Mold is a type of fungus that has been found on the surface of the earth for millions of years. They can get inside your home through open doors, windows, and air conditioning systems. Inhaling mold spores or coming into contact with mold can have severe adverse effects on your health. Beyond physical symptoms like headache and allergic symptoms, it can have a significant impact on the brain and nervous system. Symptoms may vary, from mild headaches to more severe issues like memory loss or difficulty walking. While it can affect anybody, certain groups like children, the elderly, pregnant women, and those with weakened immune systems are particularly vulnerable to these effects.

How can mold impact your neurological health?

Mold, such as Cladophialophora bantiana, can cause infections in the brain and spinal cord, leading to serious conditions like central nervous system (CNS) infections. While such infections are rare, they can be life-threatening.

Mycotoxins are toxic chemicals produced by certain mold types. These toxins can be released into the air when mold grows indoors, and breathing them in can have direct harmful effects on brain function. Studies indicate that mycotoxins may interfere with the nervous system’s communication pathways, leading to cognitive issues such as memory problems and mood swings.

In fact, long exposure to mold can lead to a variety of neurological symptoms, which can differ depending on an individual’s health and the severity of the mold exposure. Some of them are:

Headaches are one of the most frequent symptoms of mold exposure. While most of the time, these headaches are described as dull, constant, or pressure-like, they can sometimes mimic migraines, accompanied by nausea or sensitivity to light and sound.

Exposure to molds can also trigger seizures. Mold produces toxic substances like mycotoxins that may disrupt the brain’s electrical activity, leading to seizure episodes.

Mold exposure can cause brain fog, which results in concentration, memory, and mental clarity. Studies suggest that mycotoxins can disrupt normal brain function, making it challenging to process information and think clearly.

Exposure to this fungus can also lead to emotional problems. People with this kind of exposure have complained of anxiety, depression, irritability, and sudden mood swings. This could be due to mold toxins interfering with brain chemicals responsible for regulating emotions.

Mold exposure may trigger inflammation, leading to muscle and joint pain. In case of prolonged exposure, it could lead to the development or worsening of fibromyalgia or complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS).

In some cases, mold exposure may lead to tremors, difficulty walking, or problems with muscle coordination. These issues may be linked to mycotoxins affecting the brain or nervous system.

Mold exposure can impact the brain areas responsible for movement and balance, making it harder to stand, walk, or perform fine motor tasks. Individuals may feel unsteady or experience difficulty using devices like phones or computers.

Delirium is a condition wherein a person experiences confusion or disorientation. An abnormal immune response to mold could contribute to this condition. Delirium can make it difficult for individuals to think clearly or understand their surroundings.

Many women experience bloating, acidity, stomach discomfort, or constipation from time to time. These symptoms are usually linked to diet, stress, or minor digestive issues. However, these are often overlooked.

On World Ovarian Cancer Day, doctors are urging women to pay closer attention to such recurring symptoms and seek timely medical advice.

World Ovarian Cancer Day is observed every year on May 8 to raise awareness about ovarian cancer and promote early detection. This year’s theme is “No Woman Left Behind.”

According to global estimates, nearly 250,000 women are diagnosed with ovarian cancer each year, and about 140,000 die from the disease.

What Is Ovarian Cancer?

Ovarian cancer is one of the deadliest gynecological cancers and is often referred to as the “silent killer” because its early symptoms are vague and easily mistaken for common digestive or urinary issues.

It develops when abnormal cells in the ovaries grow uncontrollably and may spread to other parts of the body. Survival rates are significantly higher when detected early—around 93 per cent of women diagnosed at stage one survive at least five years, compared to just 13 per cent at stage four, according to the American Cancer Society.

Unfortunately, many cases are diagnosed at advanced stages, when treatment options are limited, and outcomes are poorer.

Early Symptoms Often Overlooked

“Ovarian cancer is commonly called a ‘silent disease’ because its early signs are vague and often resemble routine gastric issues,” Dr. Tejinder Kataria, Chairperson – Radiation Oncology, Medanta Hospital, Gurugram, told HealthandMe.

Common symptoms include:

• Persistent bloating
• Feeling full quickly or reduced appetite
• Pelvic or abdominal discomfort
• Unexplained constipation or diarrhea
• Ongoing indigestion
• Excessive gas
• Abdominal heaviness

Also read: WHO Says 6-Week Hantavirus Incubation Raises Concern, But No Epidemic Risk

One should not ignore these symptoms if they persist for more than two to three weeks.

