The COVID-19 pandemic may be over, but our immune systems are still feeling the impact. After years of battling constant viral threats, from COVID-19 to seasonal flu and other infections, our body’s defense system is exhausted. Many people continue to experience lingering inflammation, frequent illnesses, and slower recovery times. This extended state of immune stress has compromised us further to chronic illness, including autoimmune diseases and even neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's. So why is our immune system still in trouble? And how do we give it its power back? Understanding immune exhaustion is the beginning of rebuilding our body's natural immunity.

A weakened immune system makes people more susceptible to disease, mental illnesses, and even sleep disorders. Now, new research indicates that immune system depletion may play an important role in the onset of Parkinson's disease, a degenerative neurologic disorder that compromises movement and cognition.

Role of Inflammation in Parkinson's Disease

Dysfunctional immune response is a leading cause of long-standing inflammation within the body, that has been found to contribute towards a multitude of conditions, including cardiovascular conditions, diabetes, depression, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's.

As people age, their immune system naturally becomes less effective. This deterioration, referred to as immune exhaustion, may be a key contributor to the onset and progression of Parkinson’s disease. Rebecca Wallings, a Parkinson’s Foundation Launch Award grant recipient and senior postdoctoral fellow at the University of Florida, believes that an accumulation of exhausted immune cells could be driving neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s patients.

How a Tired Immune System Might Affect Parkinson's?

Parkinson's disease is most commonly linked with the degeneration and loss of dopaminergic neurons—motor nerve cells that produce dopamine, an essential neurotransmitter for movement. While researchers have long suspected inflammation is involved in this neurodegeneration, the mechanisms are not yet well understood.

Wallings' study is on immune cell exhaustion, a process by which aging immune cells fail to control immune responses effectively. Her research indicates that instead of dampening inflammation in Parkinson's patients, attempts should be made to rejuvenate the immune system to regain its functionality.

Energy Deficiency in Immune Cells

One of the major findings of Wallings' work is the function of mitochondrial impairment in immune cell exhaustion. Mitochondria are commonly called the powerhouses of cells, as they are vital for generating energy. As mitochondria age and become inefficient, immune cells fail to function well, potentially accelerating neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.

Wallings has found that mutations in the LRRK2 gene, a recognized genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease, are linked with defective mitochondrial function and immune cell exhaustion. Her current work includes testing various therapeutic approaches to restore mitochondrial function in immune cells with the potential to enhance the immune system and potentially prevent or treat Parkinson's disease.

Will Rejuvenating the Immune System Help in Treatment?

For decades, the standard practice in treating Parkinson's has been to suppress brain inflammation. Yet Wallings' work indicates that instead of slowing down immune responses, restoring the immune system could be a more successful strategy. By addressing mitochondrial impairment and immune resilience, researchers can potentially reverse or slow down Parkinson's disease.

Wallings is now looking into how to rejuvenate immune cells by fixing mitochondria. She studies immune cells from patients with Parkinson's as well as from healthy subjects and performs experiments on animal models to determine if rejuvenation of the immune system could result in improved disease outcomes.

Lifestyle Factors That May Affect Parkinson's Risk

While there is no cure for Parkinson's disease, some lifestyle adjustments may decrease the chances of developing the illness. Since neurodegenerative diseases are associated with chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction, developing habits that enhance immune function might prove helpful.

Diet: There is evidence to suggest that eating in accordance with the Mediterranean or MIND diets, both high in antioxidants, healthy fats, and anti-inflammatory foods, can encourage brain wellness and reduce Parkinson's risk.

Avoiding Dangerous Substances: Restricting alcohol and nicotine use can maintain a robust immune system and suppress inflammation.

Reducing Stress: Chronic stress weakens immune function, so methods such as meditation, exercise, and sufficient sleep can lead to improved overall well-being.

Kerala has recently seen a sharp increase in hepatitis A cases, drawing national attention after media reports revealed more than 31,000 infections and 82 deaths recorded by the end of December 2025, according to NDTV. The World Health Organization (WHO) states that Hepatitis A leads to mild or severe illness in around 1.4 million people each year, while nearly 113 million individuals get infected without showing symptoms. Globally, the disease claimed an estimated 7,134 lives in 2016. With numbers climbing in Kerala, here is a closer look at what hepatitis A is, how it spreads, and the precautions people should take.

