the flow of oxygen and nutrients to vital organs, resulting in potentially life-threatening complications, such as shock.

Causes of Low Blood Pressure

Hypotension can result from many factors. Some of the factors that cause hypotension are as follows:

• Insufficient fluid intake or excessive fluid loss can lead to decreased blood volume and hence hypotension.
• An injury or internal bleeding may result in hypotension. This happens because blood pressure becomes significantly reduced.
• Some hormonal changes along with the increased blood requirement during pregnancy also causes hypotension.
• Issues like heart failure or arrhythmias can impair blood circulation and result in low blood pressure.
• Certain drugs, including diuretics, antidepressants, and blood-pressure-lowering medications, can induce hypotension.

Symptoms of Hypotension

While low blood pressure may not always cause symptoms, it can sometimes be associated with:

- Dizziness or fainting

- Fatigue and weakness

- Blurred vision

- Nausea

- Confusion or difficulty concentrating

- Shallow breathing

- Palpitations

If the person experiences these symptoms, with the recorded blood pressure reading, the medical services have to be consulted.

Types of Low Blood Pressure

1. Orthostatic Hypotension: This is a kind of hypotension that appears as a result of decreased blood pressure when a person is standing up from lying down or sitting position and primarily affects elderly people.

2. Postprandial Hypotension: This is a drop in blood pressure after eating, more common in older people.

3. Neurally Mediated Hypotension: It is triggered by standing for long periods. This type can affect younger people and is associated with miscommunication between the brain and heart.

When Is Low Blood Pressure Dangerous?

There is no such thing as a universal threshold for very low blood pressure, but a blood pressure reading below 90/60 mmHg can be dangerous and require prompt medical assessment if accompanied by symptoms of fainting, confusion, or shortness of breath. Sudden falls in blood pressure may point to potentially serious underlying causes, which can include:

• Internal bleeding
• Sepsis (severe infection)
• Allergic reactions

Management and Treatment

Treatment of hypotension depends on its cause:

• Hydration Drinking more water can help against dehydration-related hypotension.
• Compression Stockings: These can improve circulation and reduce blood pooling in the lower limbs.
• Dietary Changes: Increasing salt intake under supervision can help increase blood pressure
• Medication Changes: The physician may need to reduce dosages of some medications or replace prescriptions.

For more severe cases, physicians might also administer fludrocortisone or midodrine to increase blood pressure. Shock from hypotension should be treated promptly to ensure proper function of organs.

Can Hypotension Cause Fatigue?

Chronic fatigue syndrome has also been associated with low blood pressure. Prolonged tiredness, despite adequate rest, may require reassessment of blood pressure levels. Fatigue secondary to hypotension will impact functionality and thus requires assessment and treatment of the cause.

When to Seek Medical Care

If your blood pressure readings are low consistently and without symptoms, you probably have nothing to worry about. If you do have symptoms like dizziness, fainting, or confusion, you need to go to the doctor. Blood pressure checks are usually conducted regularly. Once you are aware of your own normal baseline, you will know right away when there is something wrong.

Lifestyle Tips That Support Normal Blood Pressure

1. Other than directly treating hypotension, a healthy lifestyle overall would promote balanced blood pressure levels.
2. Exercise regularly; it promotes cardiovascular health and can help regulate blood pressure.
3. Focus on nutrient-dense foods rich in iron, B vitamins, and electrolytes to support circulatory health.
4. Excessive alcohol consumption dehydrates the body and lowers blood pressure.
5. Practices like yoga and meditation can help maintain a healthy blood pressure range.

A very common medical condition globally, sleep apnea is a disorder that interrupts breathing during sleep. Several factors can cause it, though the risk rises sharply with obesity because extra fat in the neck, known as pharyngeal fat, can narrow the airway. Health professionals usually advise lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise to ease symptoms, but if these steps do not help enough, weight-loss injections may be recommended.

Australia’s Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) has now approved the weight-loss drug Mounjaro as a treatment option for sleep apnea, a condition where a person repeatedly stops and starts breathing through the night. The TGA states that Mounjaro may be used for adults with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea who also meet the criteria for obesity with a body-mass index of 30 or more.

