The COVID-19 pandemic may be over, but our immune systems are still feeling the impact. After years of battling constant viral threats, from COVID-19 to seasonal flu and other infections, our body’s defense system is exhausted. Many people continue to experience lingering inflammation, frequent illnesses, and slower recovery times. This extended state of immune stress has compromised us further to chronic illness, including autoimmune diseases and even neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's. So why is our immune system still in trouble? And how do we give it its power back? Understanding immune exhaustion is the beginning of rebuilding our body's natural immunity.

A weakened immune system makes people more susceptible to disease, mental illnesses, and even sleep disorders. Now, new research indicates that immune system depletion may play an important role in the onset of Parkinson's disease, a degenerative neurologic disorder that compromises movement and cognition.

Role of Inflammation in Parkinson's Disease

Dysfunctional immune response is a leading cause of long-standing inflammation within the body, that has been found to contribute towards a multitude of conditions, including cardiovascular conditions, diabetes, depression, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's.

As people age, their immune system naturally becomes less effective. This deterioration, referred to as immune exhaustion, may be a key contributor to the onset and progression of Parkinson’s disease. Rebecca Wallings, a Parkinson’s Foundation Launch Award grant recipient and senior postdoctoral fellow at the University of Florida, believes that an accumulation of exhausted immune cells could be driving neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s patients.

How a Tired Immune System Might Affect Parkinson's?

Parkinson's disease is most commonly linked with the degeneration and loss of dopaminergic neurons—motor nerve cells that produce dopamine, an essential neurotransmitter for movement. While researchers have long suspected inflammation is involved in this neurodegeneration, the mechanisms are not yet well understood.

Wallings' study is on immune cell exhaustion, a process by which aging immune cells fail to control immune responses effectively. Her research indicates that instead of dampening inflammation in Parkinson's patients, attempts should be made to rejuvenate the immune system to regain its functionality.

Energy Deficiency in Immune Cells

One of the major findings of Wallings' work is the function of mitochondrial impairment in immune cell exhaustion. Mitochondria are commonly called the powerhouses of cells, as they are vital for generating energy. As mitochondria age and become inefficient, immune cells fail to function well, potentially accelerating neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.

Wallings has found that mutations in the LRRK2 gene, a recognized genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease, are linked with defective mitochondrial function and immune cell exhaustion. Her current work includes testing various therapeutic approaches to restore mitochondrial function in immune cells with the potential to enhance the immune system and potentially prevent or treat Parkinson's disease.

Will Rejuvenating the Immune System Help in Treatment?

For decades, the standard practice in treating Parkinson's has been to suppress brain inflammation. Yet Wallings' work indicates that instead of slowing down immune responses, restoring the immune system could be a more successful strategy. By addressing mitochondrial impairment and immune resilience, researchers can potentially reverse or slow down Parkinson's disease.

Wallings is now looking into how to rejuvenate immune cells by fixing mitochondria. She studies immune cells from patients with Parkinson's as well as from healthy subjects and performs experiments on animal models to determine if rejuvenation of the immune system could result in improved disease outcomes.

Lifestyle Factors That May Affect Parkinson's Risk

While there is no cure for Parkinson's disease, some lifestyle adjustments may decrease the chances of developing the illness. Since neurodegenerative diseases are associated with chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction, developing habits that enhance immune function might prove helpful.

Diet: There is evidence to suggest that eating in accordance with the Mediterranean or MIND diets, both high in antioxidants, healthy fats, and anti-inflammatory foods, can encourage brain wellness and reduce Parkinson's risk.

Avoiding Dangerous Substances: Restricting alcohol and nicotine use can maintain a robust immune system and suppress inflammation.

Reducing Stress: Chronic stress weakens immune function, so methods such as meditation, exercise, and sufficient sleep can lead to improved overall well-being.

While a weakened immune system and fear of complications once denied people with HIV access to organ transplants, doctors at a Delhi hospital have now challenged the idea with a successful kidney transplant surgery on a 43-year-old HIV-positive patient from Ethiopia.

