The global challenge of HIV/AIDS remains one of the most pressing public health issues today. According to the latest data from UNAIDS, around 38.4 million people worldwide are living with HIV/AIDS, underlining the need for not only medical intervention but also comprehensive awareness, education, and social change. Despite the significant strides made in treatment and prevention, the confusion surrounding the relationship between HIV and AIDS still persists.

Young people have become influential advocates in the fight against HIV/AIDS. Research from UNICEF shows that youth-led initiatives can lower HIV transmission rates by as much as 45% in targeted communities. These young activists utilize digital platforms and peer-to-peer education to dispel myths, promote safe practices, and foster supportive environments for those affected by HIV/AIDS.

Dr Gowri Kulkarni, an expert in Internal Medicine, explains that while the terms HIV and AIDS are often used interchangeably, they are distinctly different. "HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the immune system, whereas AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is a condition that occurs when HIV severely damages the immune system," she clarifies. To understand the implications of these differences, it's important to explore the fundamental distinctions between the two.

1. HIV is a Virus; AIDS is a Syndrome

HIV is the virus responsible for attacking the body’s immune system, specifically targeting CD4 cells, which are crucial for the body’s defense against infections. As HIV progresses, it destroys these cells, weakening the immune system over time. If left untreated, this continuous damage can lead to AIDS.

AIDS, on the other hand, is a syndrome, not a virus. Dr Kulkarni further elaborates that AIDS is a collection of symptoms and illnesses that emerge when the immune system is severely compromised due to prolonged HIV infection. It represents the most advanced stage of HIV, and is characterized by very low CD4 counts or the onset of opportunistic infections like tuberculosis, pneumonia, or certain cancers.

2. Not Everyone with HIV Develops AIDS

A key distinction to remember is that not everyone with HIV will progress to AIDS. Thanks to advancements in medicine, particularly antiretroviral therapy (ART), individuals living with HIV can manage the virus and maintain a healthy immune system for many years, or even decades, without ever developing AIDS. ART works by suppressing the virus to undetectable levels, effectively preventing the damage HIV would otherwise cause to the immune system.

Without treatment, however, HIV progresses through three stages:

- Acute HIV Infection: This stage occurs shortly after transmission and may include symptoms like fever, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes.

- Chronic HIV Infection: Often asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic, the virus continues to damage the immune system but at a slower rate.

- AIDS: This is the final stage, marked by severe immune damage and the presence of infections that take advantage of the compromised immune defenses.

3. HIV is Transmissible; AIDS is Not

Another key distinction between HIV and AIDS is the way in which they are transmitted. HIV is highly contagious and can be transmitted through the exchange of bodily fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. It is primarily spread through unprotected sexual contact, sharing needles, or from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding.

AIDS, however, is not transmissible. It is not a disease that can be passed from one person to another. Rather, AIDS is the result of untreated, advanced HIV infection and is a direct consequence of the virus’s damage to the immune system.

4. Diagnosis Methods Differ

HIV and AIDS are diagnosed through different methods. HIV is diagnosed through blood tests or oral swabs that detect the presence of the virus or antibodies produced by the immune system in response to the virus. Early detection of HIV is crucial, as it allows for timely intervention and treatment, which can prevent the virus from progressing to AIDS.

AIDS, on the other hand, is diagnosed using more specific criteria. Dr Kulkarni notes that the diagnosis of AIDS is made when the individual’s CD4 cell count falls below 200 cells/mm³, or when opportunistic infections or certain cancers (such as Kaposi's sarcoma or lymphoma) are detected. Diagnosing AIDS involves a more thorough assessment of the individual’s immune function and overall health, as opposed to just the detection of HIV.

5. Treatment Goals Are Different

The treatment goals for HIV and AIDS differ significantly, although both involve antiretroviral therapy (ART). For HIV, the primary treatment goal is to suppress the virus to undetectable levels, thus maintaining a strong immune system and preventing further transmission of the virus. People living with HIV can often live long, healthy lives if they adhere to ART.

For individuals diagnosed with AIDS, the treatment plan becomes more complex. While ART remains an essential part of managing the virus, treatment for AIDS also focuses on addressing the opportunistic infections and secondary health complications associated with severe immune suppression. The goal of treatment for AIDS is not only to manage the HIV virus but also to improve the quality of life and extend survival by treating these secondary health issues.

Role of Community Engagement in Combatting HIV/AIDS

While the medical community has made great strides in managing HIV, the battle to curb its transmission is also a social and cultural issue. Dr Daman Ahuja, a public health expert, highlights that HIV/AIDS awareness and education are vital to reducing transmission rates and supporting those affected by the virus. "Young people, especially, have become key advocates in the fight against HIV/AIDS," says Dr Ahuja. "Research from UNICEF shows that youth-led initiatives can lower HIV transmission rates by as much as 45% in targeted communities."

