According to a study published in the November 6, 2024, online issue of Neurology, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology, older people who are sleepy during the day or lose interest in activities due to sleep issues may be more likely to develop a syndrome that can lead to dementia.

People with the syndrome walk slowly and report memory problems, but they do not have a mobility handicap or dementia. Motoric cognitive risk syndrome is a condition that can develop before dementia.

What The Study Found?

The study found that people with excessive daytime sleepiness and a lack of enthusiasm to get things done were more likely to develop the syndrome than people without those sleep-related issues. The study does not prove that these sleep-related issues cause the syndrome, it only shows an association.

“Our findings emphasize the need for screening for sleep issues,” said study author Victoire Leroy, MD, PhD, of Albert Einstein College of Medicine in the Bronx, New York. “There’s potential that people could get help with their sleep issues and prevent cognitive decline later in life.”

How Was It Conducted?

The study included 445 participants, with an average age of 76, who did not have dementia. Participants completed sleep surveys at the beginning of the trial. They were queried about memory problems, and their walking pace was measured on a treadmill at the beginning of the study and then once a year for the next three years.

The sleep assessment included questions about how frequently people had difficulties sleeping because they woke up in the middle of the night, couldn't fall asleep within 30 minutes, or felt too hot or cold, as well as whether they used sleep aids. The question to assess excessive daytime drowsiness asks how frequently people have had problems remaining awake when driving, eating meals, or were engaged in any other activity.

The Findings

In total, 177 participants fit the category of bad sleepers, whereas 268 satisfied the definition of good sleepers.

At the outset of the trial, 42 participants had motoric cognitive risk syndrome. Throughout the trial, 36 more persons got the condition.

35.5% of patients who experienced extreme daytime sleepiness and a lack of enthusiasm developed the syndrome, compared to 6.7% who did not. After accounting for other factors that could influence the risk of the syndrome, such as age, depression, and other health conditions, researchers discovered that people with excessive daytime sleepiness and a lack of enthusiasm were more than three times more likely to develop the syndrome than those who did not have those sleep-related issues.

“More research needs to be done to look at the relationship between sleep issues and cognitive decline and the role played by motoric cognitive risk syndrome,” Leroy said. “We also need studies to explain the mechanisms that link these sleep disturbances to motoric cognitive risk syndrome and cognitive decline.”

A limitation of the study is that participants reported their own sleep information, so they may not have remembered everything accurately.

The study was supported by the National Institute on Aging.

Dozens of food products, including chocolates, snack mixes, popcorn, chips, and nuts, have been recalled in the US over the risk of salmonella contamination.

The recall is due to a specific ingredient — milk powder supplied by California Dairies — used in several products and snacks, particularly in seasonings.

According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the potentially tainted powdered milk and buttermilk were voluntarily recalled on April 20.

Which Products Have Been Recalled?

Ghirardelli Chocolate Powders:

• Chocolate Flavored Frappe
• Classic White Frappe
• Premium Hot Cocoa Pouch Bulk
• Chocolate & Cocoa Sweet Ground Powder
• White Chocolate Flavored Sweet Ground Powder
• Vanilla Frappe Mix
• Chocolate Flavored Frappe Mix
• Classic White Frappe Mix
• Chocolate Flavored Frappe Mix
• Classic White Frappe Mix
• White Mocha Frappe Mix
• Mocha Frappe Mix
• Frozen Hot Cocoa Frappe Mix

• Zapp's Brand Bayou Blackened Ranch Potato Chips
• Zapp's Brand Bayou Blackened Ranch Potato Chips
• Zapp's Brand Bayou Blackened Ranch Potato Chips
• Zapp's Brand Big Cheezy Potato Chip
• Zapp's Brand Big Cheezy Potato Chip
• Zapp's Brand Salt and Vinegar Potato Chips (60ct)
• Dirty Brand Salt and Vinegar Potato Chips
• Dirty Brand Maui Onion Potato Chip
• Dirty Brand Sour Cream and Onion Potato Chips

• Bottles of Pork King Good Sour Cream & Onion Seasoning
• Bags of Pork King Good Sour Cream & Onion Pork Rinds
• Bags of Pork King Party Size Sour Cream & Onion Pork Rinds

• Fisher Tex Mex Trail Mix
• Southern Style Nuts Gourmet Hunter Mix
• Southern Style Nuts Gourmet Hunter Mix
• Southern Style Nuts Hunter Mix
• Squirrel Brand Travelers Mix
• Squirrel Brand Town & Country Mix
• Squirrel Brand Town & Country Mix
• Good & Gather Mexican Street, Corn Trail Mix
• Giant Eagle Pita Chips:
• Baked Pita Chips with Parmesan, Garlic & Herb

• Wildlife Seasoning Sour Cream & Onion Popcorn Topping
• Williams Sonoma-branded Popcorn Sampler Gift Box with White Cheddar Seasoning
• Fireworks Popcorn Poppings & Toppings gift set containing White Cheddar Seasoning

• Stoltzfus Family Dairy Sour Cream
• Onion Cheese Curds

• Culinary Circle Ultra Thin Crust Chicken Bacon Ranch Frozen Pizza
• Great Value Thin Crust Chicken Bacon Ranch Frozen Pizza
• Great Value Stuffed Chicken Bacon Ranch Frozen Pizza
• Mama Cozzi's Biscuit Crust Sausage & Cheese Frozen Breakfast Pizza
• Mama Cozzi's Biscuit Crust Cooked Pork Belly Crumbles, Cooked Bacon Topping, Pepper & Onion Frozen Breakfast Pizza

Also read:India Launches SEHAT Mission To Connect Farming With Nutrition And Health

The FDA urges people who purchased the products to throw them away or return them for a refund.