Kerala Sees A Rise In Hepatitis A Cases

Kerala has reported its highest number of hepatitis A cases so far, raising renewed worries around drinking water quality, sanitation standards, and disease monitoring. As per The Hindu, the state logged 31,536 confirmed and suspected cases along with 82 deaths as of December 30, 2025. Health specialists say the outbreak did not happen overnight. It reflects long-standing pressure on early detection systems, sanitation facilities, and public water supply networks. Since Hepatitis A tends to be more severe in older age groups, the growing number of infections among adolescents and adults has become a major concern.

What Is Hepatitis A?

Hepatitis A is a viral infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). It spreads mainly through contaminated food or water, or close personal contact with an infected person. The infection can cause liver inflammation, jaundice, extreme tiredness, and stomach pain. In most cases, it is a short-term illness that clears on its own without specific treatment, though severe cases can occur. Unlike hepatitis B or C, hepatitis A does not lead to long-term liver damage. The WHO notes that vaccination remains the most reliable way to stay protected.

Symptoms Of Hepatitis A

Symptoms of hepatitis A usually show up a few weeks after exposure to the virus, though some people never develop noticeable signs. According to the Cleveland Clinic, those who do may experience:

• Persistent fatigue and weakness
• Sudden nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea
• Pain or discomfort in the upper right side of the abdomen, near the liver
• Pale or clay-colored stools
• Reduced appetite
• Mild fever
• Dark-colored urine
• Joint aches
• Yellowing of the skin and eyes, known as jaundice
• Severe itching

These symptoms are often mild and disappear within weeks. In some cases, however, the illness can be intense and last for several months.

Why Is Kerala Witnessing A Surge In Hepatitis A Cases?

Kerala has faced several hepatitis A outbreaks in recent years, but the current rise is notable for its scale and severity. Reports cited by The Hindu link the spread to contaminated groundwater, poor sanitation, and unhygienic surroundings, particularly in crowded localities. Investigations suggest that inadequate environmental hygiene and unsafe water sources have played a key role in allowing the virus to spread more widely.

Can Hepatitis A Be Prevented?

Yes, prevention is possible. The Cleveland Clinic states that vaccination against hepatitis A is the simplest and most effective safeguard. Doctors recommend the vaccine for children older than 12 months and for adults who:

• Are at risk of exposure at home or at work
• Plan to travel to regions where the virus is more common
• Have existing liver conditions

Basic hygiene also goes a long way in preventing infection. Regular handwashing and careful food handling can reduce the risk significantly. Outbreaks often worsen when simple safety habits are ignored. Small daily choices can protect your liver. Drinking boiled or bottled water, avoiding food from unhygienic sources, and peeling fruits at home can help lower the risk.

If someone in the household is infected, cleanliness becomes even more important. Surfaces should be disinfected, food prepared carefully, and personal items not shared. Safe sexual practices also matter, as the virus can spread through oral-anal contact. On a broader level, preventing future outbreaks requires more than short-term fixes. Improving water quality, repairing sewage systems, and strengthening public health surveillance are essential to stop the cycle from repeating.

If flu symptoms such as fever, chills, coughing, a sore throat or a pounding headache start to creep in, many people assume the best option is to stay in bed and let it pass.

But even if you have managed the flu on your own in the past, this time it may be worth calling your doctor. That’s because antiviral flu medicines, including Tamiflu, can sometimes make a real difference.

Certain prescription drugs can shorten how long the flu lasts and lower the risk of serious complications, but timing is critical. Here’s how to work out whether flu antivirals could help you or someone close to you.

What Are Flu Antivirals?

Flu antivirals are prescription medicines designed to help the body fight off the influenza virus. “They work by stopping the flu virus from multiplying and spreading through the body. Influenza is the virus that causes the flu,” explained Deon Pilkington, PharmD, a clinical pharmacy coordinator as per Banner Health.

These medications do not cure the flu, but they may:

• Reduce how long symptoms last
• Lessen the intensity of illness
• Lower the risk of complications such as pneumonia or hospital admission
• Common flu antivirals taken by mouth include:
• Tamiflu (oseltamivir)
• Relenza (zanamivir)
• Xofluza (baloxavir)
• Another option, Rapivab (peramivir), is given through an intravenous (IV) infusion.

All flu antivirals require a prescription and are most effective when started within the first one to two days after symptoms appear. That’s why reaching out to a healthcare provider early can matter.

Antibiotics should not be used to treat the flu. “Because influenza is caused by a virus, antibiotics won’t help,” said Mallory Yan, PharmD, a pharmacist with Banner Health.

Who Is Most Likely To Benefit From Flu Antivirals?

Not everyone who gets the flu needs prescription treatment. “These medications are generally reserved for people who have confirmed flu and are at higher risk for complications,” Dr. Pilkington said.

