How often do you hear people calling each other "psychopath"? Or how often do you witness people labelling themselves as "bipolar" or "depressed"? Quite frequently. Right? These are names of some serious, often life-threatening mental disorders which have been included in common vocabulary. Ayushi Jolly, a PhD scholar opined that "mental health disorders are not adjective to be thrown around."

Real Disorders With Real Affect On Life

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Today, many people who are organized and prioritize santitation and hygeine, label themselves as suffering from OCD. However, in psychology, OCD is a long-lasting disorder in which a person experiences uncontrollable and recurring thoughts (obsessions), engages in repetitive behaviours (compulsions), or both. This condition can significantly impair daily functioning, leading to severe anxiety and distress. Without proper treatment, it can escalate, affecting relationships, work, and overall quality of life.

Depression

"I am so depressed, I act like it's my birthday everyday," these are lyrics from a chart-topping Taylor Swift song. However, the singer-songwriter has never been diagnosed for the same. Similarly, people throw away the term even at the slightest discomfort. But, this mental health disorder is life-thretening, serious mood disorder. It causes severe symptoms that affect how a person feels, thinks, and handles daily activities, such as sleeping, eating, or working. Note, to be diagnosed with depression, the symptoms must be present for at least 2 weeks.

Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD)

Any person who is high on energy and gets distracted easily could be heard saying "I'm suffering from ADD." In reality, ADD is a type of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) that's characterized by problems with concentration and focus. ADHD is a developmental disorder that can affect a person's daily life, including their ability to perform at school or work and their social relationships.

Bipolar Personality Disorder

Broke up with your partner? Chances are you'll end up calling them bipolar. The terms has also been used in various films and songs, sans the knowledge of it's seriousness. Formerly known as manic-depressive illness or manic depression, this condition is a lifelong mood disorder that causes intense shifts in mood, energy levels, thinking patterns and behavior. A person suffering from this disorder witnesses intense shifts in mood, energy levels, thinking patterns and behavior, for long periods of time.

Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD)

Being "paranoid" has become more like a negative adjective among teens and young adults. However, a person who suffers from this condition is incapable of maintaining succesful relationahips. Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD) is a group of personality disorders categorised under "Cluster A". A person with PPD thinks in odd or eccentric ways, and suffers from unrelenting mistrust or suspicion of others, even when there is no reason to be suspicious. This disorder usually begins in early adulthood and appears more common in men than women. People with PPD are always on guard, believing that others are constantly trying to demean, harm, or threaten them. People with this disorder also doubt the commitment, loyalty, or trustworthiness of others. PPD patients also might have difficulty relaxing.

In 2025, Andhra Pradesh reported 1,566 scrub typhus cases, and nine suspected deaths, according to data from the Integrated Health Information Platform, Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP-IHIP) on 8 December. Followed by Karnataka with 1,870 cases, Tamil Nadu 7,308 cases, and Telangana, 309 cases. Scrub typhus cases have significantly increased from previous year. It is one of the deadliest infections affecting multiple organs, or even death. Early it was relevant to poeple working in fields, new studies show it migrating to human settlements.

What Is Scrub Typhus?

Scrub typhus, also known as bush typhus, is a bacterial infection caused by bacteria infection, caused by bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi. It is spread through bites of infected larval mites, Chiggers.

Most cases of scrub typhus occur in rural areas of Southeast Asia, Indonesia, China, Japan, the Indian subcontinent and northern Australia. Until now, it was believed that chiggers only lurked in the tall grasses of remote paddy fields or dense forests. Due to this, it is commonly known as "farmers' disease", only confined to the fields.

However, new PLOS study data revealed the opposite. The study is led by researchers from Christian Medical College (CMC) Vellore and international collaborators and suggests that the bulk of infections are now even occurring within human settlements.

The study monitored over 32 000 people in Tamil Nadu, which led to the conclusion that agricultural activities, long considered the primary risk factor, were only weakly associated with the disease in high-prevalence areas.

How are Human Settlements A Prime Factor?

Risk for scrub typhus is significantly higher for those living in clustered houses or homes with fewer rooms. If the micro environment around the residence is unmaintained, gardens are patched, or even the damp corners of a courtyard, it could lead to breeding ground for the mites and the rodents that carry Chiggers.

Who Is At Most Risk?

It was once believed that working-age men were the most affected, but the new study tells otherwise. According to the new data, women over 60 are at the highest risk of infection.

As women spend most of their time in and around the home, due to household work, from the kitchen to the laundry, these activities are now the primary cross point of contact with infected mites.

What Is the Risk Factor Of Infection?

As initial symptoms of infection, such as fever, headache, and muscle pain, are the same as viral flu or dengue, many first seek help from untrained practitioners or local pharmacies.

By the time they reach the hospital, the disease has already progressed to severe complications like acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), Kidney failure, or Meningoencephalitis, which is inflammation of your meninges and brain at the same time, a life-threatening condition.

Not only this, the researchers revealed that nearly 10 percent of affected households exceed 25 percent of their income in the treatment.

For severe cases, the cost of treatment can be up to approximately INR 110,000, a staggering sum for rural and peri-urban families earning a fraction of that monthly.

Prevention

• Do not let the grass grow tall around your house
• Tightly maintain kitchen gardens and remove piles of wood or debris where rodents (the primary hosts for mites) might nest.
• As chiggers are usually found close to the ground, do not sit directly on the grass or soil. Use chairs or mats. For children, make them wear socks and full- length trousers while playing in the yard.
• If you notice a small, dark, cigarette-burn-like mark, it is usually left behind by mites. It is most likely "Eschar". It is an important critical clue. As the bite is painless, it often goes unnoticed.
• Do a thorough skin check for an eschar, especially in warm, moist areas like the armpits, groin, or behind the knees.

