The COVID-19 pandemic may be over, but our immune systems are still feeling the impact. After years of battling constant viral threats, from COVID-19 to seasonal flu and other infections, our body’s defense system is exhausted. Many people continue to experience lingering inflammation, frequent illnesses, and slower recovery times. This extended state of immune stress has compromised us further to chronic illness, including autoimmune diseases and even neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's. So why is our immune system still in trouble? And how do we give it its power back? Understanding immune exhaustion is the beginning of rebuilding our body's natural immunity.

A weakened immune system makes people more susceptible to disease, mental illnesses, and even sleep disorders. Now, new research indicates that immune system depletion may play an important role in the onset of Parkinson's disease, a degenerative neurologic disorder that compromises movement and cognition.

Role of Inflammation in Parkinson's Disease

Dysfunctional immune response is a leading cause of long-standing inflammation within the body, that has been found to contribute towards a multitude of conditions, including cardiovascular conditions, diabetes, depression, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's.

As people age, their immune system naturally becomes less effective. This deterioration, referred to as immune exhaustion, may be a key contributor to the onset and progression of Parkinson’s disease. Rebecca Wallings, a Parkinson’s Foundation Launch Award grant recipient and senior postdoctoral fellow at the University of Florida, believes that an accumulation of exhausted immune cells could be driving neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s patients.

How a Tired Immune System Might Affect Parkinson's?

Parkinson's disease is most commonly linked with the degeneration and loss of dopaminergic neurons—motor nerve cells that produce dopamine, an essential neurotransmitter for movement. While researchers have long suspected inflammation is involved in this neurodegeneration, the mechanisms are not yet well understood.

Wallings' study is on immune cell exhaustion, a process by which aging immune cells fail to control immune responses effectively. Her research indicates that instead of dampening inflammation in Parkinson's patients, attempts should be made to rejuvenate the immune system to regain its functionality.

Energy Deficiency in Immune Cells

One of the major findings of Wallings' work is the function of mitochondrial impairment in immune cell exhaustion. Mitochondria are commonly called the powerhouses of cells, as they are vital for generating energy. As mitochondria age and become inefficient, immune cells fail to function well, potentially accelerating neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.

Wallings has found that mutations in the LRRK2 gene, a recognized genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease, are linked with defective mitochondrial function and immune cell exhaustion. Her current work includes testing various therapeutic approaches to restore mitochondrial function in immune cells with the potential to enhance the immune system and potentially prevent or treat Parkinson's disease.

Will Rejuvenating the Immune System Help in Treatment?

For decades, the standard practice in treating Parkinson's has been to suppress brain inflammation. Yet Wallings' work indicates that instead of slowing down immune responses, restoring the immune system could be a more successful strategy. By addressing mitochondrial impairment and immune resilience, researchers can potentially reverse or slow down Parkinson's disease.

Wallings is now looking into how to rejuvenate immune cells by fixing mitochondria. She studies immune cells from patients with Parkinson's as well as from healthy subjects and performs experiments on animal models to determine if rejuvenation of the immune system could result in improved disease outcomes.

Lifestyle Factors That May Affect Parkinson's Risk

While there is no cure for Parkinson's disease, some lifestyle adjustments may decrease the chances of developing the illness. Since neurodegenerative diseases are associated with chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction, developing habits that enhance immune function might prove helpful.

Diet: There is evidence to suggest that eating in accordance with the Mediterranean or MIND diets, both high in antioxidants, healthy fats, and anti-inflammatory foods, can encourage brain wellness and reduce Parkinson's risk.

Avoiding Dangerous Substances: Restricting alcohol and nicotine use can maintain a robust immune system and suppress inflammation.

Reducing Stress: Chronic stress weakens immune function, so methods such as meditation, exercise, and sufficient sleep can lead to improved overall well-being.

Extremes of heatwaves and ozone pollution are intensifying, increasing heart- and lung disease-related deaths in India, according to a new study.

