Heart attacks and strokes are among the leading causes of death globally, with millions suffering from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) every year. There are more than seven million people in the UK alone, with about 100,000 patients experiencing heart attacks annually. However, a group of researchers at University College London (UCL) estimate that one 'polypill' taken daily day could eliminate a majority of these cases dramatically lowering death tolls.

The proposed polypill, a combination of a statin and three blood pressure-lowering drugs, has been under study for over two decades. Experts argue that introducing this pill universally for individuals aged 50 and above could be more effective than the current NHS Health Check, which assesses risk factors every five years for those aged between 40 and 74.

Studies have repeatedly proven the effectiveness of the polypill in preventing CVD. A groundbreaking 2019 study in The Lancet found that five years' use of the polypill cut the risk of heart attack and stroke by a third. In addition, previous modelling analyses have estimated that if given universally to people over 55, the polypill might be able to prevent 80% of heart attacks and strokes.

Today, the NHS Health Check follows a risk-based model in which patients are tested for CVD risk factors and treated with drugs accordingly. Yet, as per UCL's study, this system has serious flaws:

Low Uptake: Just 40% of those eligible for the NHS Health Check choose to have it, leaving a considerable number of at-risk patients undiagnosed and untreated.

Ineffective Prediction of Risk: The majority of heart attacks and strokes happen to people at average risk levels, thus making it challenging to identify the need for intervention effectively.

Limited Effectiveness: Even at maximum take-up, the NHS Health Check programme is predicted to have fewer health impacts compared to a polypill initiative applied to the whole population.

Simplicity and Affordability of the Polypill Strategy

One of the big benefits of the polypill is that it is so easy. In contrast to the existing screening-based model, the polypill scheme would not involve complicated medical tests or lengthy risk assessments. Instead, people reaching 50 would just have to fill out a few questions to determine possible side effects before they were prescribed.

Professor Aroon Hingorani of the UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, one of the strongest proponents of this scheme, says:

"Finally, the time is now to do much better on prevention. A population approach would prevent a lot more heart attacks and strokes than is done today with a strategy of trying to target a smaller group only."

Aside from the possible health implications, the polypill is also an economic solution. The drugs used are off-patent, thus cheap to produce and distribute. With the vast economic cost of managing CVD-related illnesses, a preventive model could result in substantial cost-saving for the NHS in the future.

The polypill has been proven to be effective by numerous international trials. In 2019, a randomised trial in rural Iran discovered that participants who took the polypill for five years had a 34% reduced risk of having a heart attack or stroke compared to non-participants.

Likewise, modelling research has indicated that even if only 8% of people aged over 50 took up the polypill regimen, it would still be more beneficial to their health than the NHS Health Check programme.

Is This a Case of Over-Medicalisation?

One of the main objections to the polypill strategy is the suggestion that it might result in the unnecessary medicalisation of a significant proportion of the population. But, it is argued, it should be considered as a preventative measure, not as mass medication.

Professor Sir Nicholas Wald of UCL's Institute of Health Informatics explains:

"Instead of being a 'medicalisation' of a significant proportion of the population, a polypill programme is a prevention measure to prevent an individual from becoming a patient."

He compares it with public health measures like water fluoridation or compulsory seatbelts—interventions that have been shown to have a significant impact in reducing public health danger at low individual cost.

With the evidence in favour of the polypill's effectiveness and viability overwhelming, experts are calling on the NHS to act now. It is their belief that substituting the NHS Health Check with a polypill-based prevention program could be the UK government's flagship policy under its pledge to put disease prevention ahead of cure.

As Professor Hingorani points out, "The status quo is not a justifiable option." With CVD still a major cause of death globally, taking a population-wide polypill approach could be a turning point for preventative medicine, potentially saving thousands of lives annually. The question now is whether the NHS will take up this call and establish a policy with the potential to transform the prevention of cardiovascular disease on a national level.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) has reported 598 confirmed Ebola infections and 115 deaths, according to the latest update released by national health authorities.

