Every year, World Toilet Day is observed to raise awareness about the global sanitation crisis and encourage action to solve it. The goal set by the United Nation is to achieve safe toilets for all by 2023, as a part of their Sustainable Development Goals.

The UN also states that 3.5 billion people live without proper sanitation and many children also lose their lives due to poor sanitation and unsafe water. This is why World Toilet Day is observed to raise awareness on this issue.

Theme

This year, the theme for World Toilet Day 2024 is "Toilets - A Place for Peace'. This focuses on the growing threat to sanitation that is caused by conflict, climate change, disaster and neglect. When there is a threat to using toilets, it can lead to many health risks.

Not using toilets for too long may lead to Urinary Tract Infection or UTI. For many who do not have access to clean toilets do not drink enough liquid or hold pee for too long. Doctors suggest that holding in pee for too long can cause bacteria to multiply and lead to UTI. By not drinking enough water, your bladder fails to tell the body to pee often, and can cause the bacteria to spread through the urinary tract, which can lead to infection.

Symptoms of UTI:

• Burning or stinging feeling while urinating
• Pain in pelvis or lower abdomen
• Constant urge to empty the bladder
• Strong or foul smelling urine
• Consistently dark urine
• Blood in urine

Holding in pee for too long can also cause your bladder to stretch, making it difficult or even impossible for the bladder to contract and release pee normally. It can also damage your pelvic floor muscles or could lead to kidney stones.

World Toilet Day History And Significance

To prevent such conditions, it is important that everyone has access to clean and safe toilets. In terms of history, the day was established in 2001, by the World Toilet Organization (WTO), which was founded by Jack Sim. However, it was officially recognised by the UN in 2013. The Government of Singapore worked with WTO to create the first UN resolution called Sanitation for All.

India too promotes safe and hygiene toilet through its Swachh Bharat Yojna.

The Democratic Republic of Congo’s (DRC) Ebola outbreak may have been spreading for months before health authorities officially declared it, raising new questions about why the early warning signs were missed.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), genetic sequencing indicates that the current outbreak began as early as February 2026, while the DRC officially declared the outbreak on May 15. By then, the virus had already had time to spread through communities in eastern DRC.

The outbreak is being caused by the Bundibugyo virus, a rare Ebola species for which there is currently no approved vaccine or specific course of treatment.

What Were The Early Warning Signs?

One of the major reasons why the current Ebola outbreak expanded within a short period of time was that it not immediately recognised.

Some early patients were reportedly treated for malaria or typhoid, illnesses that can initially cause symptoms such as fever, weakness, vomiting and diarrhoea. Early testing also focused on the more common Zaire strain of Ebola, delaying recognition of Bundibugyo virus.

WHO’s own assessment had already identified an unusual cluster of severe illness and deaths in the Mongbwalu health zone in Ituri Province by early May. A subsequent investigation covering April 15 to May 13 identified 246 suspected cases and 65 deaths across three health zones.

Geographical disadvantage was also one of the reasons. Ituri is affected by armed conflict, population displacement and poor road access. Health workers have faced shortages of protective equipment, while some facilities have struggled because of workers' strikes.

Also read: Nova Scotia's Ebola Trial: Why Is Canada Testing A Vaccine When It Has No Outbreak?

What Is The Current Status Of DRC Ebola Outbreak?

The Ebola outbreak in DRC continues to grow at a rapid pace. The latest government figures cited by WHO and international media show about 4,200 confirmed Ebola cases and at least 1,900 deaths in DRC.

WHO Regional Director for Africa Mohamed Janabi described the situation bluntly: “We are chasing the virus, the virus is ahead of us.”

WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus has also warned that the outbreak is moving faster than the response, with cases doubling in some hotspots. He wrote on on X that “the outbreak is spreading faster than our scale up of the response”, adding that new cases had doubled in some hotspots over the previous week.

