Dementia. It is a brain condition that causes loss of cognitive function, which includes thinking, remembering and reasoning. It can also affect a person's ability to perform daily activities. It is a progressive neurological condition, which means the ability to communicate, or to perform cognitively deteriorates with time. You can delay the deterioration, but cannot stop it. But how does one delay the progress without knowing that it is happening? Well now, this can be achieved as Scottish researchers are working on a new AI tool that uses high-street opticians to spot early signs of dementia.

Now, dementia can be diagnosed through an eye test.

AI, Eye Test, And Dementia

Scottish scientists from the NeurEye research team have found that photographs taken of the retina at the back of the eye can indicate of brain health. It is done using AI software to analyze the information. Scientists also use this to spot signs of diseases before any symptoms are even experienced.

The team of scientists has collected a million eye scans from opticians across Scotland, which is also the largest data set of this kind. With the help of AI, they have developed an algorithm that can assess the health of the blood vessels in the eye that indicates neurogenerative diseases.

The database built by the team can be applied to photographs taken during routine eye checkups and could be used by clinicians to prevent diseases from occurring. It could also help them in diagnosing conditions at an earlier stage than what they currently can.

How It Works?

The blood vessels in the eye are small and fine, which means they show up conditions earlier than any other part of our body. Balijean Dhillon, who is part of the research group led by the University of Edinburg and researchers from Glasgow Caledonian University said that eyes can reveal more than was thought possible.

All the systems of the body are represented in eye. In fact, the diseases like cataracts, glaucoma, macular degeneration, problem with vision could also detect vascular system, heart health, high blood pressure, diabetes and even neurological conditions. While some of these conditions may show up late, eye care can detect it way before. The earlier you find it, the better it is for you to be able to delay the deterioration.

What Is Dementia?

Dementia is an umbrella term to describe diseases that cause people to lose their cognitive functions. These diseases gradually progress decreasing the ability for someone to function in daily life and take care of themselves. There are some medications used to delay the onset of it and to manage it. People can reduce the chances of developing it by following a healthy diet and lifestyle.

Types of Dementia

Different types of dementia occur due to different reasons. Some types of this disease are:

Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease occurs when two abnormal proteins (tau and amyloid protein) build up in the brain. Some of its diseases include mental confusion, short-term memory loss, and personality and behaviour changes. In later stages, people may start having trouble talking, recalling distant memories and have issues with walking.

Vascular Dementia

Vascular dementia may occur because of a stroke or atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is the hardening of the arteries from plaque building up gradually inside of them. It blocks and damages blood vessels in the brain. This disease has symptoms such as memory problems, confusion, concentration problems and difficulty in completing tasks.

Mixed Dementia

Mixed dementia is a combination of two or more types of the disease. Sometimes, Alzheimer’s disease combined with vascular dementia causes mixed dementia. The health condition usually declines faster in people with mixed dementia than those who only have one type.

Huntington’s Disease

A mutation in the huntingtin(HTT) gene causes a breakdown in the brain’s nerve cells and it is responsible for Huntington’s. This disease causes body movement control problems, trouble thinking, decision-making, memory trouble and personality changes.

Traumatic Brain Injury

Someone may develop dementia-like symptoms if they suffer from repeated physical trauma to their head. Symptoms may appear after a long time and may include memory loss, behaviour or mood changes, slurred speech and headaches.

Parkinson’s Disease

People who have Parkinson's disease may develop secondary dementia in the later stages. Some of its symptoms are having trouble with thinking or speaking. Patients may have hallucinations and delusions, or suffer from depression.

Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus(NPH)

When Cerebrospinal Fluid(CSF) builds up in the brain’s ventricles the excess build-up harms the brain and this causes Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus(NPH). A brain infection, brain injury, bleeding in the brain or any previous brain surgery can also cause this condition.

This disease has some symptoms such as poor balance, forgetfulness, and short attention span, loss of bladder control, frequent falls and mood swings.

Infections

Some infections such as HIV infection, syphilis as well as Lyme disease can cause dementia-like symptoms. Urinary Tract Infections or UTIs, and lung infections can cause symptoms that match dementia.

Central Nervous infections and brain infections can cause cognitive symptoms. Also, COVID-19 symptoms include acute delirium or brain fog.

India has reported its second human fatality due to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) or bird flu, marking the first such death in four years. While bird flu infections in humans are rare, they are highly lethal, with a fatality rate of one in two cases. The most recent victim was a two-year-old girl from Palnadu, Andhra Pradesh, who passed away in mid-March after being hospitalized for over 10 days at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Mangalgiri.

