From controlling body temperature and flushing out toxins, adequate hydration plays a vital role in our general health and well-being, water is a life essential. However, while dehydration garners significant attention, overhydration, or drinking excessive amounts of water, is a condition that can have serious and sometimes fatal consequences.

Although it may sound bizarre since drinking water is said to be the solution for most health related problems it is important to recognize how much water is considered "too much" or the risks involved with being overhydrated can maintain a healthy balance.

What Is Water Intoxication?

Water intoxication, also termed hyperhydration, water poisoning or water toxemia, develops when an individual drinks much more water than the kidney can excrete. The main function of the kidneys in the human body is the processing and excretion of excess water. However, the human kidneys can process only up to 0.8 to 1.0 liters of water at a time. Drinking an amount that exceeds this may overwhelm the kidneys and put the electrolyte balance out of sync in the human body.

Electrolytes, especially sodium, are essential in maintaining fluid balance within and outside cells. Hyponatremia is the condition when sodium levels fall below 135 mmol/L, resulting from excessive water intake. This causes water to shift into cells, swelling them. In the brain, this can cause severe complications, including coma or even death.

Symptoms of Water Intoxication

The symptoms of water intoxication vary from mild to severe. Early symptoms are often similar to dehydration, which makes self-diagnosis challenging. Common symptoms include:

• Headaches
• Nausea and vomiting
• Muscle cramps or weakness
• Fatigue or drowsiness
• Confusion and disorientation

In more serious cases, water intoxication can cause seizures, loss of consciousness, or swelling in the brain. These complications can be fatal if left untreated.

A notable case occurred in 2007 when a woman participating in a water-drinking contest tragically died after consuming nearly two gallons of water in under two hours. More recently, actress Brooke Shields experienced a grand mal seizure attributed to excessive water consumption.

Causes of Water Intoxication

Water intoxication is rare, but certain scenarios can increase the risk:

1. Sporting Events and Endurance Training

These endurance athletes are prone to water intoxication, especially if they drink large amounts of water without replacing lost electrolytes. Hyponatremia usually happens during long races or marathons as individuals mistake fatigue and muscle cramps for dehydration and continue drinking water in excess.

2. Military Training

Overhydration among military personnel is usually due to severe physical activity in extreme environmental conditions. The total number of hyponatremia cases documented from 2007 through 2022 for the active duty in the United States exceeds 1,600, with a note to this problem on exertion-related overhydration.

3. Mental Health Conditions

Compulsive water drinking, known as psychogenic polydipsia, is linked with some mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and psychosis. People with these conditions tend to drink too much water, causing a hazardous electrolyte imbalance.

4. Drug Abuse

Drugs such as MDMA (ecstasy) raise the body temperature and make people thirsty, and at times, some people tend to drink excess water at events like music festivals. MDMA also leads to urine retention, thus exacerbating the dangers of water intoxication.

How Much Water Is Too Much?

The exact amount of water that causes intoxication varies from one person to another. However, drinking more than 1 liter of water per hour for several hours raises the risk. For healthy individuals, the risk of overhydration is low unless taking part in extreme physical activity or ignoring thirst cues.

Certain medical conditions, such as kidney or liver disorders, can impair the body's ability to process fluids, and even moderate water intake may be harmful. Similarly, certain medications, such as diuretics and antipsychotics, can affect the perception of thirst or fluid regulation.

How Much Water Is Enough?

The widely touted recommendation of eight 8-ounce glasses of water per day has little basis in fact. According to the National Academy of Medicine, a daily total fluid intake is about 15 cups (3.7 liters) for males and 11 cups (2.7 liters) for females, from beverage sources and from food. Usually, about 20 percent of daily hydration comes from foods such as fruits and vegetables.

A better rule of thumb is to listen to your body and drink water based on thirst. Use the color of your urine as an indicator:

• Light yellow urine indicates proper hydration.
• Dark yellow urine may indicate dehydration.

Older adults, whose thirst mechanisms may decline with age, should be proactive about maintaining hydration, especially during illness or hot weather.

Water Intoxication vs. Dehydration

The symptoms of water intoxication—such as headaches, fatigue, and muscle weakness—are similar to those of dehydration. If you are unsure which condition you are experiencing, seek medical attention immediately rather than self-treating with more water.

