The COVID-19 pandemic may be over, but our immune systems are still feeling the impact. After years of battling constant viral threats, from COVID-19 to seasonal flu and other infections, our body’s defense system is exhausted. Many people continue to experience lingering inflammation, frequent illnesses, and slower recovery times. This extended state of immune stress has compromised us further to chronic illness, including autoimmune diseases and even neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's. So why is our immune system still in trouble? And how do we give it its power back? Understanding immune exhaustion is the beginning of rebuilding our body's natural immunity.

A weakened immune system makes people more susceptible to disease, mental illnesses, and even sleep disorders. Now, new research indicates that immune system depletion may play an important role in the onset of Parkinson's disease, a degenerative neurologic disorder that compromises movement and cognition.

Role of Inflammation in Parkinson's Disease

Dysfunctional immune response is a leading cause of long-standing inflammation within the body, that has been found to contribute towards a multitude of conditions, including cardiovascular conditions, diabetes, depression, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's.

As people age, their immune system naturally becomes less effective. This deterioration, referred to as immune exhaustion, may be a key contributor to the onset and progression of Parkinson’s disease. Rebecca Wallings, a Parkinson’s Foundation Launch Award grant recipient and senior postdoctoral fellow at the University of Florida, believes that an accumulation of exhausted immune cells could be driving neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s patients.

How a Tired Immune System Might Affect Parkinson's?

Parkinson's disease is most commonly linked with the degeneration and loss of dopaminergic neurons—motor nerve cells that produce dopamine, an essential neurotransmitter for movement. While researchers have long suspected inflammation is involved in this neurodegeneration, the mechanisms are not yet well understood.

Wallings' study is on immune cell exhaustion, a process by which aging immune cells fail to control immune responses effectively. Her research indicates that instead of dampening inflammation in Parkinson's patients, attempts should be made to rejuvenate the immune system to regain its functionality.

Energy Deficiency in Immune Cells

One of the major findings of Wallings' work is the function of mitochondrial impairment in immune cell exhaustion. Mitochondria are commonly called the powerhouses of cells, as they are vital for generating energy. As mitochondria age and become inefficient, immune cells fail to function well, potentially accelerating neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.

Wallings has found that mutations in the LRRK2 gene, a recognized genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease, are linked with defective mitochondrial function and immune cell exhaustion. Her current work includes testing various therapeutic approaches to restore mitochondrial function in immune cells with the potential to enhance the immune system and potentially prevent or treat Parkinson's disease.

Will Rejuvenating the Immune System Help in Treatment?

For decades, the standard practice in treating Parkinson's has been to suppress brain inflammation. Yet Wallings' work indicates that instead of slowing down immune responses, restoring the immune system could be a more successful strategy. By addressing mitochondrial impairment and immune resilience, researchers can potentially reverse or slow down Parkinson's disease.

Wallings is now looking into how to rejuvenate immune cells by fixing mitochondria. She studies immune cells from patients with Parkinson's as well as from healthy subjects and performs experiments on animal models to determine if rejuvenation of the immune system could result in improved disease outcomes.

Lifestyle Factors That May Affect Parkinson's Risk

While there is no cure for Parkinson's disease, some lifestyle adjustments may decrease the chances of developing the illness. Since neurodegenerative diseases are associated with chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction, developing habits that enhance immune function might prove helpful.

Diet: There is evidence to suggest that eating in accordance with the Mediterranean or MIND diets, both high in antioxidants, healthy fats, and anti-inflammatory foods, can encourage brain wellness and reduce Parkinson's risk.

Avoiding Dangerous Substances: Restricting alcohol and nicotine use can maintain a robust immune system and suppress inflammation.

Reducing Stress: Chronic stress weakens immune function, so methods such as meditation, exercise, and sufficient sleep can lead to improved overall well-being.

A GP has raised concern about a key sign that may show you have Covid rather than a cold or flu. Winter illnesses often look alike, which makes it hard to tell them apart, and getting the right diagnosis is important for proper care. Dr Rupa Parmar, GP and medical director at Midland Health, explained that there are certain clues that can help people understand what they are dealing with. She advised that anyone unsure should check with their doctor, as it is safer to ask than ignore a concern.