You should contact a doctor promptly if you or someone you care for falls into one of these categories:

• Adults aged 65 and older
• Children under 5, especially those younger than 2
• Pregnant women or those who have recently given birth
• People with chronic illnesses such as asthma, diabetes or heart disease
• Individuals with weakened immune systems
• Residents of nursing homes, group homes or long-term care facilities
• Anyone whose symptoms are severe or worsening

Even healthy individuals may be prescribed antivirals if they live with someone at high risk. Limiting the spread of flu in households where complications could be serious is important.

When Should You Call Your Doctor?

If you are at higher risk, it’s best to contact your doctor as soon as flu symptoms begin. Starting treatment within 48 hours offers the greatest benefit.

Warning signs may include:

• Shortness of breath
• Chest pain or pressure
• Fever that does not improve with over-the-counter medication
• Chills
• Body aches
• Extreme tiredness or weakness
• Dizziness
• Confusion
• Vomiting
• Cough
• Sore throat
• Headache
• Signs of dehydration, such as reduced urination or a dry mouth

If you test positive for flu or feel seriously unwell, do not delay. Beginning antiviral treatment within the first two days gives you the best chance of recovering faster and avoiding complications.

Early Action Makes A Difference

If you’re wondering, “Do I need Tamiflu?” remember that flu antivirals are most helpful when taken early, ideally within the first day or two after symptoms begin. Acting quickly can change how the illness unfolds.

Symptoms such as constant exhaustion, mental fog, and occasional tingling in the hands or feet are often dismissed as stress or simply getting older. However, these signs can point to underlying nutrient deficiencies, including vitamin B12, iron, and folate (vitamin B9). These nutrients play a crucial role in brain health, nerve function, and carrying oxygen around the body.

Lack Of This Vitamin Deficiency Can Lead To Exhaustion

When ignored, these symptoms can quietly worsen. They are often your body’s way of signalling problems with nerve health, oxygen supply, and overall energy levels, which can make even simple daily activities feel harder than they should. According to the Daily Mail, around 15 per cent of people aged 15 to 29, and about 20 per cent of those over 60, have vitamin levels that are not low enough to be classed as a deficiency but are still insufficient to cause noticeable symptoms.

What Is Vitamin B12?

Vitamin B12 allows the brain to transmit signals properly and helps protect the nerves. When levels drop, people may notice memory lapses, poor concentration, or balance problems. In older adults, this can raise the risk of falls. Some individuals sit in a borderline range, where levels are not low enough to be diagnosed as deficient but are still enough to cause symptoms.

Certain people face a higher risk. Vegans are vulnerable because B12 is found mainly in animal products such as milk, meat, eggs, and fish. As people age, their ability to absorb B12 often declines due to lower stomach acid. Long-term use of acid-suppressing drugs, including proton pump inhibitors, can further reduce absorption, meaning supplements or injections may be needed.

Iron Is Important

Iron is essential for making haemoglobin, the substance in red blood cells that carries oxygen through the body. When iron levels are low, oxygen transport is reduced, and tissues with high energy needs, such as the brain and nerves, are affected first. This can lead to dizziness, weakness, and cold hands and feet.

Iron works closely with folate and vitamin B12 to support red blood cell production. A shortage of any one of these nutrients can limit how well oxygen is delivered, making tasks like climbing stairs or keeping warm feel far more draining. In the UK, iron deficiency affects around 3 per cent of men and 8 per cent of women.

Folate

Folate is important for cell development and the production of red blood cells. Levels have been falling in recent years, with teenagers showing particularly high rates of deficiency. Women of reproductive age are especially at risk, as low folate levels early in pregnancy can raise the chance of neural tube defects.

To address this, the UK government plans to add folic acid to white flour by the end of 2026, covering common foods such as bread and baked goods. Folate can also be found naturally in leafy green vegetables, beans, and citrus fruits.

Blood tests are the most reliable way to confirm whether a deficiency is present. Iron levels can be difficult to correct through diet alone because the body tightly controls absorption, so supplements are often needed, particularly for people with heavy periods or digestive problems. Folate deficiency is usually easier to correct with dietary changes or supplements.

Boosting vitamin B12 depends on the cause. Vegans often need supplements, while older adults or people taking acid-reducing medication long term may need higher doses or injections.

Leaving deficiencies untreated can allow symptoms to linger and, in some cases, lead to lasting nerve damage. The positive news is that once a deficiency is identified and treated, many people begin to feel better within weeks. Energy, focus, and overall well-being often return quickly, bringing noticeable improvements to everyday life.