Low-dose CT chest scans could help detect pneumonia in at-risk patients while exposing them to only small amounts of radiation, a new study has found. The research, published in Radiology: Cardiothoracic Imaging, shows that ultra-low-dose scans can effectively detect pneumonia in patients with compromised immune systems, enabling doctors to treat the infection before it becomes life-threatening. According to the researchers, these scans expose patients to just 2% of the radiation dose used in a standard CT scan.

"This study paves the way for safer, AI-driven imaging that reduces radiation exposure while preserving diagnostic accuracy,” lead researcher Dr Maximiliano Klug, a radiologist with the Sheba Medical Center in Ramat Gan, Israel, said in a news release. He added that CT scans are the gold standard for detecting pneumonia but there are concerns regarding the risk posed by repeated exposure to radiation. There is a solution- ultra-low-dose CT scan. However, the problem is that these scans can be grainy and hard to read, researchers said.

Study Gives Solution To This

To overcome that, Klug's team developed an AI program that could help "de-noise" low-dose scans, making them sharper and easier to read. Between September 2020 and December 2022, 54 patients with compromised immune systems who had fevers underwent a pair of chest CT scans -- a normal dose scan and an ultra-low-dose scan. The AI program cleaned up the low-dose scan, and then both sets of images were given to a pair of radiologists for assessment. Radiologists had 100% accuracy in detecting pneumonia and other lung problems with the AI-cleaned low-dose scans, but 91% to 98% accuracy in examining the scans that hadn’t been improved through AI, results show.

"This pilot study identified infection with a fraction of the radiation dose," Klug said. "This approach could drive larger studies and ultimately reshape clinical guidelines, making denoised ultra-low dose CT the new standard for young immunocompromised patients.

How Can You Detect Pneumonia?

Pneumonia is a lung infection that causes the air sacs in the lungs to fill with fluid or pus and can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. The symptoms can range from milk to severe, which includes:

Coughing with or without cough

Fever

Chills

Trouble breathing

Chest pain, especially when breathing deeply or coughing

Sweating or chills

Rapid heart rate

Loss of appetite

Bluish skin, lips, and nails

Confusion.

How to detect Pneumonia in coughing newborns and toddlers?

Pneumonia can severely affect newborns and young children as their lungs are comparatively more sensitive. As per Dr Goyal, young children can cough for various reasons including seasonal infections and tonsillitis, which is very common in this age group. But if they look visibly irritable and have poor sleep patterns, then parents must reach out to an expert. "I am not saying that parents must visit a hospital but any local paediatrician would be able to detect pneumonia in your kid.

India has seen a significant rise in the cancer burden, with the cases rising to 1,569,793 in 2025, the government has informed the Parliament.

From more than 1.4 million in 2021, the cancer cases in the country rose to over 144,000 in the last five years, revealed Prataprao Jadhav, Union Minister of State for Health, in a written reply in the Rajya Sabha.

The increase in cases has been consistent:

• 1,426,447 cases in 2021
• 1,461,427 cases in 2022
• 1,496,972 cases in 2023
• 1,533,055 cases in 2024
• 1,569,793 cases in 2025

Similarly, cancer deaths also increased in the country -- 868,588 in 2025 from 789,202 in 2021.

The country reported about 15,000 cancer -related deaths each year:

• 789,202 deaths in 2021
• 808,558 deaths in 2022
• 828,252 deaths in 2023
• 848,266 deaths in 2024
• 868,588 deaths in 2025

Worst-Affected States And Key Reasons

Jadhav informed that bigger states with large populations have seen a major increase in cancer cases and deaths consistently in the last five years.

States with the highest estimated cancer cases in 2025 include:

Uttar Pradesh - 226,125

Bihar - 118,136 cases

West Bengal - 121,639 cases

Maharashtra - 130,465 cases

Rajasthan - 80,628 cases

States with the highest estimated cancer deaths in 2025 include:

Uttar Pradesh - 125,184 deaths

Bihar - 65,571 deaths

West Bengal - 67,093 deaths

Maharashtra - 71,696 deaths

Rajasthan - 44,402 deaths

Major reasons for the rise in cancer burden include:

• environmental factors such as industrial pollution, pesticide exposure,
• contaminated water sources, by pollutants like industrial waste, pesticides, heavy metals, and pharmaceuticals.