“Many women delay seeking medical attention because these symptoms feel too common to be serious. Early evaluation through clinical examination, imaging, and blood tests can help detect the disease earlier,” Dr Kaur noted.

“The growing tumor can press on nearby organs such as the intestines or bladder, leading to digestive changes and abdominal discomfort,” she explained.

Risk Factors to Be Aware Of

The experts also highlighted several risk factors that are often overlooked, including:

• Family history of ovarian or breast cancer
• BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations
• Increasing age, especially after menopause
• Reproductive history, such as late pregnancy or never having children

Why Early Detection Matters

Being aware of subtle and persistent symptoms can significantly improve outcomes. Ovarian cancer survival rates are much higher when diagnosed early, making timely medical consultation crucial.

Thalassemia, particularly thalassemia major and thalassemia intermediate, can affect fertility and pregnancy due to iron overload caused by repeated blood transfusions. In these patients, excess iron gets deposited in various endocrine and vital organs, leading to hormonal disturbances and fertility-related complications.

Patients with thalassemia major usually require regular blood transfusions for survival, sometimes every one to three months. Thalassemia intermediate patients may require fewer transfusions, but they too remain at risk of iron overload. Over time, excess iron can accumulate in organs such as the pituitary gland, thyroid, ovaries, kidneys, liver, and suprarenal glands. This iron deposition can impair hormonal function and contribute to infertility. Experts note that many patients with thalassemia major may face fertility issues because of this reason.

Pregnancy In Women Living With Thalassemia

Dr. Sunil Bichile, Hematologist, Saifee Hospital, Mumbai, said, "Although thalassemia management has improved significantly over the years, pregnancy in such patients is still considered high-risk. " Even when iron levels are properly managed, risks to both the mother and fetus may still exist. However, these complications are mainly seen in thalassemia major and thalassemia intermediate patients. Individuals with thalassemia minor generally do not face these fertility or pregnancy-related issues and can have normal pregnancies."

"Doctors also emphasise the importance of carrier screening and prenatal diagnosis. If both partners are thalassemia carriers, prenatal testing around 12 weeks of pregnancy can help determine whether the fetus has thalassemia major. Early diagnosis allows families and doctors to make informed medical decisions and helps reduce severe thalassemia cases," Dr Bichile added.

Ensuring Healthy Pregnancies In Women Living With Thalassemia

Women with thalassemia are now increasingly able to experience healthy pregnancies due to advances in medical care. However, one of the most important concerns during pregnancy in thalassemia patients is iron overload—a condition caused by repeated blood transfusions over many years. Excess iron gets deposited in vital organs such as the heart, liver, and endocrine glands, potentially leading to serious complications if not managed properly before conception and during pregnancy.

How Does Iron Overload Affect Pregnancy?

"Iron overload can significantly increase pregnancy-related risks. When excess iron affects the heart, it may lead to cardiac complications such as arrhythmias or heart failure, which can worsen during pregnancy because of the increased workload on the cardiovascular system. Iron deposition in endocrine glands may also cause hormonal imbalances, affecting fertility and increasing the risk of gestational diabetes, thyroid disorders, or difficulties in maintaining a healthy pregnancy," Dr Liza Bulsara, Pediatric Hematologist and Oncologist, Ruby Hall Clinic, Pune, explained.

Women with poorly controlled iron overload may face a higher chance of miscarriage, fetal growth restriction, preterm delivery, or complications during childbirth. In some cases, liver dysfunction caused by iron accumulation can further complicate pregnancy management. Additionally, anaemia associated with thalassemia itself may increase fatigue and reduce oxygen supply to both mother and baby if not carefully monitored.

Dr Bulsara emphasised that pre-pregnancy counselling is essential for women with thalassemia. A detailed assessment of iron levels through serum ferritin tests and MRI evaluation of the heart and liver helps doctors determine whether the body is prepared for pregnancy. Proper iron chelation therapy before conception plays a crucial role in reducing excess iron stores and improving maternal outcomes. During pregnancy, transfusion schedules, haemoglobin levels, cardiac health, and fetal growth require close multidisciplinary monitoring.

