Heart attacks and strokes are among the leading causes of death globally, with millions suffering from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) every year. There are more than seven million people in the UK alone, with about 100,000 patients experiencing heart attacks annually. However, a group of researchers at University College London (UCL) estimate that one 'polypill' taken daily day could eliminate a majority of these cases dramatically lowering death tolls.

The proposed polypill, a combination of a statin and three blood pressure-lowering drugs, has been under study for over two decades. Experts argue that introducing this pill universally for individuals aged 50 and above could be more effective than the current NHS Health Check, which assesses risk factors every five years for those aged between 40 and 74.

Studies have repeatedly proven the effectiveness of the polypill in preventing CVD. A groundbreaking 2019 study in The Lancet found that five years' use of the polypill cut the risk of heart attack and stroke by a third. In addition, previous modelling analyses have estimated that if given universally to people over 55, the polypill might be able to prevent 80% of heart attacks and strokes.

Today, the NHS Health Check follows a risk-based model in which patients are tested for CVD risk factors and treated with drugs accordingly. Yet, as per UCL's study, this system has serious flaws:

Low Uptake: Just 40% of those eligible for the NHS Health Check choose to have it, leaving a considerable number of at-risk patients undiagnosed and untreated.

Ineffective Prediction of Risk: The majority of heart attacks and strokes happen to people at average risk levels, thus making it challenging to identify the need for intervention effectively.

Limited Effectiveness: Even at maximum take-up, the NHS Health Check programme is predicted to have fewer health impacts compared to a polypill initiative applied to the whole population.

Simplicity and Affordability of the Polypill Strategy

One of the big benefits of the polypill is that it is so easy. In contrast to the existing screening-based model, the polypill scheme would not involve complicated medical tests or lengthy risk assessments. Instead, people reaching 50 would just have to fill out a few questions to determine possible side effects before they were prescribed.

Professor Aroon Hingorani of the UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, one of the strongest proponents of this scheme, says:

"Finally, the time is now to do much better on prevention. A population approach would prevent a lot more heart attacks and strokes than is done today with a strategy of trying to target a smaller group only."

Aside from the possible health implications, the polypill is also an economic solution. The drugs used are off-patent, thus cheap to produce and distribute. With the vast economic cost of managing CVD-related illnesses, a preventive model could result in substantial cost-saving for the NHS in the future.

The polypill has been proven to be effective by numerous international trials. In 2019, a randomised trial in rural Iran discovered that participants who took the polypill for five years had a 34% reduced risk of having a heart attack or stroke compared to non-participants.

Likewise, modelling research has indicated that even if only 8% of people aged over 50 took up the polypill regimen, it would still be more beneficial to their health than the NHS Health Check programme.

Is This a Case of Over-Medicalisation?

One of the main objections to the polypill strategy is the suggestion that it might result in the unnecessary medicalisation of a significant proportion of the population. But, it is argued, it should be considered as a preventative measure, not as mass medication.

Professor Sir Nicholas Wald of UCL's Institute of Health Informatics explains:

"Instead of being a 'medicalisation' of a significant proportion of the population, a polypill programme is a prevention measure to prevent an individual from becoming a patient."

He compares it with public health measures like water fluoridation or compulsory seatbelts—interventions that have been shown to have a significant impact in reducing public health danger at low individual cost.

With the evidence in favour of the polypill's effectiveness and viability overwhelming, experts are calling on the NHS to act now. It is their belief that substituting the NHS Health Check with a polypill-based prevention program could be the UK government's flagship policy under its pledge to put disease prevention ahead of cure.

As Professor Hingorani points out, "The status quo is not a justifiable option." With CVD still a major cause of death globally, taking a population-wide polypill approach could be a turning point for preventative medicine, potentially saving thousands of lives annually. The question now is whether the NHS will take up this call and establish a policy with the potential to transform the prevention of cardiovascular disease on a national level.

Christian Eriksen is a well-known name in the football world and has a huge following. When he collapsed during a friendly match between Denmark and Ukraine, it caused massive concern among the fans of the sport. The Danish Football Federation ensured the fans in a social media post that the veteran player has regained consciousness.

The federation wrote in their X post, “Christian Eriksen ‌is conscious and is doing well under the circumstances.” They also informed that the friendly match between Denmark and Ukraine was called off after this incident.

The football match was well into the 20 minutes of the second half when the incident occurred, and the players from both sides made a circle around the collapsed player. The fans were also in a hush, and medics attended to him on the field. He was eventually able to walk to an ambulance.

Team doctor of Denmark, Morten Boesen, told Danish media, “Christian is doing well and walked from the field himself. As I see it, the pacemaker is working as it should. He was briefly gone, but very quickly regained consciousness, and we were quickly in contact with him.”

Notably, this was not the first time that the midfielder collapsed during a match, as Eriksen suffered cardiac arrest during a European Championship match in Copenhagen in 2021. He was saved by CPR ⁠treatment. Later, he got fitted with a special heart-starting device known as an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD).

What Is Cardiac Arrest?

Cardiac arrest happens when the heart suddenly stops pumping blood to the body, causing the brain and other organs to be deprived of oxygen. This ceases the function of the heart due to irregular heart rhythms, known as arrhythmias, which prevent the heart from functioning properly. Once the heart stops, blood flow to vital organs halts, leading to unconsciousness, respiratory failure, and, if not treated, can be fatal without treatment.

The condition is commonly referred to as a "silent killer" because it frequently occurs without obvious symptoms. When cardiac arrest happens, there is little time to react, and death can occur within minutes if emergency treatment, such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) or defibrillation, is not immediately administered.