Why Breathlessness Matters

Dr Parmar noted that shortness of breath stands out as a sign of Covid. It rarely appears in a cold or flu, but it is common with Covid because the infection tends to affect the lungs and cause inflammation. The NHS also lists breathlessness as a sign linked more strongly with Covid than with flu or a cold. This symptom is also seen in conditions such as respiratory syncytial virus. In some cases, people with the flu who do not recover and worsen may develop breathing trouble if they develop complications such as pneumonia.

How Cough Patterns Differ

She added that coughs appear in all three infections, but they do not sound the same. A cold usually causes a light cough, flu tends to bring a dry one, and Covid usually causes a dry, ongoing cough. Many people with Covid cough for more than an hour or have several episodes of coughing through the day.

Loss Of Taste Or Smell As A Warning Sign

Another clue is a change in taste or smell. Dr Parmar said this sign is more specific to Covid. A sudden loss of taste or smell, or even a noticeable change, is more likely linked to the coronavirus. She explained that the pattern of symptoms often helps point to the right illness. A mild cough and sore throat usually fit a cold, a fever and strong fatigue suggest flu, and a loss of smell or taste with a steady cough point to Covid.

How Symptoms Begin And Progress

She also noted that the start of symptoms can differ. A cold tends to appear slowly, flu symptoms usually show up quickly within a few hours, and Covid can begin with mild signs that grow stronger over time. A cold mainly affects the nose and throat, while flu and Covid can cause symptoms across the body.

What To Do If You Have Covid Symptoms

Even though there are no formal self-isolation rules anymore, the NHS advises people to stay home and limit contact with others if they or their children have symptoms and either have a high temperature or feel too unwell to manage daily activities at work, school, or home. The NHS states that people can return to their usual routine once they feel well again or no longer have a high temperature.

As winter settles in, many people sense a shift in their mood. Shorter days and colder weather often leave us feeling a little dull. In some cases, this may be linked to seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Yet there may also be another explanation.

A doctor has cautioned that a very common deficiency could be the reason you have been feeling unusually low. He noted that this problem affects well over a billion people around the world.

Iron Deficiency Might Be The Reason Behind Your Low Mood

In a TikTok video, Doctor Sermed Mezher raised concern about iron deficiency. Iron is a mineral the body relies on to move oxygen through the blood and support several important processes. Dr Mezher explained as per Express, “Low iron is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world, affecting more than one billion people.” He also described how it can influence dopamine, often referred to as the “feel-good” chemical.

He added, “And its effects on dopamine go way deeper than just oxygen transport. Dopamine is made from an amino acid called tyrosine over a couple of steps, and the enzyme involved in the first step needs iron to work properly. It is no surprise, then, that in iron deficiency, studies show problems in dopamine pathways that play a part in happiness, reward, self control and social behaviour.”

The positive news is that this can usually be managed. Dr Mezher said, “Once your iron levels are restored, these pathways return to their normal state, and you can help this process by taking iron with vitamin C and staying away from caffeinated drinks for two hours before and after.”

Symptoms Of Iron Deficiency

The NHS lists several signs of iron deficiency anaemia, including:

• Tiredness and low energy
• Shortness of breath
• Heart palpitations
• Paler skin
• Headaches

If you think you may be low in iron, you should talk to your GP. A simple blood test can confirm it.

How To Boost Iron Levels?

Iron levels can be raised through the foods you eat. These options are naturally rich in iron:

• Dark-green vegetables such as watercress and curly kale
• Iron-fortified cereals and bread
• Meat
• Dried fruits like apricots, prunes and raisins
• Pulses including beans, peas and lentils

The NHS also suggests cutting back on:

• Tea
• Coffee
• Milk and dairy products
• Foods high in phytic acid, like wholegrain cereals, which can prevent your body from absorbing iron from meals and supplements

The NHS notes, “Large amounts of these foods and drinks make it harder for your body to absorb iron. You might be referred to a specialist dietitian if you're finding it hard to include iron in your diet.”

How Much Iron Does One Need?