Preventing Water Intoxication

To avoid the dangers of overhydration:

• Drink water gradually throughout the day rather than consuming large amounts at once.
• Replace lost electrolytes post high-intensity exercise or heavy sweating.
• Consider using sports drinks or salty snacks to help replenish sodium.
• Keep track of fluid consumption during long-duration activities, and do not consume more water than the body is losing in terms of electrolytes.
• If on medications or have specific medical conditions, check with your doctor regarding the safety of drinking water.

For signs of severe water intoxication-including confusion, drowsiness, seizures, and loss of consciousness-customer is advised to seek medical assistance immediately. In the meanwhile, a salty snack would help to temporarily correct low sodium levels.

Hydration is important to health, but overhydration can be a serious risk; the secret is in finding a balance. Drink enough water to satisfy your body, but not so much that it overwhelms your system. Remember, water is life, but moderation keeps it that way.

Hyponatremia (low sodium level in the blood). National Kidney Foundation. 2023.

Water Toxicity. NIH. 2023

Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia: 2017 Update. Front Med (Lausanne). 2017

Update: Exertional Hyponatremia Among Active Component Members of the U.S. Armed Forces, 2007–2022

Furosemide is commonly prescribed in the UK to help manage conditions such as heart failure and high blood pressure. The diuretic medication is used by people of all ages, including children and infants. In 2024 alone, it was dispensed around 11 million times, making it one of the 20 most frequently prescribed medicines in the country.

Although it is widely used, doctors stress that furosemide must be taken carefully and in line with medical advice, as misuse can lead to serious health problems.

Furosemide: Why The NHS Is Warning Furosemide Users About Dehydration

To ensure safe use, the NHS has issued guidance urging certain people to speak to a doctor before taking furosemide. This is particularly important for anyone showing signs of dehydration, which can include feeling unusually thirsty, having a dry mouth, or noticing dark-coloured urine. Because furosemide increases urine output, it can raise the risk of fluid loss if not managed properly.

Who Should Speak To A Doctor Before Taking Furosemide?

The NHS advises the following people to consult a doctor before using furosemide:

• Anyone who has previously had an allergic reaction to furosemide or any other medicine
• Anyone with low blood pressure, also known as hypotension
• Anyone showing signs of dehydration, such as thirst, dry mouth, or dark urine
• Anyone diagnosed with liver disease
• Anyone living with diabetes
• Anyone who has difficulty passing urine
• Anyone diagnosed with Addison’s disease, a rare disorder affecting the adrenal glands
• Anyone diagnosed with gout

Furosemide: When Should Users Contact A Doctor Or Delay Treatment

Beyond these groups, the NHS also says furosemide users should seek medical advice if:

• You are due to have a glucose test
• You are scheduled for a scan or X-ray that involves an iodine-based dye being injected into your blood
• You are preparing for major surgery or a procedure that requires a general anaesthetic

How Furosemide Works And Why It Is Called A ‘Water Tablet’

Official NHS guidance explains that diuretics are often referred to as “water tablets” because they increase how often you urinate. This helps the body remove excess fluid.

“Furosemide is only available on prescription,” the NHS states. “It comes as tablets and a liquid that you swallow. It can also be given by injection, but this is usually only done in hospital.”

Medicines That Can Interfere With Furosemide

The NHS also warns that certain medicines can reduce how well furosemide works or increase the risk of side effects. This includes some commonly used over-the-counter treatments, such as paracetamol, co-codamol, and remedies for heartburn or indigestion.

Common Painkillers And Remedies To Use With Caution

Anyone prescribed furosemide is advised to speak to a doctor before taking:

• Medicines used to treat mental health conditions, including amisulpride, lithium, pimozide, or risperidone
• Medicines used to treat high blood pressure, or drugs that may cause low blood pressure as a side effect
• Sucralfate, a medicine used to treat stomach ulcers. Patients should leave around two hours between taking sucralfate and furosemide
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, known as NSAIDs, such as diclofenac, ibuprofen, or naproxen

Why Potassium Supplements Can Affect Furosemide?

