Do Feminine Hygiene Products Actually Cause Vaginal Infection?

Feminine hygiene products are sold as agents to help women stay clean, fresh, and comfortable. From intimate washes and douches to scented pads and tampons, the scope of available products in the market promises to meet every woman's hygiene need. However, concerns have been rising lately about the safety of these products, some studies claiming that rather than promoting health, they can contribute to a heightened risk of vaginal infections.

A new study done by the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada, has fueled this fear. The study asked more than 1,400 Canadian women about their use of feminine hygiene products, and the results were frightening. The study found that 95% of participants had used some type of over-the-counter hygiene product at least once, and importantly, those who used these products regularly were three times more likely to experience some type of vaginal infection.

While some hygiene products, like tampons and sanitary pads, are necessary and integral parts of the menstrual cycle, other products like vaginal washes, scented pads, and anti-itch creams are advertised to be necessary for feminine health. Do these products, which many women count on to keep themselves clean, cause harm?

The vagina is a self-cleaning organ that possesses a natural cleansing mechanism. The healthy condition of the vaginal environment is maintained by the presence of beneficial bacteria, primarily Lactobacillus, that maintains the pH balance and helps in preventing infections. If the fragile microbial ecosystem is disrupted, it causes many infections, such as BV, yeast infections, and UTIs.

Dr. Deepti Sureka, Urologist, says that vaginal anatomy needs to be grasped before the safety of hygiene products for women can be known. "The vagina is not meant to be over-cleaned or manipulated. Overuse of hygiene products, especially douches or scented products, may cause an imbalance in natural pH and lead to infection," says Dr. Sureka.

Common Feminine Hygiene Products and Their Risks

Vaginal washes and douches

Vaginal wash is one of the most widely used feminine hygiene products used by women in terms of freshness maintenance. These items, however contain chemicals, which can throw the vaginal flora out of its natural balance. Doctors have long since condemned douche as it leads to infections; the idea behind douching is not only to get rid of pathogens but also *Lactobacillus*, those beneficial bacteria of the vagina, making the vagina open to infections.

Fragrant Products

Most women prefer scented pads, tampons, and panty liners because they will not like the smell of the menstrual discharge. Unfortunately, the majority of these products contain synthetic fragrances and chemicals that are irritating to the very sensitive skin of the vaginal mucosa. Such irritation may become a breeding ground for infection, such as yeast and BV. For others, some may suffer from chemical sensitivities, which further complicates the condition.

Tampons

Tampons are a product that most women need to use when they menstruate. Tampons are relatively safe if used properly. However, leaving a tampon in for too long causes the growth of dangerous bacteria that can lead to TSS, a rare but potentially fatal condition. In addition, the synthetic materials used in some tampons may cause irritation in the vaginal area.

Menstrual Cups

Menstrual cups have become popular as an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to tampons and pads. However, if they are not cleaned properly or used for too long, menstrual cups can increase the risk of vaginal infections. As with tampons, the risk arises when the cups are not sanitized adequately, and bacteria grow.

Panty Liners and Pads

Use panty liners regularly without actually knowing that they encourage an atmosphere with humidity that thrives on bacterial and fungal growth. The constant usage of pads for extended periods especially under humid conditions, puts more possibility of developing skin irritation and infection.

Application of fragrant scents compounds the risk of developing allergic reactions or irritation.

Habits Affecting Vaginal Health

Beyond the products themselves, it is how women use them that is key to preventing infections. Dr. Sureka advises women to be good about hygiene, changing pads and tampons regularly, thereby reducing bacterial buildup. "It's important to change tampons every 4-6 hours and avoid leaving them in for extended periods," she says.

Proper use of menstrual cups entails frequent sterilization, and hands should always be cleaned before insertion or removal. Excessive cleaning of the vagina, such as washing or scrubbing too frequently, can strip the skin of its natural oils and beneficial bacteria, which are necessary to maintain vaginal health.

How to Minimize the Risk of Vaginal Infections

While the risks associated with feminine hygiene products are concerning, there are a number of ways women can minimize the risk of infections:

1. Use Warm Water for Daily Hygiene

For most women, warm water is enough to clean the external genital area. If further cleaning is required, opt for a mild, fragrance-free soap, but do not use it inside the vagina.

2. Opt for Breathable Fabrics

Go for cotton undergarments and avoid wearing tight clothing that can retain moisture. Dry fabrics prevent the vaginal region from getting moist, thus avoiding bacteria or fungal infections.

3. Steer Clear of Fragrant Products

Using fragrance-free pads, tampons, and liners helps to reduce the amount of chemicals one is exposed to. Fragrant products tend to have artificial fragrances, which cause irritation of the vagina and may lead to allergic reactions.

4. Reduce the Use of Female Hygiene Products

Unless prescribed by a healthcare provider, avoid douching or using vaginal washes. The vagina is naturally self-cleaning, and overuse of these products can disrupt its pH balance and microbial environment.

5. Consult a Healthcare Provider

If you experience persistent irritation, unusual discharge, or symptoms of infection, it’s crucial to consult a healthcare provider or urologist promptly. Early intervention can prevent infections from escalating and help maintain vaginal health.

Feminine hygiene products can offer convenience, but when overused or misused, they can contribute to an increased risk of vaginal infections. Women must be informed about the potential risks associated with certain products and adopt healthier hygiene practices. Ultimately, understanding the natural functions of the body and avoiding unnecessary interference with that process is key to preventing infections and maintaining overall vaginal health.

Dr. Deepti Sureka is a Consultant Female Urologist at Asian Institute of Nephrology and Urology Hyderabad, India.

Vaginal health and hygiene practices and product use in Canada: a national cross-sectional survey. 2018. BMC Women's Health.

Feminine Hygiene - United States. 2024. Statistica