Additionally, grassroots activism plays a significant role in raising awareness and addressing stigma. As the World Health Organization reports, community-based interventions have been proven to increase HIV testing rates and improve treatment adherence, which are crucial in the fight against the pandemic.

The ultimate goal of organizations like UNAIDS is to eliminate the HIV/AIDS pandemic by 2030. Achieving this requires global collaboration, from medical treatment advancements to public health strategies, education, and advocacy. Dr Kulkarni’s insight underscores the importance of early detection, treatment adherence, and community support in the fight against HIV/AIDS.

Dr Gowri Kulkarni is Head of Medical Operations at MediBuddy and Dr Daman Ahuja, a public health expert and has been associated with Red Ribbon Express Project of NACO between 2007-12.

Although as kids many of us enjoyed the perfect vision, it isn’t uncommon to find that you may need glasses as things start looking blurry. Weak eyesight can be caused due to a lot of reasons, whether it is strained usage of our eyesight like using improperly lit spaces to read, using electronics at night, or simply aging.

The simple science behind wear eyesight is when the muscles that aid our vision get weak. So, if there was just a way to rejuvenate those muscles, we would be able to see properly, right? But it is not that simple. Doing so would require surgical options, many of which are not available easily. However, a new study may have made headway into creating an eyedrop that will do the job.

A study presented on Sunday at the European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons (ESCRS) suggests that eye drops could be a safe and effective treatment for presbyopia, a common age-related condition that causes long-sightedness and makes it difficult to focus on close-up objects. The study, conducted by experts in Argentina, explored a new type of eye drop that could offer a convenient alternative to wearing reading glasses.

Can Eyedrops Fix Weak Eyesight?

The eye drops contain two main ingredients that work together to improve near vision. The first is pilocarpine, a drug that makes the pupil smaller and tightens the muscle that controls the shape of the eye's lens. This action helps the eye focus on nearby objects more easily.

The second ingredient is diclofenac, which is a type of anti-inflammatory drug. It helps reduce any inflammation in the eye.

In the study, 766 people used these drops twice a day, typically once in the morning and again about six hours later. They were split into three groups, each receiving a different strength of the pilocarpine component (1%, 2%, or 3%) while the amount of diclofenac stayed the same for everyone.

How Effective Are Eyedrops For Weak Eyesight?

The study's findings were very encouraging, showing significant improvements in near vision for all participants, with the effects lasting for up to two years.

For the group using the lowest concentration of pilocarpine (1%), almost all 148 people were able to read at least two additional lines on a standard eye chart. In the group with the 2% concentration, 69% of the 248 people could read three or more extra lines. The best results were seen in the 3% group, where a remarkable 84% of the 370 people could read three or more extra lines.

On average, patients saw an improvement of more than three lines on the eye chart just one hour after using the drops. According to Dr. Giovanna Benozzi, a leading researcher, these drops offer a promising solution that is more convenient and has fewer risks than traditional options like reading glasses or surgery.

Are There Side-Effects of Eyedrops For Weak Eyesight?

While the results are positive, some experts have expressed caution about potential side effects. The most common ones reported were temporary blurred vision, eye irritation, and headaches.

However, experts warned that long-term use of pilocarpine could sometimes lead to side effects like reduced night vision. He also noted that using anti-inflammatory drops for a long time could pose risks to the cornea, the clear front part of the eye. He emphasized that more extensive and longer-term studies are needed to confirm the safety and effectiveness of the drops for widespread use.

As kids we were often encouraged to think positively and not let negative thoughts derail our mind. Letting negative thoughts remain too long in your head can make you feel fatigued and unable to do necessary tasks as well. However, how much of this is actually psychological?

Can you imagine having pain in your body, but there is no ailment that can fix it? Is it completely psychological? What many people do not know about mental health is that it can severely impact your bodily health as well. To put this to test, researchers in China looked into how this could affect the elderly population of China.

In a study published in June 2025, researchers noted that the population is getting older, and with that comes a big increase in cognitive problems in older adults. These issues range from simple age-related memory loss to more serious conditions like dementia. This isn't just a personal health issue; it affects families and society as a whole.

Is Cognitive Health Declining Faster?

According to the study, globally, about 55 million people have dementia, and that number is expected to jump to 139 million by 2050. In China, 6% of people over 60 have dementia, and 15.5% have mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The total cost of caring for people with dementia in China could reach $1.89 trillion by 2050. Since there's no cure for dementia, it’s vital to find ways to prevent or delay its progress.