The outbreak saw a huge surge on Monday, when officials recorded 48 new confirmed cases and 14 additional deaths in a single day. Meanwhile, three more patients recovered from the disease, bringing the total number of recoveries to 22.

Public health officials said the number of new cases reported each week continues to rise, indicating sustained community transmission. They cautioned that without intensified containment efforts and stronger public health measures, the outbreak could quickly expand into new regions.

As of Monday, a total of 297 people were being isolated or receiving treatment, including 113 confirmed Ebola patients and 184 individuals classified as suspected cases.

Uganda Dispatches Medics To Congo Border Regions

Diana Atwine, permanent secretary at Uganda's Ministry of Health, said that Uganda has deployed a team of health workers to DRC to contain the outbreak. She made that statement while she was in a meeting with visiting World Health Organisation (WHO) Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus in Kampala.

According to a post by Uganda's health ministry, it is also setting up 50-bed treatment units to support Ebola response efforts in eastern DRC, which is considered the epicenter of the disease.

The World Health Organization's (WHO) current assessment rates the threat level as very high in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and high in neighboring Uganda and adjacent border areas. However, the risk remains low for the rest of Africa and the world.

The security conditions in many regions of the DRC are preventing health authorities from operating effectively. The regions are infested by armed groups and plagued by constant violence. The epicenter of the outbreak, Ituri province itself, is one of the most active conflict zones. Thus, the help to the patients there is not up to the mark. As a result, the disease is also spreading fast.

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Track Record Of Ebola Outbreaks

Ebola is a highly lethal viral hemorrhagic fever. Over the past five decades, it has caused over 30 outbreaks, primarily in Central and West Africa. The virus takes its name from the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).

Three strains of the virus — Ebola virus, Sudan virus, and Bundibugyo virus — have caused the largest outbreaks in Africa. Among them, the Ebola virus is considered the deadliest, with fatality rates reaching up to 90% without treatment.

The current outbreak, caused by the Bundibugyo Ebola virus, was officially declared by the DRC health ministry on May 15.

Measles cases continue to rise rapidly in Bangladesh, with confirmed infections nearing 10,000 and hundreds of deaths reported since the outbreak began in March this year.

The Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) reported 1,092 additional measles cases in the past 24 hours, bringing the country's total to 80,104 cases, including 9,779 confirmed infections, since March 15, according to The Outbreak Today.

Eight additional deaths were also reported, taking the total death toll to 628, including 92 confirmed measles-related fatalities.

A total of 65,237 suspected measles patients have been hospitalized, of whom 61,278 have recovered, according to the DGHS.

The capital city, Dhaka, remains the epicentre of the outbreak. Health authorities have reported approximately 37,387 suspected measles cases and 6,794 confirmed cases across the wider Dhaka Division.

“There is no sign of a downtrend in measles infection rate across the country,” Dr. Ariful Bashar from Mohakhali Contagious Disease Hospital told Arab News.

“Measles is a highly contagious disease, even six times more than COVID-19. Unless 95 percent immunity is achieved through vaccination, there will be no downtrend in the infection rate,” he added.

Since March, hospitals across the country have been overwhelmed as they struggle to isolate and treat hundreds of children admitted every day.

Most Cases And Deaths Among Young Children

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Four out of five measles patients are younger than five years, according to The New York Times. The vast majority of deaths have also occurred in this age group, which is highly vulnerable to the airborne virus.

According to the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), Bangladesh had largely contained measles outbreaks since the 1990s through vaccination campaigns. However, immunization efforts were disrupted in 2024 after student-led protests overthrew the government.

The interim administration that governed Bangladesh until elections in late February did not conduct a supplementary mass vaccination campaign as recommended.

Last week, UNICEF said it had repeatedly warned the country’s interim government, led by Muhammad Yunus, through written communications and meetings with Health Ministry officials about vaccine shortages that could trigger a major health crisis, local media reported.

Vaccination Drive Underway

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In April, Bangladesh’s new government launched an emergency campaign to vaccinate 20 million children.

Although the campaign has reportedly achieved 110 percent of its target and remains ongoing, experts note that only one of the two doses required for strong and durable immunity has been administered so far. In addition, it takes four to six weeks for immunity to develop after vaccination.