Other medicines can also interfere with how furosemide works, including:

• Potassium supplements, steroids, or other diuretics that affect potassium levels
• Medicines used to treat, or that may cause, irregular heart rhythms, such as amiodarone, digoxin, disopyramide, flecainide, or sotalol
• Soluble paracetamol
• Soluble co-codamol

Certain Treatments For Heartburn And Indigestion

The NHS advises patients to tell their doctor if they are taking potassium supplements, as these can alter potassium levels in the blood and affect how furosemide works.

The health service also cautions against combining furosemide with herbal remedies or supplements. According to NHS guidance, there is not enough evidence to confirm they are safe to take alongside the drug.

Unlike prescription and pharmacy medicines, herbal products are not tested to the same standards and are generally not assessed for how they interact with other medications.

High blood pressure, also known as hypertension, is usually thought of as an adult health issue. But doctors are now raising serious concerns after a study published in The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health in November 2025 showed that rates of high blood pressure among children and teenagers have nearly doubled over the past two decades.

Blood Pressure In UK: The Lancet Study and Why Doctors Are Concerned in the UK

Hypertension has long been associated with people in their 30s and 40s, often linked to work stress and ageing. Today, however, shifts in daily habits and increasingly inactive lifestyles mean the condition is appearing more often in children and adolescents too. For years, young people were largely overlooked in discussions around blood pressure, and routine screening was rarely carried out. As a result, the true scale of the problem remained unclear. UK doctors are now calling for a nationwide testing programme to assess how widespread the issue is and to identify children who may need early support and treatment.

What Is Hypertension?

Hypertension is the clinical term for high blood pressure. It develops when the force of blood pushing through the arteries remains higher than what is considered healthy over time. Arteries are the blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the brain and the rest of the body. High blood pressure is often described as a silent killer because it can cause lasting damage without clear warning signs or symptoms.

Blood Pressure: How Is It Diagnosed?

Blood pressure is usually checked using a monitor with an inflatable cuff placed around the upper arm. The reading is shown as two numbers, measured in millimetres of mercury, written as one over the other. The top number, known as systolic pressure, reflects the force of blood when the heart beats and pumps blood around the body. The bottom number, called diastolic pressure, measures the pressure in the arteries when the heart relaxes between beats.

The definition of high blood pressure varies between countries. In the UK, a normal adult reading falls between 90/60 and 119/79. Readings from 120/80 to 139/89 are considered raised, while 140/90 and above is classed as high blood pressure. In the United States, readings between 130/80 and 139/89 are labelled stage 1 hypertension, with stage 2 beginning at 140/90.

Diagnosing hypertension in children is more complex. Blood pressure naturally changes as children grow and depends on age, height, and sex. Rather than fixed numbers, doctors diagnose high blood pressure when a child’s readings fall within the highest five per cent for others of the same age, height, and sex.

Blood Pressure In UK: Who Is At Risk?

High blood pressure is widespread, particularly among older adults. Around one in three adults in the UK and nearly half of adults in the US live with hypertension. Age plays a key role because arteries gradually lose flexibility and become thicker over time. Family history also matters, as genetics can increase risk. People from Black African, Black Caribbean, and South Asian backgrounds are known to face a higher likelihood of developing the condition.

Lifestyle choices also have a strong influence. Diets high in salt, being overweight or obese, lack of regular physical activity, smoking, excessive alcohol intake, and prolonged stress can all contribute to raised blood pressure.

What About Children?

In babies and very young children, high blood pressure is usually linked to underlying medical issues such as heart defects, kidney disease, or genetic and hormonal conditions. This form is known as secondary hypertension. Since the 1990s, however, rates of high blood pressure among children and adolescents have risen more than fourfold, reaching around six per cent. Poor diets, low levels of physical activity, and increasing rates of overweight and obesity are major factors behind this rise.

Why Is Hypertension Harmful?

High blood pressure can quietly harm the body for many years before symptoms appear. Constant strain on the blood vessels can lead to aneurysms, where weakened artery walls bulge and may rupture, sometimes with fatal consequences. The heart is forced to work harder, increasing the risk of heart failure. Damage to the inner lining of arteries can trigger inflammation and the buildup of plaques, making blood vessels narrower and less flexible. This restricts blood flow and raises the risk of chest pain, irregular heartbeats, and heart attacks.

