Pregnancy is usually a time of happiness and hope, but it also brings in the unexpected. While there is much talk placed on the health of the expectant mother, the quality sperm coming from the father could dramatically change the outcome of pregnancy. The latest study suggests the risks of sperm DNA damage, even increasing the risks of complications preeclampsia and birth prematurity.

In a groundbreaking research study conducted by scientists from Lund University in Sweden, scientists discovered that DNA damage in sperm increases the risk almost up to double that of preeclampsia, this is a dangerous condition that may arise during pregnancies characterized by high blood pressure. In addition, DNA anomalies also increase the risk of premature births, and this further entails increased related adverse health outcomes for infants born through such conditions.

The next step would be to find out which group of men respond best to methods to prevent and treat sperm DNA damage, and to test these methods to prevent pregnancy complications," said Dr. Amelie Stenqvist, a lecturer at Lund University. According to this study, a significant message is put forward that paternal health assumes an important role in a successful pregnancy.

It focused its research on men, specifically whose sperm contained high levels of DNA fragmentation. For instance, some 20% to 30% of babies born via in vitro fertilization have fathers whose sperm contains damaged DNA. The DNA fragmentation index, an indicator to assess the percentage of DNA damage in sperm, indicated that when the percentage of sperm with a DFI above 30% was observed, they had almost no chance of resulting in natural conception. Even a DFI greater than 20% showed that the chances of getting pregnant are highly risky as the risk factor for pregnancy complications like preeclampsia is much high.

Uncommon Complications during Pregnancy

The most alarming complication during pregnancy is preeclampsia. It affects approximately 5% to 8% of pregnancies worldwide, which can cause fatal conditions for both the mother and the baby. The new findings now point out that sperm DNA damage may contribute to this condition, especially if it is due to assisted reproductive techniques such as IVF pregnancies. The research found that a DFI above 20% doubled the risk of preeclampsia from a mere 5% to almost 11% per.

Apart from causing preeclampsia, DNA fragmentation in sperm is also known to increase the risk for prematurity. Most premature babies experience respiratory, neurological, and developmental complications. Therefore, some degree of early intervention might be important for prospective parents.

Some of the rarer, though serious complications include placental abruption, which is the separation of the placenta from the uterine wall and intrauterine growth restriction, a condition by which the baby does not grow normally in the womb. These conditions though rare are potentially catastrophic both to the mother and the child. Results from this study may help in establishing the contribution of the father in such pregnancies.

Further study into sperm DNA damage is of urgent interest with regard to its consequences for pregnancy outcomes. According to Professor Aleksander Giwercman of Lund University in the field of Reproductive Medicine, "the analysis of DFI should be introduced as routine test in all fertility clinics.". "It could give answers to couples who are having difficulties with infertility, but our latest result also shows that DFI analysis can be a method to identify high-risk pregnancies, explained Giwercman.

For many, DNA fragmentation in sperm is often treatable. Common causes are oxidative stress, age, smoking, being obese, and infections. Addressing these elements will likely reduce DNA damage in sperm for men, raising the chances for a healthy pregnancy and baby.

Overall, the study importance should take into consideration paternal as well as maternal health towards reaching for a healthy pregnancy. Though DNA fragmentation in the sperm is supposed to increase the risk factors for complications in pregnancies, the advances into novel treatment approaches and tests are likely to alleviate complications in many families. Thus the findings of this study offer optimism and pave a pathway to more holistic fertility treatments in the future.

COVID-19 is not only a name but a terrible memory for the world, which made people stuck in their homes for months and caused thousands of deaths. Although after the advent of vaccines, normal life regained its pace, the impact of that turbulent time persists in everyday life. One example of a negative after-effect is the rising number of hip replacement surgeries among young Indians, which is, without a doubt, a worrying post-pandemic orthopaedic trend.

This very trend of rising cases of hip replacement surgeries is so serious that it was a major issue of discussion in the 2nd DELHI HIP 360 Conference, held at Crowne Plaza New Delhi. Where doctors reported a significant rise in cases of hip arthritis and avascular necrosis (AVN), a painful condition caused by disruption of blood supply to the hip bone, particularly among younger and middle-aged adults. The conference was organised by the Delhi Orthopaedic Association in association with the Indian Arthroplasty Association.

In the second edition of this conference, Dr. L Tomar, Organising Chairman of DELHI HIP 360 and Director, Department of Orthopaedics and Joint Replacement at Max Hospital, New Delhi, said, “We are observing 40% rise in hip replacement surgeries in younger people. Steroids played a life-saving role during the COVID pandemic, but indiscriminate or prolonged use in some patients has been associated with a rise in osteonecrosis and early degenerative changes in the hip joint." He also added that they are now seeing relatively younger patients coming with severe hip damage, collapse of the femoral head, and advanced arthritis requiring early hip replacement surgeries.

Dr. L Tomar further added, “India is witnessing a silent rise in hip disability due to a combination of post-COVID complications, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, trauma, alcohol consumption, and increasing life expectancy. Early diagnosis is critical because if AVN is detected in the initial stages, joint-preserving procedures may still be possible before destruction of the hip occurs.”

Dr. Karun Jain, Organising Secretary of the conference, said, “One of the biggest challenges with AVN is that patients often ignore early symptoms such as groin pain or stiffness, assuming it to be muscular pain. By the time they seek medical advice, the hip joint may already have undergone irreversible collapse. Awareness, timely MRI evaluation, and early intervention can help reduce disability.”

