The main cause of death globally is still heart disease. Heart attacks may occur suddenly without any warning signs. However, in the film industry, intense chest pain would be portrayed for a heart attack. In actuality, many patients have slight symptoms that go unnoticed until the time of their heart attack days or even weeks prior to that.

Heart attacks do not always announce themselves with dramatic chest pain. Often, they manifest in subtle, easy-to-dismiss ways. Recognizing these overlooked warning signs and taking proactive steps toward cardiovascular health can save lives. If you or someone you know experiences any of these symptoms, seeking immediate medical care is crucial. Prioritizing heart health today can help prevent life-threatening complications in the future.

Warning Sings of A Heart Attack

1. Discomfort Pressure in the Chest

One of the earliest and most common warning signs of an impending heart attack is pressure, tightness, or fullness in the chest. This pain is not typically sharp and sudden, like most people associate with a heart attack, but it can be intermittent, coming in waves, and lasting for several minutes before fading away. According to the American Heart Association, this is one of the red flags when accompanied by exertion. If you have persistent chest pressure, you should call emergency services immediately.

2. Pain Radiating to Other Parts of the Body

The well-known symptom of chest pain can also manifest discomfort related to a heart attack as pain radiating to other parts of the body. It is not unusual for people experiencing this kind of heart attack to report feeling pain in the shoulders, arms, back, neck, and even jaw. The vagus nerve is one that connects the heart to the brain, abdomen, and neck. The pain may be referred to these regions. In case you experience a sudden, unexplained pain in these regions, especially when exercising, seek a doctor's opinion.

3. Dizziness and Lightheadedness

Feeling dizziness upon standing up quickly or missing a meal is common, but unexplained dizziness often with chest pain or shortness of breath is the first sign of heart attack. Sudden hypotension can seriously decrease the blood supply to the brain and cause dizziness. Dizziness that does not go away on its own should not be ignored.

4. Unexplained Fatigue

It often happens that excessive tiredness, particularly in a busy lifestyle, is considered trivial, but ongoing fatigue, mostly in women, is a predictor of heart failure. According to some studies, extreme fatigue often starts a month before a heart attack, primarily in women. This is simply because the heart cannot pump well enough, leaving insufficient oxygen available to muscles and organs. Consult a healthcare professional if you become increasingly tired over time, yet are getting all the rest in the world.

5. Nausea, Indigestion, or Stomach Pain

Digestive problems like nausea, vomiting, or indigestion are often mistaken for acid reflux or food poisoning. However, these symptoms can also indicate reduced blood flow to the digestive tract, a common precursor to heart attacks. If you experience gastrointestinal distress alongside other symptoms like dizziness or chest discomfort, it's important to seek medical advice immediately.

6. Cold Sweats and Excessive Perspiration

Without apparent reason, a heart attack might be signaled by sudden sweating without any exercise or hot weather conditions. The heart's inability to function properly creates the body's "fight or flight" reaction, which means excessive sweating will occur. Be aware of your body and never ignore a cold sweat, particularly if it coincides with other symptoms.

7. Heart palpitations or irregular heartbeat

A racing or irregular heartbeat can be a normal reaction to stress or caffeine consumption. However, regular or unprovoked heart palpitations may indicate that the heart is under duress. If the heart is not getting enough oxygen-rich blood, it can start to beat irregularly. If you experience palpitations along with dizziness, chest pain, or shortness of breath, you should see a doctor right away.

8. Shortness of Breath

If suddenly climbing stairs or performing other everyday activities becomes a problem, then there may be a heart issue. Shortness of breath usually occurs with heart conditions because the circulation is not adequate and less oxygen is provided to the lungs. This symptom can occur either with or without chest pain and is an important indicator of the presence of underlying heart disease. If you find yourself experiencing sudden unexplained breathlessness, then seek a healthcare provider as soon as possible.

When to Seek Medical Attention

Early detection of these symptoms and early intervention can help avoid a life-threatening heart attack. You should visit a doctor if you feel the following symptoms:

• Symptoms induced by exertion and relieved by rest
• The simultaneous onset of several warning signs, including weakness, dizziness, and nausea
• Personal or family history of heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, or smoking

Preventing Heart Attacks: Proactive Steps for Heart Health

Although heart attacks may come out of nowhere, lifestyle plays an important role in reducing a patient's risk; here are some heart-healthy habits to consider:

Take on a Heart-Healthy Diet: Focus on consuming whole foods, lean proteins, healthy fats, and fiber-rich fruits and vegetables. Try to limit processed foods, saturated fats, and added sugars.