Heatwaves are associated with heat stress, dehydration, heat exhaustion, heatstroke, and cardiovascular strain, while ground-level ozone is a harmful air pollutant linked to heart and lung diseases and increased mortality.

Researchers from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, found that surface ozone levels reach 85–110 micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m³) in northern India during heatwaves—far exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline of 70 μg/m³.

The study found that heatwaves significantly intensify exposure to toxic ground-level ozone, a harmful air pollutant linked to heart and lung diseases and increased mortality.

“In 2024 alone, ozone exposure during heatwaves was associated with 15,615 deaths from ischemic heart disease and another 10,898 deaths from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),” said researchers Parambat Sangeetha of Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies and Jayanarayanan Kuttippurath of IIT Kharagpur in the paper.

Overall, ozone exposure during heatwave conditions was associated with more than 26,500 deaths in 2024, according to the study published in npj Clean Air. Before heatwave conditions, ozone exposure was linked to 490 deaths from ischemic heart disease and 342 deaths from COPD.

Why Ozone Levels Rise During Heatwaves

Surface ozone is not released directly into the atmosphere. Instead, it forms when sunlight triggers chemical reactions among existing pollutants—a process that accelerates during periods of extreme heat.

“Ozone is very harmful, while NO₂ (nitrogen dioxide) and HCHO (formaldehyde) directly damage the respiratory system,” the authors said.

How the Study Was Conducted

For the study, researchers combined two decades of temperature records from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) with satellite observations and global weather datasets to track ozone levels and the gases responsible for its formation.

Heatwaves between 2004 and 2024 were identified using standard temperature thresholds. The team identified 188 heatwave events over the two-decade period, with the most severe years—2010, 2016, 2019, and 2024—occurring after strong El Niño episodes.

The Western Himalayas recorded the sharpest long-term increase in ozone levels, exceeding WHO guidelines by 115 percent in 2024.

The researchers concluded that “coupled heat–ozone extremes are intensifying, requiring urgent integrated climate–air quality policy action.”

Regions Most Affected

Severe heatwave conditions predominantly affect:

• Jammu
• Rajasthan
• Gujarat
• Madhya Pradesh
• Punjab
• Haryana
• Chandigarh
• Uttar Pradesh
• Delhi
• Himachal Pradesh
• Vidarbha
• Maharashtra

The heatwave belt often expands further into:

• Uttarakhand
• Odisha
• Chhattisgarh
• Bihar

Impact on Lung and Heart Health

The study noted that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is highly sensitive to changes in temperature, humidity, and air quality.

Dr. Amit Kumar Mandal, Senior Director of Pulmonology at Paras Health, explained that extreme heat combined with pollution places significant stress on multiple organs.

“People often think heatwaves only affect the skin or cause dehydration, but when extreme heat combines with high pollution levels, the body starts functioning as if it is constantly under attack,” he told HealthandMe.

“The lungs are forced to work harder to filter hot, polluted air, while the heart simultaneously struggles to regulate body temperature. This invisible overload can quietly trigger inflammation, breathing distress, sudden BP fluctuations, and cardiac strain, even in people who otherwise consider themselves healthy.”

Warning Signs to Watch For

The expert noted that early symptoms are often subtle and may go unnoticed. Common symptoms seen during heatwave and pollution episodes include:

• Persistent tiredness
• Irritability
• Disturbed sleep
• Headaches
• Chest heaviness
• Unusual breathlessness

How to Reduce Health Risks

Recommended precautions include:

• Staying hydrated
• Avoiding direct sunlight during peak afternoon hours
• Wearing light cotton clothing
• Using masks in polluted areas
• Maintaining proper indoor ventilation.

The ancient practice of yoga may help improve fertility and hormonal health in women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), now renamed Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS), according to three studies led by researchers at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi.

PCOS is a multifactorial condition affecting millions of women and involves a complex interplay of reproductive, metabolic, and psychological factors that can significantly impact quality of life.

