Allergies 101: Types And How To Manage Them

Allergies occur when the immune system reacts to substances, known as allergens, that are usually harmless to most people. Common allergens include pollen, dust mites, pet dander, certain foods, and medications. The immune system, designed to protect the body from harmful invaders like bacteria and viruses, mistakes these harmless substances as threats and triggers an allergic reaction. These reactions can range from mild symptoms, like sneezing and itching, to severe, life-threatening responses like anaphylaxis.

How Allergies Affect the Body

The immune system fights harmful invaders by producing antibodies. In the case of allergies, the immune system creates a specific antibody called Immunoglobulin E (IgE), which targets allergens. When you come into contact with an allergen, IgE antibodies prompt the release of chemicals like histamine, which causes allergic symptoms such as inflammation, swelling, and irritation.

Allergic reactions can vary based on the type of allergen, how it enters the body (through ingestion, inhalation, or direct contact), and the individual’s sensitivity. For example, food allergies might cause nausea or rashes, while airborne allergens like pollen might cause sneezing, congestion, and itchy eyes.

Types of Allergies

Allergies can take many forms, depending on the triggers. Some common types include:

• Food allergies: Common triggers include nuts, shellfish, and dairy products.
• Hay fever (allergic rhinitis): This occurs due to allergens like pollen, mould, pet dander, and dust mites, leading to sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes.
• Skin allergies: Reactions like eczema or hives occur due to direct contact with allergens such as certain plants, chemicals, or metals.
• Insect allergies: Allergic reactions to insect bites or stings can cause redness, swelling, or more severe reactions like anaphylaxis.
• Medication allergies: Some people may react to drugs such as antibiotics like penicillin.

Symptoms of Allergies

Allergic reactions can manifest in many ways, depending on the allergen and individual. Some of the most common symptoms include:

• Sneezing, runny nose, or nasal congestion
• Coughing or wheezing
• Skin rashes or hives
• Fatigue or headaches
• Nausea, vomiting, or digestive issues
• Difficulty breathing in more severe cases

When to Seek Emergency Medical Help

Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening allergic reaction that requires immediate medical attention. Signs of anaphylaxis include swelling of the face, lips, or throat, difficulty breathing, dizziness, or fainting. If you or someone experiences these symptoms, call emergency services immediately and administer an epinephrine auto-injector if available.

Managing Allergies

The best way to manage allergies is to avoid the allergen that triggers a reaction. However, if avoidance isn’t possible, there are treatment options to help manage symptoms. Medications such as antihistamines, decongestants, and corticosteroids can alleviate symptoms. For long-term relief, immunotherapy (allergy shots or sublingual tablets) may help the body build tolerance to allergens over time.