The conference has brought together leading orthopaedic surgeons, arthroplasty specialists, fellows, and residents from across India to deliberate on the latest advances in Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA), complex hip reconstruction, robotic-assisted surgery, rehabilitation, and management of post-COVID hip complications.

The experts at the conference emphasize that the AVN, which was thought of as a disease of the elderly, is no longer limited to a certain age bracket. It can affect young people as well due to the modern sedentary lifestyle. Thus, doctors at the conference are also expecting even greater demand for hip replacement surgeries.

World Thyroid Day is observed on 25 May every year. This day aims to spread awareness about thyroid disorders, their symptoms, and management options that can help women. However, one concern that continues to linger with respect to thyroid disorders is why they occur more often in women. Hormonal changes, lifestyle factors, and a higher risk of autoimmune conditions can increase the risk of thyroid problems in women. Yes, that’s right! Hence, women should ensure they go for timely health check-ups. Here, an expert highlights vital tips for women. Read on to know more about this and seek timely help. Remember, thyroid problems should not be left untreated at all.

In an interview with Health and Me, Dr Shruti Kotangale, Consultant Gynaecologist, Obstetrician, and Infertility Expert at AIMS Hospital, Dombivli, explained why thyroid problems are more common among women. Read here to know how gender makes a difference.

Why do thyroid disorders occur more often in women?

Thyroid disorders are rising among many women. The thyroid is a small gland in the neck, but it plays a critical role in controlling metabolism, energy levels, and maintaining hormonal balance. Women can suffer from thyroid problems because of frequent hormonal changes during puberty, pregnancy, and menopause. These changes can impact thyroid health. Lifestyle factors such as stress, poor diet, and lack of sleep can also worsen thyroid imbalance. Hence, women are at a higher risk of suffering from autoimmune conditions, where the body’s immune system attacks the thyroid gland.

Hypothyroidism vs hyperthyroidism

Conditions such as hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) and hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) are commonly seen in women. Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland is underactive. Symptoms can include tiredness, weight gain, dry skin, hair fall, constipation, feeling cold, a slow heartbeat, and low mood or depression. Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland becomes overactive, and women may experience weight loss, a fast heartbeat, sweating, anxiety, tremors, irritability, frequent bowel movements, and even difficulty sleeping. Women are advised to seek immediate medical attention and manage these symptoms without any further delay.

How to manage thyroid disorders?

Thyroid disorders may be concerning, but they are manageable with appropriate care and management tips as recommended by experts. Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can be managed with timely diagnosis, regular screening, and taking medications as suggested by the doctor. It is also important to eat a balanced diet, exercise daily for at least 30 minutes, get sound sleep at night, and de-stress through yoga and meditation. This World Thyroid Day, the focus should be on awareness, regular check-ups, and taking small steps to stay healthy and manage thyroid problems. Moreover, follow the doctor’s advice and do not self-medicate, as doing so can be risky.

So ladies, this World Thyroid Day, make an effort to know more about this group of disorders that affects your gender more often than men. Be it fatigue, mood swings, or weight fluctuations, it is imperative to know the early warning signs of this condition in order to work towards a more preventive approach.

IBD or Inflammatory Bowel Disease is a growing health concern worldwide - particularly amongst young adults. The two main types of IBD are Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s disease. However, these can be confused because they share symptoms.

Some of these are abdominal pain, diarrhea, fatigue, and weight loss. They affect the digestive tract differently, thus also have different complications and treatment plans. It is important to understand these differences so that patients may seek out timely diagnosis and better disease management.

1. Different Parts of the Digestive Tract Are Affected

Ulcerative Colitis is limited to the colon and rectum. Inflammation begins in the rectum and spreads continuously upwards. In Crohn’s disease, any part of the digestive system can be impacted. Including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and colon. However, it is most commonly the small intestine that is involved in Crohn’s disease.

2. Inflammation Pattern is Different

In ulcerative colitis, inflammation is continuous. There are no healthy gaps in between the affected areas. Crohn’s disease causes patchy inflammation. Meaning, there are sections of healthy tissue known as “skip lesions”.

3. Crohn’s Disease causes more serious damage

Ulcerative colitis affects only the innermost lining of the bowel. Crohn’s disease, on the other hand, can involve all layers of the intestinal wall. This increases the risk of complications such as fistulas, bowel obstruction, and intestinal narrowing.

4. Symptoms May Look Similar, But Often Differ

Both conditions can cause diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fatigue, and unintended weight loss. However, bloody stools are more common in ulcerative colitis. Crohn’s disease may also cause mouth ulcers, severe nutritional deficiencies, and pain in the anal region.

5. Nutritional Problems Are More Common in Crohn’s Disease

Because Crohn’s disease frequently affects the small intestine, patients may struggle to absorb nutrients properly. This struggle results in anemia, a vitamin B12 deficiency, low iron levels, and weight loss.

6. Surgery Has Different Outcomes

Ulcerative colitis can be cured by removing the colon. In Crohn’s disease, surgery is used mainly to treat complications, but inflammation can affect another part of the digestive tract.

7. Smoking Affects the Diseases Differently

Smoking worsens Crohn’s disease. It increases the risk of flare-ups, complications, as well as repeat surgeries. However, Ulcerative Colitis does not show the same pattern. Some studies have found lower rates of ulcerative colitis among smokers. Although smoking is never recommended as a treatment because of its serious health risks.

8. Treatment Approaches

Both conditions are treated with anti-inflammatory medications, immunosuppressing drugs, and dietary changes. But in Crohn’s disease, often more aggressive and long-term treatment is required. This is because it can affect the deeper layers of the bowel and multiple parts of the digestive tract.