Outbreak Spreads Nationwide

The outbreak began in January in Rohingya refugee camps near the Myanmar border and quickly spread nationwide. It has now reached 58 of Bangladesh’s 64 districts, causing more than 21,000 hospitalizations.

In an April 23 update, the World Health Organization (WHO) warned of a “considerable risk” of spread to Myanmar, where civil strife has disrupted immunization efforts, and to India, which remains vulnerable. WHO described the outbreak as “a reversal from Bangladesh’s previous progress towards measles elimination.”

Kerala is battling a highly contagious bacterial disease called shigellosis (bacillary dysentery), caused by the bacteria Shigella. The southern state has recorded 85 cases of the intestinal infection called shigellosis since the beginning of this year.

All districts in the state have reported sporadic cases of the disease, which is primarily caused by contaminated food and water or poor hygiene practices.

Currently, cases have been reported from northern districts such as Wayanad, Kozhikode, Alappuzha, and Malappuram.

This week, two cases involving a four-and-a-half-year-old boy and a five-year-old girl were confirmed among children at Mar Baselios School in Wayanad.

About 25 students with suspected Shigella infection have been admitted to the Sultan Bathery Taluk Headquarters Hospital. However, Kerala Health Minister K. Muraleedharan said their conditions are stable, ANI reported.

Earlier, a four-year-old girl undergoing treatment at Kozhikode Medical College died after being infected with Shigella.

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According to health authorities, 339 people have reported symptoms associated with the infection. Of these, 21 are undergoing treatment at Sultan Bathery Taluk Headquarters Hospital, while 38 others are receiving treatment at private hospitals.

Officials said none of the patients is currently in serious condition. A total of 21 samples were sent for laboratory testing. Two samples have tested positive so far, while the results of the remaining samples are awaited.

Muraleedharan also asserted that the Shigella outbreak reported in parts of the state remains under control, even as health authorities continue monitoring cases in Wayanad and other districts.

The Health Minister noted that a special medical team from Kozhikode Medical College has been deployed to Wayanad, where several students were admitted to hospital following reports of shigellosis, a highly contagious bacterial intestinal infection.

Shigella: Why Are Young Children at High Risk?

Speaking to HealthandMe, Dr. Rajeev Jayadevan, Ex-President of IMA Cochin and Convener of the Research Cell, Kerala, explained that even a small number of bacteria—as few as 10—is enough to cause infection.

It is because the Shigella bacteria “is able to withstand the hostile acidic environment of the human stomach. Outside the human body, it can stay alive in water for weeks together,” he said.

Shigella is most severe in children below the age of five, as their immune systems are less efficient at clearing the infection early.

“Adults also become ill, but acquired immunity from childhood keeps the infection mild in many instances,” the expert said.

How Does Shigella Spread?

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Shigella spreads through:

• Touching contaminated surfaces or objects
• Physical contact with an infected individual
• Drinking contaminated water or ice made from unclean water

“Shigella outbreaks can occur in crowded places such as anganwadis, where children come into close physical contact with each other and share toys. Very young children also have the habit of putting their fingers in their mouths, which enables the bacteria to gain access to their gut,” Dr. Jayadevan said.

The expert noted that houseflies can also spread the bacteria. Flies transmit the bacteria from human feces to food, water, and surfaces, contributing to up to 37 percent of cases in some regions, according to a study published in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.

Shigella: What Are the Symptoms?

The disease typically develops within one to three days after ingestion of the bacteria and may begin with:

• Fever
• Diarrhea
• Body aches
• Headache

Once the infection involves the large intestine, bloody diarrhea can occur along with severe abdominal cramps.

How to Prevent Shigella

Dr. Jayadevan stressed the need for early recognition and treatment with appropriate antibiotics. ORS can help prevent dehydration, while zinc tablets can enhance recovery.

Other measures to reduce the risk of spread include:

• Washing hands with soap and water, especially before touching food and after using the toilet
• Maintaining hygiene among food handlers
• Controlling flies.