The United States Food and Drug Administration cleared the same drug for this purpose last year. This raises an important question. How could a medicine known mainly for weight management and type 2 diabetes support people struggling with sleep apnea?

What Is Sleep Apnea?

Obstructive sleep apnea affects close to a billion people worldwide. It causes repeated pauses in breathing that disrupt sleep and reduce oxygen levels. Many people notice loud snoring, choking or gasping, and heavy daytime fatigue. The main forms are obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), caused by a blocked airway, and central sleep apnea (CSA), which occurs when the brain does not send the right signals to the breathing muscles. If ignored, it can raise the risk of high blood pressure, heart disease and stroke, according to the Mayo Clinic.

How Does Obesity Trigger Sleep Apnea?

Obesity is one of the strongest contributors to obstructive sleep apnea. Roughly 80% of people diagnosed with the condition also live with obesity. The link runs in both directions. Extra fat around the neck can make the airway narrower and disturb breathing.

At the same time, sleep apnea can interfere with hunger and satiety hormones such as ghrelin and leptin, which can encourage overeating. Persistent tiredness makes it harder to stay active or maintain healthy habits, creating a cycle in which both problems feed into each other.

How Can Mounjaro Help With Sleep Apnea?

Mounjaro is the brand name for tirzepatide, also sold elsewhere under names like Zepbound. It works by activating receptors for two gut hormones known as GLP-1 and GIP. These hormones help control appetite, food intake and blood sugar. They are normally released when we eat, but tirzepatide mimics their action so people feel satisfied with smaller portions. Eating less overall can lead to gradual weight loss, which may improve sleep apnea symptoms in those whose condition is tied to obesity.

Mounjaro Side Effects

Although Mounjaro may be useful for some adults with sleep apnea, digestive side effects are fairly common. People may experience nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation or a drop in appetite. These issues often lessen as the body adjusts. Some users have also noted gallbladder-related concerns.

Even with these drawbacks, interest in Mounjaro as a sleep apnea therapy is growing because it offers a drug-based option for a condition long treated mainly with devices such as CPAP machines. Still, the medication is meant for people with obesity, and not everyone with sleep apnea falls into that category.

It is always best to speak with a healthcare provider before beginning or stopping any prescribed treatment.

A three-year-old boy from California has stunned doctors with his rapid progress after receiving a world-first gene therapy for Hunter syndrome, a rare inherited condition that causes progressive damage to the body and brain. The treatment was carried out at the Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital and offers new hope for families who have long lived with the devastating effects of the disease.

What Is Hunter Syndrome?

Hunter syndrome is caused by a faulty gene that prevents patients from producing an enzyme needed to clear certain molecules from cells. Children appear healthy at birth but start showing symptoms around age two. The condition affects the heart, liver, bones and brain and is often described as a form of childhood dementia. Most severely affected patients rarely live beyond their teenage years.

How Doctors Tried to Halt the Disease

Before treatment, Oliver Chu could not produce the crucial enzyme, reports BBC. Conventional therapy required weekly infusions that only slowed physical decline and could not protect the brain. Doctors in Manchester decided to attempt a one-time gene therapy, something never tried before for this condition.

Stem cells were collected from Oliver’s blood in December 2024 and sent to a specialist laboratory at Great Ormond Street Hospital in London. Scientists inserted a working copy of the missing gene into a harmless virus. The virus delivered the corrected gene into Oliver’s stem cells, allowing them to produce the missing enzyme once infused back into his body. Researchers also modified the gene to help the enzyme travel more easily into the brain, a major challenge in previous treatments.

The First Infusion

In February 2025, Oliver returned to Manchester for the infusion. His corrected stem cells, about 125 million of them, arrived frozen in a cryopreservation tank. After several safety checks, nurses slowly injected two doses into a catheter in his chest. The entire process took minutes, but the hope behind it was enormous. Once the infusion was complete, Oliver and his mother returned to California to wait for results.

Signs of Improvement

By May, the effects were becoming clear. Oliver’s speech had improved, his mobility had increased, and his parents described him as “brighter” and “healthier.” Most significantly, he no longer needed the expensive weekly enzyme infusions. His body had begun producing the enzyme on its own.