The pathogen responsible for the infection and subsequent deaths was confirmed only on 31 March, following a survey by the Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology (ICMR-NIV). According to details shared by the state government, the child, who had a habit of consuming raw chicken, was admitted to the hospital on 4 March with symptoms including fever, breathlessness, nasal discharge, seizures, diarrhea, and reduced feeding. Two days before falling ill, she had reportedly consumed raw chicken. She succumbed to the infection 12 days later.

In a statement issued on Wednesday, the state government noted that no abnormal cases of respiratory infections had been identified in the ongoing survey. However, surveillance will continue for the next two weeks, with testing arranged for any suspected cases. Union health ministry officials stated that, based on data from the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP), no unusual surge in influenza-like illness (ILI) or severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) cases has been observed in the district in recent weeks.

A national joint outbreak response (NJOR) team has been deployed to conduct an epidemiological investigation and provide assistance to the state.

3 States Impacted By Bird Flu

This year, outbreaks of HPAI—also known as Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 or bird flu—have been reported in Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. The trend follows a similar pattern observed in 2024, when states such as Jharkhand and Kerala, along with the aforementioned three states, recorded widespread H5N1 infections in poultry, prompting authorities to cull thousands of birds.

The Union government emphasized that "human-to-human transmission of the H5N1 virus is uncommon, and the risk of any other epidemiologically linked case being reported is assessed to be low."

India's first recorded human infection of the H5N1 influenza virus occurred in 2021 when an 18-year-old boy in Haryana succumbed to the infection within days of contracting it.

In May last year, Australia reported its first human infection with H5N1, stating that the patient had acquired the virus in India. Towards the end of 2024, the deaths of four big cats—three tigers and a leopard—were attributed to H5N1 infection.

Oxytocin, commonly referred to as the "love hormone" because it is involved in bonding and social behavior, is now being investigated for its surprise effect on pregnancy. Although oxytocin is traditionally linked to childbirth, milk letdown during lactation, and emotional bonding, recent findings indicate that this hormone can possibly delay early pregnancy. A study on mice conducted recently has helped explain how the hormone can stop embryonic growth, which may provide new understanding of human fertility and pregnancy.

In a few mammals, such as marsupials, bats, and more than 130 others, a process called "diapause" takes place. This is a natural biological phenomenon that sees embryos suspend their development in order to wait until the right conditions prevail for pregnancy to resume. Although very uncommon and hard to monitor in human beings, clinical experience from in vitro fertilization clinics indicates that human embryos might at times show delayed implantation. One highly documented case in 1996 showed that an embryo implanted in a uterus was in a suspended state for five weeks before implantation took place.

The new research by scientists at the NYU Grossman School of Medicine investigated oxytocin's possible role in inducing this pause in pregnancy. Their results indicate that oxytocin could be a major player in controlling diapause in mice, and they raise questions about its possible role in human pregnancies.

Oxytocin-Induced Pregnancy Pause

To study the impact of oxytocin on pregnancy, scientists tested female mice who had recently given birth by letting them be mated while still lactating. The research revealed that nursing females had pregnancies that lasted about a week longer than those of the non-nursing mice. Since the normal pregnancy in mice takes only 19 to 21 days, this postponement is a drastic halt to embryonic development.

The research team then sought to determine how this pause occurred. Using optogenetics, a technique that enables the activation of specific neurons through light stimulation, they artificially triggered the release of oxytocin in pregnant mice. After five days of oxytocin stimulation, the researchers examined the mice’s uteruses and found that five out of six had embryos in a dormant state, indicative of diapause. Conversely, pregnant mice that were not administered oxytocin stimulation did not exhibit any indication of developmental arrest.

In further confirmation of their research findings, the scientists administered oxytocin to early-stage mouse embryos in the laboratory setting. They detected identical cellular alteration related to diapause, implying that oxytocin has a direct influence on suspended embryonic development.

How Oxytocin Affects Embryonic Development?

The research showed that oxytocin slows down the process through which embryonic cells convert genetic information into proteins. This process, essential for growth and development of the cell, is copying DNA instructions into RNA, which then guides protein synthesis. By suppressing this process, oxytocin puts the embryo into suspended animation.