The condition can increase the risk of serious health complications, including heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, infertility, and, in some cases, cancer.

The studies, led by Dr. Rima Dada, Professor at the Laboratory for Molecular Reproduction and Genetics, Department of Anatomy, AIIMS Delhi, recommend lifestyle modifications, including yoga, as a primary approach to managing the condition.

“Yoga presents a comprehensive strategy for addressing PCOS, targeting hormonal imbalances, OS, mitochondrial function, metabolic syndrome, microRNA regulation, cellular longevity, and mental well‑being. It exemplifies the potential of mind‑body medicine in the treatment of complex disorders,” the researchers said, in the papers.

The papers were published in the Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, The International Journal of Ayurveda Research and the International Journal of Yoga.

Yoga Led To Improvements In Hormonal Balance

The three studies involved more than 100 women and followed participants for up to 12 weeks. Participants practiced Asanas (physical postures), Pranayama (breathing techniques), and Dhyana (meditation) for 90 minutes a day, five days a week. The results showed significant improvements across multiple health parameters.

Women with PCOS who participated in the yoga intervention demonstrated significant reductions in:

• Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH)
• Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
• Testosterone levels

Also read: Yoga Shows Promise for Anxiety Relief And Seizure Control In Epilepsy, Claims AIIMS Study

“This hormonal balance has led to the restoration of menstrual cycles and improvements in hirsutism and acne, resulting in enhancements in physical appearance and psychological well-being,” the researchers stated.

Benefits Beyond Hormones

The studies also found that yoga helped regulate cellular oxidative stress, offering protection against DNA damage and epigenetic changes. Researchers also reported improvements in several metabolic markers, including reductions in:

• Glucose
• Fructose
• D-ribose
• Xanthine
• Cholesterol
• Triglycerides
• Body weight

These findings highlight yoga's potential to address key mechanisms underlying PCOS and support its use as a cost-effective, non-pharmacological, and sustainable therapy for managing the condition.

The studies also found that yoga helped alleviate symptoms of depression among women with PCOS, suggesting it may serve as an effective complementary therapy in managing the condition.

Researchers concluded that regular yoga practice could help prevent, delay, and manage PCOS symptoms.

Read More: India Launches New Yoga Protocols To Fight Diabetes, High BP, Asthma

What Is PCOS?

PCOS is a complex lifestyle disorder that appears to primarily affect the ovaries but is increasingly recognized as a systemic condition affecting multiple organs and body systems.

If not diagnosed and managed early, it can contribute to serious health complications, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and Alzheimer's disease.

While treatments such as anti-androgen medications, insulin-sensitizing agents, and fertility therapies remain important, experts note that PCOS also has a strong psychosomatic component that can benefit from lifestyle and mind-body interventions.

From PCOS to PMOS

PCOS affects more than 170 million women worldwide. In May, it was officially renamed Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS).

The new name reflects a major shift in understanding the condition—from a predominantly gynecological disorder to a complex multisystem condition affecting several aspects of health. The term PMOS acknowledges that the condition affects:

• Endocrine health
• Metabolic health
• Reproductive health
• Dermatological health
• Psychological health

Back pain is one of the most common health complaints worldwide, affecting a large proportion of adults at some point in their lives. In most cases, it is caused by benign musculoskeletal issues such as muscle strain, poor posture, or disc-related problems, and it tends to improve with rest, physiotherapy, or simple medication. However, not all back pain originates from the spine. In some situations, pain felt in the lower back or flank region may be linked to underlying kidney conditions, including kidney cancer. As renal cell carcinoma often progresses silently in its early stages, symptoms may be delayed, making it important to recognise when back pain is unusual.