According to the team of doctors from the Max Super Speciality Hospital, Patparganj, who successfully performed the complex living donor kidney transplant, advancements in antiretroviral therapy and transplant protocols have made such procedures increasingly safe in carefully selected cases.

“HIV is no longer a barrier to organ transplantation when managed appropriately,” said Dr. Ravi Kumar Singh, Senior Consultant, Nephrology and Transplant Physician at Max Hospital, Patparganj.

“With strict selection criteria and coordinated multidisciplinary care, patients with well-controlled HIV can achieve outcomes comparable to the general transplant population.”

Also read: India Identifies 219 Districts As Priority For Intensified HIV/AIDS Interventions

Kidney Transplant In HIV Positive Patient

The patient, who had been living with HIV for 10 years, developed end-stage renal disease 3 years ago and has been dependent on regular dialysis since then.

Before the surgery, the patient underwent extensive evaluation to ensure optimal control of HIV, including a stable immune profile and undetectable viral load.

The patient’s 33-year-old wife donated one of her kidneys. Compatibility testing confirmed matching blood groups and a negative cross-match, enabling the team to proceed with the transplant.

“Kidney transplantation in patients with HIV requires a highly meticulous and coordinated approach, given the complexities of balancing immunosuppression with ongoing antiretroviral therapy,” said Dr. Paresh Jain, Senior Director, Urology, Robotic Surgery & Renal Transplant.

“In this case, careful pre-transplant evaluation, precise surgical execution, and close post-operative monitoring were critical to ensuring a successful outcome. This procedure reflects how advances in transplant science and surgical expertise are enabling us to safely expand access to life-saving transplants for patients who were once considered high-risk,” he added.

Following the transplant, the patient has shown encouraging recovery, has been taken off dialysis, and is gradually returning to normal daily activities, the doctors said. The patient also continues on a carefully monitored regimen of immunosuppressive and antiretroviral therapy, they added.

Also read: India's Silent Crisis: Why We Must Embrace Deceased Donor Organ Transplantation

Can People With HIV Get A Transplant?

With advancements in antiretroviral therapy (ART), enabling people to live longer, HIV has now become a chronic, manageable condition. However, the HIV positive patients are now more likely to die from end-stage organ disease than from AIDS-related infections.

As per the US National Institutes of Health, people with HIV can successfully donate or receive transplanted organs with reasonable success rates.

However, health care providers must consider and monitor potential drug interactions, kidney and liver function, and HIV viral suppression in people with HIV receiving a transplant.

Further, the NIH advised HIV positive patients to continue taking all prescribed HIV medicines before and after transplant.

“Smoking is injurious to health.” We see this warning in theatres and on billboards, but for many, it’s become background noise. We tend to think of smoking as a “future threat”, a cough, some breathlessness, or perhaps a scary diagnosis years down the line.

But did you know that the cigarette in your hand is also quietly sabotaging something far more immediate: your hormonal health.

The Gender Gap In The Smoke

While smoking is often viewed through a male lens, the reality is shifting. In fact, approximately, women comprise about 20% of the more than 1 billion smokers globally, and the biological toll they pay is unique.

Usually the impact of smoking is focused more on the lungs and the heart. But one of the most overlooked victims of tobacco is the endocrine system, especially in women.

A Direct Hit To Your Menstrual Cycle

Cigarette smoke is a cocktail of thousands of toxic chemicals, including tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide, and poisonous metals. These don't just stay in the lungs; they hijack the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian (HPO) axis, which is the delicate "command center" that regulates your period.

Nicotine triggers a surge in stress hormones like cortisol and catecholamines. When these are chronically elevated, they disrupt the steady, rhythmic release of hormones that tell your body when to ovulate. The result?

• Irregular or Shorter Cycles: Your body’s natural rhythm is thrown off-beat.
• Painful Periods (Dysmenorrhea): Nicotine narrows your blood vessels (vasoconstriction), reducing blood flow to the uterus and making cramps significantly more intense.