A separate Salmonella recall impacting 12 flavors of the popular chocolate brand Spring & Mulberry was also recently announced by the FDA, but appeared to be linked to a date supplier. It wasn't immediately clear if there was any connection to the California Dairies recall.

Another is a public health alert issued by the US Department of Agriculture’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) for headcheese over possible contamination with Listeria monocytogenes (Lm).

What Is Salmonella?

Read More: Why The Norovirus Outbreak On A Caribbean Cruise Ship Is Not A Cause for Panic

As per the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Salmonella is a group of bacteria that can cause gastrointestinal illness and fever called salmonellosis. It can be spread by food handlers who do not wash their hands and/or the surfaces and tools they use between food preparation steps. It can also happen when people consume uncooked and raw food. Salmonella can also spread from animals to people.

The FDA notes that people who have direct contact with certain animals, including poultry and reptiles, can spread the bacteria from the animal to food if hand washing hygiene is not practiced.

Pets, too, could spread the bacteria within the home environment if they eat food contaminated with Salmonella.

Common symptoms of Salmonella include

• diarrhea,
• fever,
• stomach cramps 6 hours to 6 days after being exposed to the bacteria.

Children younger than 5, adults 65 and older, and people with weakened immune systems are more likely to have severe illness.

Ivermectin, an antiparasitic medication, which gained widespread attention during the COVID-19 pandemic, is back in the spotlight again — this time in connection with the ongoing hantavirus outbreak linked to the MV Hondius.

According to the latest update from the World Health Organization (WHO), nine hantavirus cases have been confirmed so far, including three deaths.

Health authorities have also confirmed that the outbreak involves the Andes strain of hantavirus — the only known hantavirus strain capable of human-to-human transmission.

While global health agencies, including the WHO, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), continue to maintain that the overall public health risk remains low, memories of the COVID-19 pandemic and the disruption it caused remain fresh. As a result, fear, speculation, and misinformation are once again spreading rapidly online.

"Hantavirus is an RNA virus, and ivermectin should work against it," claims a May 6, 2026, post on X from Mary Talley Bowden, an ear, nose, and throat doctor suspended in 2021 by Houston Methodist Hospital for spreading Covid-19 misinformation.

"I actually texted her today and asked what we can treat hantavirus with. I'm so glad she posted it," former Texas representative Marjorie Taylor Greene wrote on X as she amplified Bowden's assertions about ivermectin.

HealthandMe spoke to experts to understand the truth behind these claims, and they dismissed the misinformation surrounding them stat.

Dr Jatin Ahuja, Consultant, Infectious Disease, Apollo Delhi, noted that, "there is currently no strong scientific evidence or official guideline supporting ivermectin as a proven treatment for hantavirus in humans".

He advised people to avoid self-medication or depending on unverified online claims and to consult a doctor at the earliest if they experience any symptoms.

Dr Rajiva Gupta, Senior Consultant, Internal Medicine, CK Birla Hospital, Gurugram, added that ivermectin is not approved for the treatment of hantavirus infection by major global regulatory and public health agencies, including the World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the US Food and Drug Administration.

"Current claims linking ivermectin to hantavirus treatment appear largely unverified and are being circulated primarily through social media platforms," he told HealthandMe.

Also read: Why The Norovirus Outbreak On A Caribbean Cruise Ship Is Not A Cause for Panic

What Ivermectin Is Actually Approved For?

Ivermectin is a well-established medication that is highly effective against parasites. It was developed to treat topical parasitic infections and has been widely used for conditions like river blindness and scabies.

The drug's significance in treating these diseases was so profound that researchers who studied it won the Nobel Prize in 2015.

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved ivermectin tablets for treating specific parasitic infections in humans. It is also available as a lotion to treat lice and as a cream for rosacea. Additionally, veterinarians also use it to prevent and treat parasitic diseases in animals.

Previously, ivermectin also gained popularity as a cancer cure, although there is no scientific evidence for it.

To understand the treatment for hantavirus, let us first look at how the rat-borne virus affects the body.

"Once hantavirus enters the body, it mainly affects the lungs and small blood vessels," Dr Jatin told HealthandMe.

In some patients, the infection can cause fluid build-up in the lungs, which may lead to breathing problems and low oxygen levels.

Further, the severity of symptoms also can vary from person to person and may depend on factors such as the amount of virus a person was exposed to, the body’s immune response, and how early treatment is started.