Stay Active: Engage in at least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity most days of the week to strengthen your heart and improve blood circulation.

Smoking. Smoking is probably the single largest risk factor for heart disease. If you are a smoker, quitting can easily be the single best thing you can do to improve your heart health.

Deal with Stress: Chronic stress leads to heart disease. Relaxed people through various relaxation techniques including yoga, meditation, and even deep breathing, have lesser stresses.

Regular health checks Monitor blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood sugar on a regular basis. The risk factors' early detection can help avoid serious complications.

A new, highly mutated COVID variant called 'Cicada' is spreading in the US. This is the BA.3.2 mutation of the COVID-19 variant. While nationally the cases of COVID have remained low, the BA.3.2 strain is gaining traction across the globe.

What Is The Cicada COVID Variant?

Cicada or the BA.3.2 strain emerged over a year ago, and simmered until last fall. However, this was when it started ramping up in countries including the US. As of February, BA.3.2 has been detected in at least 25 states, noted the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

The variant's slew of genetic changes in its spike protein is what has made people concerned. This is what makes it unique and distinct from other variants in circulation.

According to Andrew Pekosz, Ph.D., a virologist at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, as reported by TODAY.com, "It [the variant] has a lot of mutations that may cause it to look different to your immune system."

The SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 mutates constantly and spreads over time. It thus leads to emergence of new variants.

A new study published in the CDC’s Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report suggests that emerging variants could weaken protection gained from prior COVID-19 infection or vaccination.

One such “hyper-mutated” strain, BA.3.2, is now being closely tracked by public health officials. In December 2025, the World Health Organization classified it as a “variant under monitoring.”

Read: COVID Variant BA.3.2 Spreads To 23 Countries: Is The Variant Under Monitoring A Cause Of Worry?

When Was Cicada COVID Variant First Detected?

BA.3.2 was first detected in South Africa in November 2024. It is a descendant of BA.3, an Omicron subvariant that appeared in 2022 and briefly circulated alongside BA.1 and BA.2, according to the CDC.

Although BA.3 never became dominant, it did not completely disappear. “It fizzled out, but persisted at low levels,” said Pekosz. After two years and dozens of mutations, BA.3.2 eventually emerged.

For much of 2024, the variant spread quietly, overshadowed by dominant strains like Nimbus and XFG, which stem from BA.2. However, by September, BA.3.2 began gaining ground. “It was under the radar, replicating, until it started spreading more efficiently between people,” Pekosz noted.

What sets BA.3.2 apart is its spike protein, which carries an unusually high number of mutations — around 70 to 75. This makes it significantly different from strains such as JN.1 and LP.8.1, which current COVID-19 vaccines are designed to target.

The CDC describes BA.3.2 as a “genetically distinct” lineage compared to recent variants. Early laboratory studies suggest it may be capable of evading existing immunity, as its spike protein changes help it escape neutralising antibodies.

What Makes Cicada So Unique?

The BA.3.2 variant is nicknamed by T Ryan Gregory, Ph.D., a professor of evolutionary biology at the University of Guelph. He wrote on X, formerly Twitter: "Well, it's that time again. Meet "Cicada", BA.3.2* (including descendant RE.*). This one has been underground for years (its ancestor BA.3 hasn't been circulating since early 2022, and didn't do much then either) but is now emerging as a contender for the next major lineage."

While most of the symptoms of this new variant remains same as from the other variants, one thing that stands out here is the gastrointestinal symptoms that cicada could cause. However, experts note that this variant will not make anyone more sicker. Other symptoms include:

• Cough
• Fever or chills
• Sore throat
• Congestion
• Shortness of breath
• Loss of smell or taste
• Fatigue
• Headache

On March 13, the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment introduced the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Amendment Bill, 2026, in the Lok Sabha. Amid opposition, the Rajya Sabha gave its not to the Bill on March 25. The bill seeks to amend the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Amendment Act 2019. The bill was passed in the Lok Sabha on March 24.

What Makes The Bill So Controversial?

What the law originally promised: India's legal framework for transgenders rights comes from the landmark NALSA v. Union of India ruling. This is where the Supreme Court recognized transgender persons as 'third gender' and affirmed their fundamental rights, including access to healthcare. The 2019 amendment followed and promised non-discrimination in education employment, housing, and crucially, healthcare. As per a Live Law analysis, the law was intended to align with constitutional guarantees of equality and dignity, especially under Article 14 (Equality Before Law), 15 (Prohibition of Discrimination), and 21 (Right To Life).

Recent amendments have however raised concerns because of how it could reshape access to healthcare and recognition of identity.

What Does The New Bill Introduce?