The Effect of Smoking On Estrogen

Estrogen is the powerhouse hormone responsible for regulating the menstrual cycle, maintaining bone density, protecting heart health, and much more.

Smoking acts as an "anti-estrogen." By draining your estrogen, smoking can trigger early menopause, often by one to two years, and increase your long-term risk of osteoporosis.

For those trying to conceive, the toxins reduce your "ovarian reserve" by 20% (your egg count), making the journey to motherhood much harder.

The Road To Recovery: Recalibrating Your System

But the good news? Our bodies are remarkably resilient. Within weeks of quitting, your circulation improves, stress hormones stabilize, and your endocrine system begins to regain its equilibrium.

Many patients report more predictable cycles and less painful periods after quitting smoking.

Don't Rely On Willpower Alone

Quitting is a medical challenge, not just a test of character. If you’re overwhelmed, connect with your doctor on using the many tools available that can help you in quitting, such as:

• Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT): Gums, patches, and lozenges provide controlled nicotine without the toxic smoke. Unlike smoking, which delivers nicotine in rapid spikes along with thousands of harmful substances, NRT helps reduce cravings and supports quitting with far less harm.

• Prescription Support: Medications reduce the "reward" your brain gets from nicotine.

• Behavioral Support: Counselling significantly increases your chances of staying smoke-free for good.

Your hormones work tirelessly every single month to keep your body in harmony. Every cigarette disrupts that dance; every "no" helps restore it.

Your body’s natural rhythm is worth protecting. Perhaps today is the day you finally return the favor.

Dhurandhar 2 actor Mustafa Ahmed, who played Rizwan in the film, opened up about growing up with dyslexia. He shared that he struggled with reading and writing, but sports and dancing came naturally to him.

"I was not a bright kid. I was dyslexic and came from an Afghan background. But I was always physical, I was good at sports, and I picked up dancing naturally. Anything that involved using my body, I was good at it,” said Mustafa, who trained has Hrithik Roshan, in the Alpha Coach podcast.

What Is Dyslexia?

Dyslexia is a learning difficulty that affects reading, writing, and spelling. However, it has nothing to do with intelligence.

Common signs of dyslexia include:

• Difficulty reading or recognizing words
• Trouble with spelling and writing
• Confusing similar-looking letters (like b/d or p/q)
• Slow reading speed and poor comprehension
• Difficulty following written instructions

This means that children with dyslexia are simply wired differently and may need to focus on other learning areas.

How Did Mustafa Overcome Dyslexia?

Mustafa did exactly that. He focused on training hard and eventually worked with big stars like Hrithik Roshan. That’s when he caught the attention of Aditya Dhar, the maker of Dhurandhar. Aditya saw potential in him and encouraged him to pursue acting, helping launch his journey in the industry.

Growing up, Mustafa, who revealed in an interview, faced challenges in school due to his learning difficulties. Tasks like reading scripts or memorizing lines may not have come easily at first. However, with determination, support, and self-belief, he was able to overcome these barriers.

However, today as a rising star, his story is a reminder that with the right support, early diagnosis, and self-belief, children with dyslexia can truly thrive.

Signs and symptoms of dyslexia

Doctors say signs of dyslexia can look different at each age. It happens because your brain grows and learns in new ways as you get older. You may notice your child has:

• Has difficulty learning or recognizing letters
• Has trouble rhyming words
• Mixes up words that sound similar
• Find it difficult to read simple words after learning letter sounds
• Have trouble remembering letters, even after lots of practice
• Avoiding tasks that have to do with reading
• Feeling sick or anxious before school or homework time
• Struggling in school

Can You Treat Dyslexia?

Doctors say even though dyslexia is a lifelong condition, it can be effectively managed with the help of interventions like:

• Phonics-based reading programs
• One-on-one tutoring
• Speech and language therapy
• Use of assistive technology like audiobooks and text-to-speech tools

With these strategies, individuals with dyslexia can improve their reading skills and excel in their chosen fields.