The kidneys are especially sensitive to high blood pressure. Damaged blood vessels can stop them from filtering waste effectively, potentially leading to kidney failure that requires dialysis or a transplant. The eyes can also be affected, as their delicate blood vessels are prone to damage, causing bleeding, blurred vision, or even blindness.

When blood flow to the brain is reduced by narrowed or blocked arteries, it can lead to vascular dementia or mini-strokes. Severe cases may result in major strokes caused by clots or bleeding linked to long-term high blood pressure.

In children, hypertension can harm vital organs such as the heart, kidneys, and eyes at an early age. This makes early detection and treatment crucial to protect long-term health.

Chickenpox will soon become part of the NHS routine childhood vaccination schedule, a step health leaders are calling a landmark moment for public health. Officials say the decision will strengthen population immunity, reduce hospital admissions, and help the NHS save substantial costs over time. It is also expected to cut down on missed nursery and school days for children, while easing the burden on parents who often have to take time off work to care for sick kids.

Doctors have also stressed that while chickenpox is often mild, it can lead to serious complications and, in very rare cases, can be life-threatening. Below, we answer key questions, including why the vaccine is being introduced now, which children are eligible for free NHS doses, and what parents should do if their child falls just outside the qualifying age group.

Also Read: Superbug Fungus Candida Auris Is Spreading In The U.S., Check Where Cases Are Rising Fastest?

Dr Claire Fuller, National Medical Director for NHS England, said the move marks a major step forward. “This is a hugely positive moment for children and their families,” she said, adding that routine protection against chickenpox will now sit alongside other childhood vaccinations designed to guard against serious illness.

Chicken pox vaccine: What Is Chickenpox?

Chickenpox is caused by the varicella zoster virus, which is why the letter “V” has now been added to the standard MMR vaccine. The illness mainly affects children, but anyone can catch it at any age.

During the pandemic, chickenpox cases fell sharply due to lockdowns and reduced social contact. As a result, experts believe natural immunity to the virus across the population remains lower than usual.

Although uncommon, complications can include serious bacterial infections such as group A streptococcus, brain swelling known as encephalitis, lung inflammation called pneumonitis, and even strokes. Very young babies under four weeks old face a higher risk of severe illness, as do adults who have never had chickenpox before.

Also Read: Australian Cricketer Damien Martyn in Hospital With Meningitis

Chicken pox vaccine: Why Is The NHS Rolling It Out Now?

Until now, chickenpox vaccination was not routinely offered to all children because of long-standing concerns about shingles. Shingles is caused by the same virus, which can lie dormant in the nervous system for years before reactivating later in life, often when immunity weakens due to age, illness, or stress.

In 2009, the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation decided against a nationwide rollout, fearing it could increase shingles cases among middle-aged adults. At the time, it was thought that natural exposure to chickenpox helped protect against shingles later on. More recent research from the United States, however, has challenged and largely dismissed that theory, paving the way for the NHS decision.

Chicken pox vaccine: Which Children Are Eligible And When?

Children born on or after 1 January 2025 will be offered two doses of the combined MMRV vaccine at 12 months and again at 18 months. Those born between 1 July 2024 and 31 December 2024 will receive two doses at 18 months and at 3 years and 4 months.

Children born between 1 September 2022 and 30 June 2024 will be offered a single dose at 3 years and 4 months. In addition, the NHS plans to introduce a one-dose catch-up programme later this year for older children born between 1 January 2020 and 31 August 2022.

Previously, children received two doses of the MMR vaccine at 12 months and at 3 years and 4 months. For children born on or after 1 July 2024, the second dose will now be brought forward to 18 months to offer earlier protection.

Chicken pox vaccine: What Happens Next?

The rollout across England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland means hundreds of thousands of children will become eligible for the vaccine from Friday. Parents should be contacted by their GP and invited to book appointments for the new combined MMRV jab as part of routine childhood vaccinations.

As per Mirror News, Dr Claire Fuller said the change ensures protection against measles, mumps, rubella, and chickenpox is now delivered together. She added that making the vaccine part of standard appointments will help keep children healthier and reduce the spread of these highly contagious infections.