Cardiac arrest is a medical emergency, and quick action is essential for survival. The first step in treatment is performing CPR to manually compress the chest and encourage blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. If a defibrillator is available, it can deliver an electric shock to the heart, potentially restoring its normal rhythm.

Also Read: Cholera Outbreak In Nigeria: Death Toll Crosses 39, Cases Exceed 4,200

Why Athletes Are Prone To Cardiac Arrest?

Though heavy running and physical activity are widely believed and proven to be healthy habits, overexertion can cause great harm and can lead to undiagnosed or underlying cardiovascular abnormalities. Though this also depends on the age. Young players often face this problem due to a genetic condition, while older players mostly face it due to acquired coronary disease.

Shigella infection, commonly known as shigellosis, has claimed a 4-year-old's life in Kerala. According to reports from the authorities, three children were admitted to Kozhikode Medical College Hospital with this infection. Though two of them recovered and were discharged, a four-year-old girl, Nila, succumbed to the disease. She was from Thalakkulathur.

After this first fatality due to shigella, the state's health minister K Muraleedharan, addressed a press conference and said that shigella is a bacterial infection that mainly affects the intestines and causes symptoms such as diarrhoea, fever, and abdominal pain.

Muraleedharan said, "The disease mainly spreads through contaminated food and water. Strict hygiene practices are essential to prevent its spread." Then added, "Around 123 cases were reported in Alappuzha and Pathanamthitta districts last week."

The health minister also confirmed that Shigella was not the reason behind gastrointestinal illness among students in Wayanad. Around 164 students from educational institutions in the Sulthan Bathery region reportedly developed symptoms including vomiting and diarrhoea. Initially, there were concerns over them also being infected by Shigella, but preliminary tests showed that they were not infected.

Though he also added that a medical team from Kozhikode Medical College was dispatched to the area, and will collect samples for testing there. He said, "Initial reports suggest that the cases are not related to Shigella, but further testing is underway, and a final report is awaited."

The local authorities have also issued strict instructions on preventive measures. The health department has ordered the food safety department to conduct inspections, and hotels and eateries were instructed to maintain hygiene and ensure the provision of safe drinking water to customers.

The health minister stressed that the local self-government must take proactive measures to ensure public health.

Also Read: Lung Cancer Risk May Be Detected With Blood Marker 5 Years In Advance, Australian Study Finds

What Is Shigella?

Shigella is a highly infectious bacterium that causes gastrointestinal illness, commonly known as shigellosis. Its symptoms often include diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps, which can range from mild to severe. Estimates suggest around 188 million cases occur each year, leading to over 1.6 lakh deaths due to Shigella throughout the world.

The infection spreads easily through contact with contaminated food, water, or surfaces, and through person-to-person transmission. Though it is a very infectious bacterium, certain groups are more vulnerable to infection. These groups include young children and people with weakened immunity. Notably, exposure risk increases in environments where hygiene practices may vary.

How To Prevent Shigellosis?

Early recognition and treatment with appropriate antibiotics is crucial to protect oneself from this disease. Notably, ORS can help prevent dehydration, while Zinc tablets can enhance recovery. Other measures to prevent the spread include washing hands with soap and water, especially before touching food, and after using the toilet, and maintaining hygiene. Controlling flies is also very important to prevent the disease.

Nigeria is witnessing an outbreak of cholera, and to curb the spread of the disease, the police there have ordered sanitation measures in the northeastern state of Borno. According to the local media and authorities, about 39 people have died due to the waterborne disease. Local authorities have also reported at least 4,204 cases of infection.

According to the local health authorities, the outbreak is spreading in the Borno capital, Maiduguri, and the surrounding Jere district. The state police commissioner "has directed the full enforcement of the monthly environmental sanitation exercise." The statement added, "Residents are therefore urged to actively participate in the exercise by cleaning their homes, business premises, drainage channels, and surrounding environments."

He added, "To ensure compliance, police personnel and other relevant stakeholders will be deployed to strategic locations across the state during the sanitation period."

The nation is very cautious about the outbreak and has taken several steps to contain the disease as much as possible. The state government has set dedicated treatment centers for public convenience. Notably, cholera is spread by bacteria-tainted water and food, which can easily cause dehydration and diarrhoea.

The advent of modern sewerage systems has eradicated diseases throughout the modern world. Though war, conflict, and social unrest in nations like Nigeria and Sudan result in these unfortunate outbreaks, which take thousands of lives and affect many families.

As Ebola is spreading in African nations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Uganda, another breakout of Cholera in Nigeria is showing the vulnerabilities of how rampant it is in Africa.

What Is Cholera?

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), it is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. This can be transmitted through drinking water or eating food that contains the bacteria. While most people who get cholera don't get sick, it can cause life-threatening diarrhea and vomiting.

CDC notes that each year, 1.3 to 4 million people around the world get cholera. Among them, 21,000 to 143,000 people die.

What Are The Common Symptoms?

The common symptoms include:

• watery diarrhea
• vomiting
• leg cramps
• losing body fluids
• dehydration and shock

Usually, people develop symptoms within 1 to 10 days of consuming the bacteria.

Who Is At More Risk?

People who live in areas with unsafe drinking water, poor sanitation, and inadequate hygiene are at the highest risk of getting cholera. The disease can spread quickly in areas where sewage and drinking water are not adequately treated. It can also live in brackish water, which is slightly salty, or in coastal water. Thus, eating raw shellfish can also cause cholera.