Ebola becomes considerably harder to contain once transmission moves beyond identifiable limits. Unlike respiratory viruses, Ebola primarily spreads through contact with infected bodily fluids and contaminated materials. But when patients are not recognised early, they can unknowingly expose others, healthcare workers and caregivers.

Also read: FDA Approves Moderna's First mRNA Flu Vaccine, Marking A Milestone In Influenza Prevention

Effects Of Delayed Recognition

One of the major challenges in this outbreak is that around 60–70% of new cases are reportedly occurring outside known contact chains, making traditional contact tracing much harder. The current outbreak has also unfolded in crowded urban and displacement settings, rather than remaining confined to an isolated rural location.

The 2014–2016 West African Ebola epidemic was officially declared in March 2014, although the first human case was later traced back to December 2013. That outbreak eventually led to more than 11,000 deaths.

Also read: Amid Rapidly Expanding Ebola Outbreak, DR Congo Is Seeing An Alarming Increase In Maternal Deaths; Here's Why

Progress In Bundibugyo Vaccine Development

The WHO is now pushing to accelerate the response, including clinical trials of the Ervebo vaccine, which is licensed against the Zaire strain but may offer some protection against Bundibugyo. Researchers are also developing vaccines specifically targeting Bundibugyo virus.

mRNA-1469 is an investigational vaccine developed using Moderna's messenger RNA (mRNA) platform, the same technology used in its COVID-19 vaccine. The vaccine builds on the company's broader research into filoviruses, the family of viruses that includes Ebola.

A new experimental menopause drug has shown promising results in reducing hot flashes, with the company reporting an 83% reduction in moderate-to-severe episodes in a mid-stage clinical trial.

Shares of Canadian biotechnology company AbCellera surged nearly 40% on Monday after it announced positive results for ABCL635, an experimental non-hormonal treatment for moderate-to-severe vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause.

The Phase 2 study involved 92 women. After four weeks, women who received a single 600-mg dose of ABCL635 experienced an 83% reduction in the frequency of moderate-to-severe hot flashes, equivalent to 8.8 fewer episodes per day from baseline. The placebo group reported a 33% reduction, or 3.5 fewer episodes per day.

The treatment also improved the severity of symptoms, sleep and women's overall assessment of their improvement, according to the company.

The most commonly reported side effects, however, included headache, fatigue and reactions at the injection site.

What Makes This Drug Significant?

ABCL635 takes a different approach from hormone replacement therapy (HRT). It is a non-hormonal antibody treatment that targets the neurokinin 3 receptor, or NK3R, a protein involved in the brain's regulation of body temperature.

During menopause, falling estrogen levels can disrupt the activity of a group of brain cells known as KNDy neurons. This can make the body's temperature-control system overly sensitive, triggering hot flashes. By blocking NK3R signaling, ABCL635 is designed to help restore that balance.

Also read: Lifestyle Genetics And Hormones: Understanding The Interplay Of Risk Factors For Ovarian Cancer

More About The Drug

One of the drug's potential advantages is its dosing. ABCL635 is being developed as a long-acting, once-monthly injection, rather than a daily pill.

AbCellera's chief medical officer Sarah Noonberg said the approach could appeal to women already accustomed to self-injecting medicines and could potentially improve adherence compared to daily dosing.

When the Phase 2 programme began, Noonberg said: “Menopausal symptoms can have a profound impact on quality of life,” adding that the company wanted to assess whether ABCL635 could offer women a safe and effective non-hormonal alternative.

However, the drug is still experimental and has not been approved for clinical use. AbCellera said additional 12-week trial data are expected later this year, which will provide a better picture of how long the benefits last and how the treatment performs over a longer period.

The drug development comes as non-hormonal menopause treatments are gaining popularity. FDA-approved options already include drugs targeting neurokinin pathways, including Astellas' Veozah and Bayer's Lynkuet, giving women alternatives when hormone therapy is unsuitable or not preferred.