His older brother Skyler, who also has Hunter syndrome, accompanied the family to Manchester during this follow-up visit. Their parents now hope Skyler may also qualify for the therapy one day.

A Year That Changed Everything

By late August, nine months after treatment, doctors confirmed that Oliver was producing far above normal levels of the missing enzyme. He was gaining new words, moving more easily and showing continued cognitive progress. Professor Simon Jones, who co-leads the trial, praised Oliver’s development but noted that researchers still need long-term data.

Five boys from the United States, Europe and Australia are enrolled in the ongoing trial. No UK patients qualified because most were diagnosed too late. Participants will be monitored for at least two years to assess effectiveness and safety.

A Trial That Nearly Collapsed

The gene therapy almost never reached patients. Researchers at the University of Manchester had spent over 15 years developing it but nearly lost funding when their biotech partner withdrew. A last-minute contribution of 2.5 million pounds from the medical charity LifeArc saved the trial and allowed children like Oliver to join.

His parents say they are “eternally grateful” and feel his life has been “reset.” For them, the treatment represents not just medical progress but a future filled with possibilities.

For decades, cardiologists have noticed a clear seasonal trend. Heart attacks tend to rise during the winter months. Patients who already have heart conditions often see their health decline in the cold season, requiring more frequent and longer hospital stays. As winter approaches, pollution levels spike dramatically, making breathing more difficult, and for good reason.

Multiple factors combine to create this seasonal risk. We spoke to Dr. Vikash Goyal, Senior Cardiologist at Paras Health, Gurugram, to understand why chest pain becomes more common in winters.

Why Does Winter Trigger More Heart Risks?

Traditionally, this increase in heart-related issues has been linked to the body’s response to cold temperatures. Winter causes blood vessels to constrict and can lead to higher blood pressure, while reduced sweating may cause salt to build up in the body.

Less physical activity, along with a tendency to eat heavier, richer foods, adds to weight gain and raises blood sugar and cholesterol. Together, these factors increase the workload on the cardiovascular system, contributing to the rise in cardiac events during the winter months.

How Does Winter Pollution Trigger Chest Pain?

One constant in North Indian winters is a sharp rise in air pollution that comes alongside dropping temperatures. As the air cools and circulation slows, a thick layer of smog lingers over many cities. This pollution is a mix of vehicle emissions, construction dust, industrial smoke, and seasonal crop stubble burning. The simultaneous rise of air pollution and winter cardiac hospitalizations is too pronounced to ignore.

Dr. Vikash Goyal explained that air pollution has a significant but often overlooked effect on heart health. The heart relies on clear blood flow to support all major organs. When polluted air enters the lungs, tiny particles enter the bloodstream, triggering inflammation throughout the body. This narrows and stiffens blood vessels, forcing the heart to work harder while reducing oxygen supply to vital organs like the brain and kidneys.

He said, “This can lead to headaches, fatigue, dizziness, or worsening kidney function. During winter, the combination of cold temperatures and trapped smog thickens the blood and raises blood pressure, putting extra strain on the heart.” This explains why chest pain, breathlessness, and other cardiac issues increase during winter pollution season. Protecting yourself from polluted air isn’t just about lungs—it’s about safeguarding your whole cardiovascular system.

How Do PM2.5 Particles Harm The Cardiovascular System?

According to the World Health Organization, PM2.5 particles entering the bloodstream can cause multiple harmful effects on the heart. They trigger inflammation, destabilize cholesterol plaques, and increase the risk of plaque rupture, a common cause of heart attacks. They also create oxidative stress, producing free radicals that damage blood vessels and speed up atherosclerosis. Additionally, PM2.5 thickens the blood and makes platelets stickier, raising the chance of clots forming in blood vessels.

How To Protect Your Heart During Winter Pollution?

To reduce the impact of winter pollution on your heart, limit outdoor exposure on high-pollution days, wear N95 or N99 masks when going out, and use air purifiers and humidifiers indoors. Stay hydrated, eat foods rich in antioxidants, and keep an eye on your health.

If you notice persistent chest pain, tightness, or other concerning symptoms, seek medical help immediately.