Why Kidney Cancer Can Cause Back Pain

Dr Raj Nagarkar, Chief Surgical Oncologist at HCG Manavata Cancer Centre, Nashik, said, "The kidneys are located deep in the upper abdomen, on either side of the spine, just below the rib cage. When a tumour develops in this region, it can cause pain through several mechanisms. As the tumour grows, it may stretch the kidney’s outer fibrous capsule, leading to a persistent, dull ache in the flank area between the ribs and hip. In some cases, fragile tumour blood vessels may bleed internally or form clots that obstruct urine flow, resulting in sudden, sharp pain that can resemble renal colic. Larger tumours may also press on surrounding nerves or structures, producing discomfort that may be mistaken for back or abdominal pain."

Unlike musculoskeletal pain, which typically improves with movement or rest, kidney-related pain is often constant, may worsen at night, and does not respond well to routine pain relief or physiotherapy.

Red Flags When Back Pain Needs Further Diagnosis

While back pain alone is rarely a sign of kidney cancer, certain accompanying symptoms should raise concern. One of the most important warning signs is blood in the urine, which may appear pink, red, or dark brown and can sometimes be intermittent. Persistent flank pain associated with a palpable mass under the ribs may indicate more advanced disease. Unexplained weight loss, ongoing fatigue, or a general sense of weakness can reflect systemic illness. Some patients may experience intermittent fever without infection, new-onset high blood pressure, or swelling in the legs and ankles due to impaired venous drainage. Anaemia-related symptoms such as dizziness, breathlessness, or pallor may also be present. When back pain persists beyond a few weeks and is accompanied by any of these features, further medical evaluation is strongly recommended.

Differentiating Musculoskeletal Back Pain from Kidney Cancer Pain

It is also important to distinguish kidney-related pain from common musculoskeletal back pain. Mechanical back pain is usually localised to the lower back, may radiate to the legs, and often begins after physical strain or injury. It tends to improve with rest, heat application, or physiotherapy. In contrast, kidney cancer pain is typically one-sided, located higher in the flank below the ribs, and develops gradually without a clear trigger. It is often persistent, may disturb sleep, and is not relieved by standard pain management approaches. Unlike spinal pain, it is more likely to be associated with systemic symptoms such as haematuria, weight loss, or fatigue.

Who Is at Higher Risk?

Certain individuals are at higher risk of developing kidney cancer and should be particularly attentive to persistent flank pain. Risk factors include smoking, which significantly increases exposure to kidney-damaging toxins, obesity, long-standing hypertension, chronic kidney disease or dialysis, and a family history of kidney cancer or genetic conditions such as von Hippel-Lindau disease. Occupational exposure to industrial chemicals like trichloroethylene or cadmium may also contribute to risk. When multiple risk factors are present, even mild or persistent symptoms should not be ignored.

Diagnosing Kidney Cancer

If warning signs are suspected, doctors typically begin evaluation with simple and non-invasive tests. A urine analysis can detect microscopic or visible blood, while blood tests help assess kidney function, anaemia, and calcium levels. Imaging plays a crucial role, with ultrasound often used as the first-line investigation, followed by a contrast-enhanced CT scan for detailed evaluation of tumour size and spread. In selected cases, a biopsy may be performed, although it is not always required before treatment.

Treatment and Outcomes

Treatment outcomes for kidney cancer have improved significantly in recent years. In early-stage disease, partial nephrectomy allows removal of the tumour while preserving healthy kidney tissue, often using minimally invasive or robotic techniques that support faster recovery. In more advanced cases, targeted therapies and immunotherapy help control disease progression and improve quality of life, with many patients able to maintain daily activities during treatment. For small, slow-growing tumours in selected individuals, active surveillance may be an appropriate option.

Listening to the Warning Signs

While most back pain is benign and related to musculoskeletal causes, persistent or unusual pain, especially when accompanied by symptoms such as blood in the urine, unexplained weight loss, or systemic changes, should not be ignored. Kidney cancer often develops silently, and early signs can be subtle. Unlike muscular pain, which is typically movement-related and self-limiting, kidney-related pain is deeper, more persistent, and often associated with other warning features.