As people get older, their physical health declines, and so can their mental health. Anxiety and depression are very common, with over 20% of older Chinese adults experiencing symptoms. These mental health issues are a known risk factor for cognitive decline, but researchers are still trying to figure out exactly how they are connected.

Can Poor Mental Health Cause Decline In Memories?

To understand this, researchers looked into RNT. Repetitive Negative Thinking (RNT) is a pattern of stuck, negative thoughts that are hard to control. It includes two common habits: rumination, which is constantly replaying bad things from the past, and worry, which is focusing on future problems. Since RNT is a key symptom of many mental health issues like anxiety and depression, researchers think it might be a major reason why these issues are linked to a higher risk of dementia. This makes RNT a promising target for preventing cognitive decline.

Do Elderly People Have Negative Thoughts?

A study was conducted with 424 older adults in Wuhan, China, to see if there was a connection between RNT and their cognitive function, which includes skills like memory and attention.

Researchers used a survey called the Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ) to measure RNT. A higher score meant a person engaged in more negative thinking. To check cognitive function, they used the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) Test. A higher MoCA score meant better mental skills. The study also considered other factors like age, education, and health to ensure the results were accurate.

The results showed a clear negative link: people who had more RNT had lower cognitive scores. This connection was strong even after accounting for other factors like a person's age or how much education they had.

RNT appeared to affect most mental skills, like the ability to think and remember, but it didn't seem to affect language skills. The link was strongest in adults aged 60-79 and those who had at least a junior high school education. For people over 80 or those with very little education, the connection wasn't as noticeable.

How Can We Tackle Negative Thoughts In Elderly?

This study suggests that constantly dwelling on negative thoughts can wear out the brain, leading to a decline in memory and other mental abilities. The stress from RNT might actually change the brain's structure and function.

These findings suggest that checking older adults for RNT should become a part of health screenings. By identifying and helping people manage their negative thoughts early on, it may be possible to lower their risk of cognitive decline.

"Social support is regarded as a complex construct, which has long been suggested to have direct and buffering effects on patients' wellbeing and emotional adjustment to cancer." This is part of the abstract of a 2012 study published in the Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. True to this, a group of four, now make it a point to commemorate their win against cancer, every year.

Sandy Robertson, Terri Naab, Shari Hamlin, and Pricilla Bauer, all met each other at an oncology ward of the Methodist Hospital. They became each other's support system, fighting the same battle - breast cancer. They call their group the R-Gang. Why? If one takes a guess, the 'R' here stands for radiation, a therapy recommended to cancer patients. The R-Gang has all sorts of conversations, sometimes light and sometimes heavy.

The CBS reports that now, after successfully defeating cancer, the four meet on the 'shores of Lake Minnetonka at Maynard's, travelling across the country to commemorate each year they are still alive'.

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"I Will Never Let Go Of These Girls'

Bauer told CBS News that she was told that she had 60% chances of dying. "They said, '60/40, 60 you are gonna die'." She continues, "We were all sitting next to each other in that radiation room. At first, we were just polite to each other and we all just started talking."

"After the whole breast cancer diagnosis, I said, 'What am I doing in sales? I need to write.' And so I quit sales job and started writing." Bauer told CBS News.

Earlier, a group of seven, out of whom, two - Judy and Shirley, died of other illnesses, and Sherry, the youngest died of cancer; now the group of four celebrate their lives, for as long as they can.

Their friendship is special. "Even though it was tragic and horrible, it was one of the best times in my life because I met these people," said Naab. Hamlin seconded and said, "I will never let go of these girls. No, there's just no way."

All four are now cancer free, and will reunite at Maynard's the next year.

Cancer And Social Interaction

A 2017 study published by the Cambridge University Press noted that social interaction could have positive effect on a person's chance of survival after being treated for cancer. The author of the study Jeff Leinert and colleagues accessed the medical records of 4,691 cancer patients who were undergoing chemotherapy treatment in medical facilities in Oxfordshire, UK. The researchers found that being in the company of, and interacting with patients who survived cancer for at least 5 years after completing the treatment led to an increase in survival rate.

The 2012 study from Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention also noted that cross-sectional and prospective studies show a positive association between perceived social support and psychological adjustment following cancer treatment. Research also suggested a strong evidence for relationship between social support and improvement in cancer patients. The importance of social groups and social support for cancer patients were also pointed out by Dr Mrinal Gounder, while he spoke on Sarcoma Awareness in an exclusive interview with Health and Me.