The Bill introduces stricter verification of identification and tightens the definition of transgender identity by replacing self-identification with mandatory medical certification. This, many argue is against the 2019 Act supported by the NALSA judgment.

'We, the transgender people of India, reject the erasure of our identity," writes Dr Aqsa Shaikh for the media outlet - The Indian Express. One of the biggest concerns she and many pointed was the continued requirement of official certification for gender identity.

While the law does not always explicitly mandate surgery, activists argue that in practice, access to updated identity documents often becomes tied to medical procedures.

This creates barriers to gender-affirming healthcare, which includes hormone therapy, surgeries, and mental health support.

Dr Shaikh, who is a transgender professor at the Department of Community Medicine in Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Jamia Hamdard, argues that such provisions undermine the principle of self-identification, which was central to the NALSA judgment.

Gaps In Gender-Affirming Healthcare Access

Experts have long pointed out that transgender healthcare in India is already limited:

• Few public hospitals offer structured gender-affirming services
• Mental health support tailored to transgender individuals remains scarce
• Hormone therapy is often accessed informally without supervision

Critics also argue that the amendments do little to expand healthcare infrastructure, focusing instead on administrative control.

Health activists have also flagged the absence of:

• Universal insurance coverage for gender-affirming procedures
• Clear funding commitments for public healthcare services
• Standardized treatment protocols across states

This is significant because transgender individuals face disproportionately high rates of:

• Depression and anxiety
• Substance use disorders
• Suicide risk

Without systemic healthcare guarantees, the law’s protections risk remaining symbolic.

Erasure Of Identity

An opinion piece in The Leaflet describes this bill as an "architecture of erasure". The piece argued that it weakens recognition of diverse transgender identities by reinforcing bureaucratic control. Dr Shaikh argues that the community rejects any framework that takes away the right to self-identify, calling it a rollback of constitutional morality.

Furthermore, a LiveMint report notes that the amendment is a "hurried, short-sighted decision" because it was passed without adequate consultation with transgender communities, it ignores lived experiences and healthcare needs, and prioritizes regulation over welfare.

Live Law notes that any law that govern transgender rights must remain consistent with the NALSA judgment. However, the recent amendment could dilute the principle supported by NALSA judgment that gender identity is based on self-perception and not state or medical approval.

Metformin Brain: A popular diabetes drug, prescribed to manage type 2 diabetes by controlling blood sugar, which has been in use for 60 years - metformin, now shows how it is directly linked to the brain.

A drug used for over six decades did not have a study that made scientists sure of exactly how it works, until now. Researchers from the Baylor College of Medicine in the US were able to identify in 2025 a brain pathway that the drug seems to work through. It also has impacts on biological processes in other areas of the body.

"It's been widely accepted that metformin lowers blood glucose primarily by reducing glucose output in the liver. Other studies have found that it acts through the gut," said Makoto Fukuda, a pathophysiologist at Baylor.

"It's been widely accepted that metformin lowers blood glucose primarily by reducing glucose output in the liver. Other studies have found that it acts through the gut," said Makoto Fukuda, a pathophysiologist at Baylor.

What the Study Found

In a 2025 study on mice, researchers observed that metformin travels to the VMH and switches off Rap1 activity. This action appears to be crucial for its ability to control blood sugar. To test this further, scientists bred mice that lacked Rap1. In these mice, metformin no longer improved diabetes-like symptoms, even though other medications still worked.

This points to something important. Metformin may be working through a completely different pathway compared to other diabetes drugs, one that depends on the brain.

Read: Metformin Controls Blood Sugar With Help From Brain Neurons, Finds Study

The researchers also identified specific nerve cells involved in this process. They found that SF1 neurons become active when metformin enters the brain, suggesting these cells play a direct role in how the drug works.

Why This Matters

These findings could change how doctors and scientists think about diabetes treatment. If metformin’s brain pathway is confirmed in humans, future therapies could be designed to target these exact neurons, making treatments more precise and possibly more effective.

There is also a bigger picture. Metformin has already been linked to benefits beyond diabetes, including slowing aspects of brain aging and improving longevity. In one study involving postmenopausal women, those taking metformin had a significantly lower risk of dying before the age of 90 compared to those on another diabetes drug.

Read: Metformin Can Help Lower Risk Of Age-related Vision Loss: Study

What Comes Next

While the results are promising, human studies are still needed. If confirmed, this discovery could open the door to new treatments that not only manage blood sugar better but also tap into the brain’s role in overall health and aging.

It also reinforces an emerging idea that metformin is not just acting on the body’s metabolic organs, but quietly influencing the brain at much lower doses.