“The review provides a critical analysis of the current evidence, summarizing the association of water contamination, including industrial waste, pesticides, and heavy metals, with rectal and colorectal cancer,” Jadhav stated in the Upper House of the Parliament.

Cancer Care Facilities In India

Jadhav further informed that the government is tackling the growing burden by expanding cancer care infrastructure across the country.

The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has implemented the Strengthening of Tertiary Care Cancer Facilities Scheme, which has approved:

• 19 State Cancer Institutes (SCI)
• 20 Tertiary Care Cancer Centers (TCCC)

Other high-quality comprehensive cancer care facilities in the country include:

• Tata Memorial Centre’s (TMC) six hospitals in Varanasi, Visakhapatnam, New Chandigarh, Guwahati, Sangrur, and Muzaffarpur
• Cancer treatment facilities in all 22 new AIIMS
• Advanced diagnostic and treatment facilities at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) at Jhajjar
• A second campus of Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute in Kolkata
• 297 Day Care Cancer Centers (DCCCs) as promised in the Union Budget 2025-26
• Free essential medicines and diagnostics at public health facilities
• Anti-cancer drugs in the Essential Drugs List at District and Sub-Divisional Hospitals
• Health insurance of Rs. 5 lakh per family annually for secondary and tertiary care under Ayushman Bharat – Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB PMJAY)
• Affordable Medicines and Reliable Implants for Treatment (AMRIT) Pharmacies providing access to affordable cancer medicines.

A new vaccine that targets the mosquito-borne dengue has proven to be over 80 percent effective in preventing the risk of severe disease for up to five years, according to a recent study conducted by Brazilian researchers.

The study, published in the journal Nature Medicine, confirmed that the tetravalent dengue vaccine -- Butantan-DV -- developed by the Butantan Institute in São Paulo, prevents hospitalizations and offers broader protection against all four dengue serotypes.

“This vaccine is establishing itself as a very important tool in the fight against dengue in Brazil, with the potential to contribute to reducing the circulation of the virus, in addition to individual protection,” said Fernanda Boulos, the institute’s medical director of clinical trials.

The Phase 3 Clinical Trial

The phase 3 clinical trial, conducted from February 2016 to July 2019, involved 16,235 participants between the ages of 2 and 59.

The researchers compared individuals who received a single dose of the vaccine (10,259) with those who were administered a placebo (5,976).

• The results showed
• 80.5 percent effectiveness against severe dengue cases
• no hospitalization in the vaccinated group vs 8 cases in the placebo group
• 65 percent effective in preventing symptomatic dengue

The Butantan-DV Vaccine

The Butantan-DV vaccine is tetravalent and offers protection against the four known serotypes: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4.

The vaccine uses live viruses that have been “weakened” (attenuated) in a laboratory.

Once administered, the vaccine controls replication of these attenuated viruses in the body -- a process which induces the immune system to produce neutralizing antibodies specific to each of the four serotypes.

The vaccines create immunity specific to each serotype to enable the body to recognize and neutralize each variant individually.

The Butantan-DV vaccine was approved by the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA) on November 26, 2025, for use by the Brazilian population aged 12 to 59.

The country's Ministry of Health has

• incorporated the vaccine into the national immunization program in January
• launched a pilot project to immunize 90 percent of the target population in states with high burden
• rolled out vaccination of primary care health professionals in February

Also read: Why Is Dengue Fever on the Rise Despite Vaccines?

Global Dengue Burden

Dengue is transmitted through infected mosquitoes, primarily the species Aedes aegypti.