Interestingly, scientists also learned that embryos without oxytocin receptors were still able to enter diapause, suggesting that more than one biological pathway is used to trigger the pause. Still, having working oxytocin receptors seemed to increase the embryo's chances of surviving the halted state. When oxytocin receptors in the embryos were deactivated, survival rates while in diapause fell to 11% from 42%.

Implications for Human Fertility and Pregnancy

Although this research is in its infancy, it presents exciting possibilities for human fertility studies. A better grasp of the role oxytocin plays during early pregnancy may lead to significant advances in treating unexplained infertility and recurrent miscarriage. If human embryos can enter a state of diapause, further study could reveal how hormonal or environmental influences are responsible for early pregnancy loss.

Also, these discoveries may have greater implications outside pregnancy. As oxytocin is implicated in cell survival, researchers now want to know if what it does in diapause can help understand how to keep nerve cells from dying in the developing nervous system. What stops cells from dying early on might help neurobiology and regenerative medicine advance.

Even with these thrilling findings, much remains to be answered. How long can diapause be in various species, including humans? What are other biochemical signals that cooperate with oxytocin to control embryonic development? And might this information one day lead to targeted fertility treatments or interventions?

More studies are needed to uncover these secrets. As researchers learn more about the multifaceted functions of oxytocin, its image as just the "love hormone" is changing. This potent molecule seems to play a much more intricate function in reproductive biology than has been known, and it may play a role not only in when life starts, but in when it temporarily gets suspended.

Oxytocin's role in pregnancy is turning out to be more complex than originally thought. Though still a primary force behind labor and maternal attachment, it has also recently been found to retard embryonic development, which could have far-reaching consequences for reproductive science. As more research unfolds, the hormone could provide new insights into fertility, enhance IVF success, and even prevent early miscarriage. The possibility of oxytocin-based fertility therapies is an exciting one, and future research will be important to determine how this information can be translated to human pregnancy.

A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine has listed five key factors that impact the longevity of individuals. The research tracked participants for up to 47 years, assessing how five specific factors influenced their risk of death, longevity, and the number of healthy years they could gain by altering these habits. The conclusions of this study were based on data analyzed from over two million adults aged 18 and above across 39 countries.

Five Factors That Influence Longevity

• High blood pressure
• High cholesterol
• Diabetes
• Smoking
• Bodyweight, including being overweight and underweight

Women Could Add 14 Years To Their Lives

As per the researchers, women who didn't have these five risk factors at age 50 could potentially add more than 14 years to their lives, and men could gain almost 12 additional years. Men were most affected by these factors as those with all five faced a 94% chance of dying before 90, while their counterparts without these issues had just a 68% chance. Women with all five risk factors at age 50 had an 88% chance of dying before 90, whereas those without these problems had a 53% chance.

Diabetes Is The Main Factor

Out of all the factors, cholesterol was the least impactful of all. As per the study, people who lowered their cholesterol levels could only add 1.2 extra healthy years to their lifespan. On the contrary, individuals who quit smoking could potentially extend their lives by up to six years. Women who do not have diabetes could gain an extra 6.4 years, while men without the condition might see an increase of 5.8 years. Even a slight reduction in blood pressure could lead to an additional 1.8 healthy years, and achieving a normal BMI could contribute an extra 2.6 years, with variations depending on the region.

Importance Of Lifestyle Changes

The study reinforces the importance of lifestyle modifications in extending a healthy lifespan. The researchers noted that small but consistent changes in daily habits could significantly impact longevity. For example, maintaining an optimal weight through a balanced diet and regular physical activity helps control blood pressure, diabetes, and cholesterol levels, reducing overall health risks.

Smoking cessation emerged as the most crucial lifestyle change that could dramatically influence lifespan. Quitting smoking, even later in life, significantly reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases, lung disorders, and certain cancers, contributing to longer and healthier lives. Similarly, diabetes management through dietary changes, regular exercise, and proper medical intervention plays a vital role in preventing complications and enhancing longevity.

Regional And Gender-Based Differences

The study also highlighted variations in longevity gains based on gender and geographical regions. For instance, men were more susceptible to the adverse effects of these five risk factors than women. This disparity could be attributed to lifestyle differences, genetic predisposition, or healthcare access.

Additionally, in certain countries with high obesity rates, maintaining a normal BMI was one of the most significant contributors to longevity. Meanwhile, in regions with lower tobacco consumption, factors like high blood pressure and diabetes had a more prominent role in affecting lifespan.