Thalassemia is a hereditary illness that hampers the production of haemoglobin, the component of red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. If the production of haemoglobin is faulty or reduced, a shortage of healthy red blood cells occurs, resulting in anaemia and reduced oxygen supply to the organs.

"Thalassemia is, in fact, a collection of conditions ranging from a simple carrier state with no symptoms to a very severe disease requiring lifelong treatment. Mostly, thalassemias are classified into alpha and beta types, depending on which chain of the haemoglobin molecule is defective," said Dr Sneha Shinde, Consultant – Paediatric Haemato-Oncology, P.D. Hinduja Hospital and MRC Centre, Khar.

As per National Health Mission figures, nearly 42 million people in India are beta thalassemia carriers, and about 10,000 to 15,000 infants with thalassemia major are born every year.

What are the causes of thalassemia?

This disease is inherited from parents through genes. If both parents are carriers, their child may develop a severe type of the disease.

What are the symptoms of thalassemia?

Symptoms largely depend on the severity of the illness and can include tiredness, weakness, pale complexion, difficulty breathing, stunted growth, enlarged spleen or liver, and changes in facial bones. Most severe cases become apparent during infancy or the toddler years.

Dr Shashikant Apte, Director – Haematology, Sahyadri Super Speciality Hospital, Nagar Road, said, "Symptoms can vary from person to person. Some individuals may simply feel low on energy, while others may notice pale skin, shortness of breath, or delayed growth in children. Because these signs are common, they are often ignored or mistaken for general weakness. The majority of children with thalassemia major require blood transfusions every month for the rest of their lives to maintain haemoglobin levels above 9 gm%."

Diagnosis and Treatment

Dr Shinde explained that diagnosis comprises blood tests such as Complete Blood Count (CBC), HPLC haemoglobin electrophoresis, and genetic analyses. Mild cases may hardly need treatment, but more serious or transfusion-dependent thalassemia cases usually require regular blood transfusions along with iron chelation therapy to avoid iron overload. Besides bone marrow transplantation and newly discovered gene therapies, treatment advancements are gradually leading to better patient survival and improved quality of life.

Dr Apte said, "The positive aspect is that thalassemia can be detected with a simple blood test. Early diagnosis helps in managing the condition more effectively. Therefore, it is advisable to undergo screening for thalassemia before marriage or before planning a pregnancy, so the level of risk can be assessed. If both parents are thalassemia minor carriers, DNA testing should be conducted to identify the genetic defect and enable prenatal diagnosis during the 12th week of pregnancy. If the child is diagnosed with thalassemia major, pregnancy termination may be considered between the 14th and 16th week, based on medical advice and individual circumstances."

Prevention and Awareness

Of equal significance is the fact that thalassemia can be prevented through premarital or pre-pregnancy carrier detection and genetic counselling. Early awareness, proper diagnosis, and making informed reproductive choices are the key factors in reducing the burden of this lifelong blood disorder.

Dr Shashikant Apte, Director – Haematology, Sahyadri Super Speciality Hospital, Nagar Road, spoke about the incidence of constant fatigue and answered FAQs about thalassemia major, while sharing tips on living with it.

Why Constant Fatigue Should Not Be Ignored

Being tired every day is typically attributed to a busy lifestyle; however, it can also have underlying medical reasons. Thalassemia is one of the conditions a person is born with that can cause fatigue due to a lack of oxygen. Thalassemia is a disorder in which the proper formation of haemoglobin — the protein in blood responsible for carrying oxygen — does not occur correctly. When haemoglobin is not formed properly, the body does not receive enough oxygen, leading to frequent tiredness and weakness.

Understanding Thalassemia Major and Carrier Status

Thalassemia major is an inherited disorder, meaning it is passed down from both parents to their child. Some individuals may simply be carriers without displaying any symptoms. During each pregnancy, there is a 25 per cent chance of passing the abnormal gene to the foetus, which may result in severe complications related to thalassemia major or other conditions associated with a lack of oxygen. Therefore, it is critical to know your family’s medical history and thalassemia minor (carrier) status.

Living with Thalassemia

Dr Apte went on to say that although thalassemia is a chronic condition, there are highly effective ways to manage it with proper medical guidance. Regular medical check-ups and prompt treatment can help individuals maintain good overall health and lead a normal life.

Understanding thalassemia is the first step towards prevention and better management. Awareness allows individuals and families to make informed decisions and avoid complications before the condition becomes severe.