The daily iron requirement is:

• 8.7mg for men aged 19 and above
• 14.8mg for women aged 19 to 49
• 8.7mg for women aged 50 and above

The NHS adds, “Taking 17mg or less a day of iron supplements is unlikely to cause any harm. But continue taking a higher dose if advised to by a GP.”

From celebrities trying to slim down for a red-carpet event to people using medication to manage diabetes or obesity, GLP-1 drugs have become a widely used choice for weight control. They are often described as near-perfect solutions, yet they can bring unexpected effects. In 2025, many users began noticing reactions that had not been mentioned before, especially among those taking Ozempic. If you rely on Ozempic for weight management or overall health, it helps to know the unusual side effects people spoke about during the year.

What are GLP-1 Drugs?

GLP-1 drugs, also known as GLP-1 agonists, were first developed for diabetes care. They work much like the body’s own GLP-1 hormone, which is released after meals to prompt insulin production. Those living with diabetes often do not make enough insulin to keep blood sugar steady. A GLP-1 medication boosts insulin release so blood sugar stays more stable. These drugs often support weight reduction as well.

For many people with diabetes, weight control plays an important role in managing the condition. GLP-1 drugs reduce hunger and help the stomach empty more slowly, creating a longer sense of fullness. This can lead to marked weight loss in people with or without diabetes.

Ozempic: What Is It And How Does It Work?

Ozempic is a prescribed treatment mainly used for adults with type 2 diabetes. The active substance is semaglutide, given once a week through an injection. It is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist that acts like a natural hormone in the body. It increases insulin when blood sugar rises, lowers glucagon levels, and slows the movement of food through the stomach, which in turn reduces appetite.

5 Unusual Side Effects Of Ozempic People Reported In 2025

Beyond the familiar effects such as nausea, constipation, and stomach discomfort, some users shared experiences that felt different from the typical list. Below are the unusual reactions connected with Ozempic that gained attention in 2025.

Ozempic Vulva

“Ozempic vulva” is a phrase women have used to describe changes in the vulva, including loss of volume, sagging, or dryness, especially after major weight loss linked to Ozempic or similar medicines. These changes are not a medical diagnosis. They seem to come from rapid fat loss, reduced muscle mass, shifts in hormones, or dehydration, rather than the drug itself, according to Healthline. Reported changes include a less plump appearance in the labia majora, dryness, and a looser texture.

Ozempic Poop

Medical News Today notes that Ozempic often triggers what is known as a “stool reflex”, in which the gut tries to clear space once food reaches the intestine. In some people, this reflex becomes unusually strong, leading to diarrhea. Many users have discussed this on Reddit. One person created a widely shared thread asking, with complete honesty, for tips on avoiding accidents while sleeping. They explained they had struggled with this for months and called it their most frustrating symptom. Another user, after three doses, said that “sh*tt*ng the bed” was the one thing they were dreading.

The good news is that most people do not face such long-lasting trouble. Studies from 2022 show that diarrhea linked with Ozempic usually lasts around three days when starting the drug. For most users, it settles within about four weeks as the body adapts.

Ozempic Breasts

“Ozempic breasts” is an informal expression used for changes in breast size or shape that appear after rapid weight loss while on Ozempic. Breasts contain a large amount of fatty tissue, so when someone loses weight quickly, they may notice less fullness, sagging, or a flatter look. Although this is not a recognised medical term, it has become a common concern among those using the medication, according to Healthline.

Ozempic Butt

“Ozempic butt” refers to loose or sagging skin that may show up after dramatic and fast weight loss while using these drugs. This can cause a softer or deflated look in areas where people naturally hold more weight. It is important to remember that this effect comes from rapid weight loss and not from the medication acting directly on the body.

Ozempic Feet

“Ozempic feet” is a name people have given to changes in the feet linked with sudden weight loss from drugs like Ozempic. These include loose skin, reduced fat padding, more visible veins, and extra pain while walking. These shifts can make the feet more sensitive and increase the chance of developing corns and calluses, since there is less cushioning. Other possible concerns include tingling, numbness, or swelling, as noted by Healthline.

If you notice any of these changes, remember that they often appear during periods of fast weight loss. Still, it is best to speak with your healthcare professional if anything becomes difficult to manage or feels out of the ordinary.