Early intervention is necessary, as if a fever lasts more than two days, don't just treat it as "seasonal fever".

Consult a qualified doctor and specifically ask about scrub typhus. Infection can be treated with doxycycline common antibiotic, in the early stages. The case fatality rate in this study was 1.5 percent, hospital based studies in South India have previously recorded mortality rates as high 30 percent when treatment is delayed

A now-viral video has revealed how a new mother who believed she had grown excessive fat tissue instead discovered that her body had developed a third nipple under her armpit.

Jasmine, an American woman had given birth five days earlier when a lactation consultant visited her to giver her advice on breastfeeding. The new mother, who was still exhausted and recovering from childbirth, recalled mentioning that her armpits always carried what she believed was excess fat that darkened during pregnancy.

"I breastfed my first baby for one-and-a-half-years, so I'm thinking that there's nothing this nurse can say that's going to surprise me," Jasmine said.

However, after a careful examination, the expert told her that the swelling in her underarm was extra breast tissue and that she also had "a nipple” there.

"When you're pregnant, your nipples and areolas will get really dark, and I have noticed the same change with my armpits, so I was like 'Great! extra breast tissue, I already knew that.' And then the lactation consultant is like 'Let me see,' and I show her, and she goes, 'Oh! yeah... And that's a nipple'.

"You know how cows and puppies and kittens, they have that line of nipples? Yeah, humans have that, too. Tell me why she's telling me about someone that had an extra nipple on her thigh. Telling me I have a third nipple in my armpit before I even had my first postpartum poop is diabolical work,” she said, joking about how little sleep she’d had.

What Do Experts Say?

• Polythelia: The third nipple is present by itself with no areola (the area of darker skin around your nipple) or underlying breast tissue. This is the most common type of supernumerary nipple.
• Polythelia areolaris: The have an areola present, but no nipple or breast tissue.
• Polythelia pilosa: The have a patch of hair only.
• Polymastia: The third nipple has an areola and has some underlying breast tissue.
• Supernumerary nipple: There is a third nipple that has breast tissue underneath it, but it doesn’t have an areola.
• Supernumerary nipple: There is some breast tissue and an areola, but no nipple is present.
• Aberrant glandular tissue: You have breast tissue, but no nipple or areola is present.
• Pseudomamma: Your third nipple has an areola around it, but instead of breast tissue, you have fatty tissue beneath

According to Dr Rooma Sinha, an obstetrician and gynaecologist at Apollo Hospitals in Hyderabad, Jasmine's third nipple is known as the axillary tail of the breast, a normal extension of breast glandular tissue that tapers into the underarm.

“Some women have axillary tail of the breast. This is probably that. It may produce milk if it has active mammary glands," she told Moneycontrol .

She also confirmed that humans can have supernumerary nipples along what is known as the “embryonic milk line,” extending from the armpit toward the chest. However, this line does not extend down to the thigh, as Jasmine recalled in her video.

According to experts, the axillary tail can feel like a lump or thickened area, particularly during hormonal changes such as pregnancy, breastfeeding or menstruation and may become tender or enlarged.

What Happened Next?

“Regular breast production is sufficient for me,” she said, noting that the extra tissue was painful and that she might consider surgically removing the tissue after she decides not to have more children.

Even as India is working to roll out a free Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination campaign to curb cervical cancer risk, a new global study today revealed that the shot offers sustained protection for up to 18 years.

HPV is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections, and many countries offer vaccination to protect girls against cervical cancer and other related cancers in later life.

The study from Sweden, published by The BMJ, based on 926,362 girls and women between 2006 and 2023, showed that girls vaccinated before age 17 had a substantially (79 percent) lower risk of cervical cancer.

"This study provides evidence of sustained protection against invasive cervical cancer throughout 18 years of follow-up, with no indication of waning protection," said corresponding author Shiqiang Wu, doctoral student at the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet.

"These findings further support global strategies for eliminating cervical cancer as a public health problem by achieving high coverage of routine HPV vaccination," Wu added.

Early HPV Vaccination Boosts Protection

In the study, 40 percent of participants had received at least one dose of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine.

Of 930 cases identified of invasive cervical cancer, 97 were in vaccinated individuals, while 833 were among the unvaccinated.

Vaccination before age 17 offered higher protection -- 79 percent -- against cervical cancer compared with the unvaccinated group. The protection was sustained with 77 percent lower risk for over 15 years after vaccination, the researchers said.

On the other hand, women vaccinated at age 17 or older had a 37 percent lower risk of invasive cervical cancer compared with the unvaccinated group. Vaccination at an older age led to a 46 percent lower risk of cervical cancer -- about 10–12 years.

The results also show a population-level decline in cervical cancer cases over time.

India's Nationwide Free HPV Vaccine Campaign

Cervical cancer remains the second most common cancer among women in India, with nearly 80,000 new cases and over 42,000 deaths reported annually.

The new nationwide HPV vaccination program will strengthen women's health and eliminate the risks of preventable cervical cancers in the country.

Vaccination under the national program will be voluntary and free of cost.

HPV Vaccine In India: Who Should Take, Where To Get It From

The nationwide program, based on expert recommendations of the National Technical Advisory Group on Immunization (NTAGI), will target girls aged 14 years.

At 14, the HPV vaccine offers maximum preventive benefit, well before potential exposure to the virus.

• Girls aged 9 to 14 should get two doses of the vaccine 6 to 12 months apart
• Women aged 15 to 26 years can get three doses in 0, 2, and 6 months apart
• Adults aged 27 to 45 must get it after consultation with their healthcare provider

The HPV vaccination will be conducted exclusively at designated government health facilities, including Ayushman Arogya Mandirs (Primary Health Centers), Community Health Centers, Sub-District and District Hospitals, and Government Medical Colleges.