Common Symptoms include:

• Sudden onset of high-grade fever.
• Intense headache
• Severe muscle, joint, or bone pain.
• Skin Rash that often appears 2–5 days after the fever starts
• Nausea and Vomiting
• Fatigue

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about half of the world's population is now at risk of dengue.

It estimates that:

• about 390 million dengue infections occur annually worldwide
• nearly 100 million people develop symptoms each year

The two main authorized vaccines in the world against dengue are Dengvaxia and Qdenga.

These vaccines are designed to protect against all four serotypes of the virus, with a focus on reducing severe disease and hospitalizations.

The recent decision by the Supreme Court of India allowing withdrawal of life support for a 32-year-old man in an irreversible permanent vegetative state is an important development in patient-centered healthcare.

The order follows the principles established in the landmark Common Cause v. Union of India, which recognized passive euthanasia and affirmed that individuals have the right to die with dignity. From the perspective of a critical care specialist, this decision supports ethical medical practice while protecting the dignity and rights of patients.

In modern intensive care units (ICUs), doctors use advanced technologies such as ventilators, feeding tubes, dialysis machines, and strong medications to sustain life during serious illness. These treatments are extremely valuable when there is a reasonable chance of recovery.

However, in some medical conditions—particularly severe brain injuries—patients may enter a permanent vegetative state. In this condition, the patient’s body may continue functioning with medical support, but the brain has lost the ability to produce consciousness or awareness. The patient cannot communicate, recognize loved ones, or interact with the environment, and medical science currently has no effective treatment to reverse this condition.

From a medical standpoint, continuing life support in such cases may only prolong biological survival without any possibility of recovery or meaningful quality of life. The Supreme Court’s decision acknowledges this difficult reality and allows withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment when doctors confirm that recovery is medically impossible. This approach respects the patient’s dignity and avoids unnecessary prolongation of suffering.

Harish Rana Case: Key benefits

One of the key benefits of this judgment is the recognition of dignity at the end of life. The Court has interpreted the right to life under the Constitution of India to include the right to die with dignity. In practical terms, this means that patients should not be forced to remain on life-support machines when such treatment no longer benefits them.

Medicine should focus not only on prolonging life but also on ensuring that patients are treated with respect, comfort, and compassion during their final stages of life.

The decision also supports patient autonomy, which is a core principle of ethical medical care. Individuals have the right to make decisions about their own bodies and medical treatment. The recognition of living wills or advance directives allows patients to express their wishes in advance regarding life-prolonging treatments. This ensures that medical decisions align with the patient’s values and preferences, even if the patient is no longer able to communicate.

Also read: Harish Rana Case Highlights Why Planning For A Living Will Is Important

Another important benefit is the support it provides to families. Families often experience deep emotional stress when a loved one remains in a permanent vegetative state for a long period. They may struggle with uncertainty about whether continuing life support is truly helping the patient.

The Supreme Court’s framework provides a clear and compassionate process for decision-making involving medical boards and proper documentation. This helps families make informed choices in consultation with doctors while ensuring that the decision is ethically and legally sound.

Harish Rana Case: Offers Clarity For Healthcare Workers

The ruling also offers legal clarity for doctors and hospitals. In the past, physicians sometimes feared legal consequences if life support was withdrawn, even in medically futile situations.

The guidelines established under the Common Cause judgment create a structured and transparent process for making such decisions. This allows doctors to practice responsible and ethical medicine without unnecessary legal concerns.

Also read: Passive Euthanasia: Harish Rana’s Case May Reshape End-of-life Protocols, Say Experts

Passive Euthanasia: A Compassionate Step

In conclusion, the Supreme Court’s order is a compassionate step forward in Indian healthcare. From a critical care perspective, it respects patient dignity, supports family decision-making, provides legal clarity for doctors, and encourages thoughtful end-of-life care.

Most importantly, it reminds us that the true goal of medicine is not merely to extend life at all costs, but to ensure that every patient is treated with dignity, humanity, and respect throughout all stages of life.

Also read: Harish Rana Case Brings Spotlight On How Passive Euthanasia Has Evolved Over The Years