Like many viral infections, a higher viral load may sometimes be linked to more severe illness, although every patient can respond differently, the experts said.

Read More: High Blood Pressure? Daily Soy And Legume Intake May Help Lower The Risk: Study

Hantavirus: The Early Viral-like Symptoms

One challenge with hantavirus is that the early symptoms are quite non-specific and may resemble several common viral or respiratory infections.

Fever, body ache, fatigue, headache, nausea, and cough are commonly reported in the initial stage. In a few cases, symptoms may progress to breathing difficulty and lung-related complications, which require timely medical care.

So, How Can Hantavirus Be Treated?

Currently, treatments focus on medical care support and managing complications at the earliest stage possible.

"Patients may require oxygen support, hydration, monitoring, and intensive care depending on the severity of the illness. Early recognition and prompt medical attention remain important for better outcomes," Dr Jatin said.

Dr Rajiva noted that approved management for hantavirus infection remains primarily supportive, focused on respiratory and hemodynamic (circulatory) support. Among the therapies explored so far, ribavirin and monoclonal antibodies have shown some potential in experimental settings and animal models, but these are still under investigation and are not widely approved as standard treatment options.

How Can You Safeguard Against Hantavirus?

Also read: Hantavirus: Is Climate Change Behind The Outbreak?

Since there is no direct cure for hantavirus infection, prevention becomes extremely important. Key precautions include:

• Avoid direct contact with rodents such as rats and mice
• Maintain cleanliness in areas vulnerable to rodent infestation
• Use gloves and masks while cleaning closed or dusty spaces
• Avoid dry sweeping, as it can spread contaminated particles into the air
• Keep food properly covered and dispose of waste carefully
• Ventilate closed rooms or storage areas before cleaning them.

Amid reports of the hantavirus outbreak onboard the cruise ship MV Hondius, and two Indian crew members, India’s Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has stepped up surveillance measures.

While the Indian Embassy in Spain has confirmed that the two Indian nationals are currently asymptomatic and are being evacuated to the Netherlands for quarantine, health authorities in the country are closely monitoring the situation in coordination with national and international health agencies.

Notably, the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has mobilized its formidable "Viral Shield", a sophisticated network of 165 specialized laboratories, called the Virus Research & Diagnostic Laboratory (VRDL), to ensure that the rat-borne virus does not breach the country's borders.

What Are The VRDLs?

The 165 laboratories include

• 11 Regional level,
• 27 State level
• 127 medical college level,
• It covers 31 States and Union Territories of India and functions under the umbrella of the Department of Health Research (DHR)/ ICMR.

Post-pandemic, VRDLs are actively engaged in integrated surveillance for Influenza-like Illness (ILI) and Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI), monitoring for pathogens like Influenza A/B, Mycoplasma pneumonia, and SARS-CoV-2 variants.

In 2025, Union Minister of State for Health and Family Welfare, Anupriya Patel, said, VRDL has stood as “sentinels in protecting the country”.

She added that 16 VRDLs are now equipped with Bio-Safety Level-3 (BSL-3) facilities for studying high-risk pathogens, playing a central role in detecting outbreaks of Nipah, Zika, and Kyasanur Forest Disease.

Also read: Hantavirus: Is Climate Change Behind The Outbreak?

What's The Status Of MV Hondius Passengers?

Amid stiff opposition from the locals, the Dutch-flagged vessel MV Hondius, carrying 94 people, including Filipinos, Britons, Americans, Indians, and Spaniards, arrived in Spain's Canary Islands on May 10. All have been evacuated and repatriated.

Two of the 17 American passengers evacuated from the hantavirus-hit MV Hondius have tested positive, the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) announced today.

A French woman onboard the same cruise has also tested positive for hantavirus, and her health worsened in the hospital overnight, French Health Minister Stephanie Rist said.

The woman was among five French passengers repatriated from the MV Hondius.

"It’s not surprising that others on the ship will test positive for hantavirus in the coming days. What’s crucial is that they don’t pass this on to others- those most at risk: who they live with/family/friends as they head home. Quarantine for next 45 days super important," Prof. Devi Sridhar, Professor & Chair of Global Public Health, Edinburgh University, said in a post on the social media platform X.

WHO Guidelines On Hantavirus

Read More: Why The Norovirus Outbreak On A Caribbean Cruise Ship Is Not A Cause for Panic

The WHO maintains that the eight passengers on board have been infected with hantavirus. While three have died, six have been hantavirus infection has been confirmed in six cases.

Dr. Maria Van Kerkhove, the WHO’s head of epidemic and pandemic preparedness, said that after being brought to shore, passengers will be kept cordoned off from the public and taken to repatriation flights.

In their home countries, many will be taken onward to isolation facilities. Van Kerkhove said that the WHO is recommending “active monitoring and follow-up” for all passengers and crew for 42 days from their “last point of exposure” to a confirmed case.

"Our recommendation is daily health checks, at home or in a specialized facility. It's up to countries to develop their policies, but our recommendations are very clear," Van Kerkhove said, highlighting that the incubation period for the virus was up to six weeks.