Also read: Are Women More Likely To Experience More Severe Neurological Symptoms Of Long COVID Than Men? New Study Finds

Why Menopausal Hot Flashes Can Be Unnerving?

Hot flashes, also known as vasomotor symptoms, are among the most common symptoms of menopause. The Menopause Society says up to 80% of women experience hot flashes or night sweats at some point during the menopause.

A hot flash can begin suddenly, often as an intense wave of heat across the face, neck and chest. It may be followed by sweating, chills, dizziness, anxiety or racing heartbeat. When these episodes happen during sleep, they are known as night sweats.

Frequent hot flashes can repeatedly interrupt sleep, leaving women irritable and fatigued the next day. Poor sleep can then affect concentration, mood and daily functioning, creating a cycle in which one menopause symptom amplifies another.

US President Donald Trump has signed an executive order seeking major changes to the country’s childhood vaccination recommendations, including a proposal to split the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine into three separate shots.

The order follows his long-standing view that some vaccines should be given separately over different medical visits.

The order, signed on August 10, calls for childhood vaccines to be administered at separate medical visits whenever possible and narrows the federal recommendations to vaccines against 11 core diseases.

It also directs federal health agencies to develop a plan for separate measles, mumps and rubella vaccines, which are currently not available as individual shots in the US.

Trump described the move as establishing “gold-standard” childhood vaccine recommendations and repeatedly raised the topic of vaccine and autism during the signing ceremony.

However, medical experts and lawmakers have opposed the move, saying that the proposed changes are not supported by new scientific evidence.

Why Does Trump Want To Split The MMR Vaccine?

The MMR vaccine currently protects children against three diseases with a combination shot. Under existing CDC guidance, children receive two doses, generally at 12 to 15 months and again at 4 to 6 years.

The CDC says two doses of measles-containing vaccine are about 97% effective at preventing measles.

He recently increased pressure on Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. to identify the cause of autism, something Kennedy had pledged to do with new research unveiled last year.

At a Cabinet meeting last month, Trump asked, "How are you doing on the autism research?" Kennedy replied, "We will have an answer for you."

Dr. Andrew Racine, president of the American Academy of Pediatrics, said the announcement could create unnecessary uncertainty for families.

“Science about vaccines and their efficacy has not changed,” Racine said.

Also read: Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Plans To Freeze Eggs As She Eyes 2028 US Presidential Run

The Problem With Three Separate Shots

One of the biggest hurdles in implementing tis proposal is that individual measles, mumps and rubella vaccines are not currently available in the US.

Dr. Elizabeth Mack, a pediatric critical care physician, questioned how such a system would work.

“We don't have a system that supports this,” she said, raising questions about additional appointments and insurance coverage.

Merck, which manufactures the MMR vaccine, also said there is no published scientific evidence showing a benefit from splitting the combination vaccine. More injections and additional appointments could instead increase the chances of delayed or missed vaccinations.

Also read: Dr. Erica Schwartz Confirmed As CDC’s First Permanent Director In Nearly A Year

How Will This Impact Children?

Doctors are particularly concerned about separating the vaccines and keeping them too far apart. When children need multiple visits to receive protection against different diseases, there can be longer periods during which they remain unprotected.

Public health experts warn this could become especially problematic during outbreaks of diseases that can be prevented by vaccines.

The order also seeks to encourage states to reconsider vaccination requirements for schoolchildren, although states retain authority over school vaccine schedules.

The latest order follows earlier efforts by the Trump administration to overhaul the federal childhood vaccine schedule. In January, Kennedy’s Health and Human Services Department attempted to remove several vaccines from routine childhood recommendations.

That move was challenged in court and blocked by a federal judge. The new executive order seeks to reinforce the administration’s approach while that legal battle continues.

Republican Senator Bill Cassidy, a physician and chairman of the Senate health committee, also criticised the latest move. “I’m a doctor. This executive order is wrong,” Cassidy said. “The President does not have the expertise to make these changes.”