Experiencing daytime sleepiness is something that is usually perceived as a minor inconvenience, but for older adults, it could be an early warning sign of Dementia. This neurodegenerative disease leads to the progressive decline of brain cells. This eventually

affects memory, cognition, and personality, making everyday tasks more difficult. As one of the fastest-growing neurological disorders across the world, dementia poses a significant health threat to ageing populations.

Is Dementia Linked To Poor Sleep?

Daytime sleepiness is a direct result of poor sleep quality. Now, a recent research, published in the journal Neurology, highlighted a potential link between poor sleep and the development of dementia, particularly a condition called motoric cognitive risk syndrome (MCR). The study found that 35.5% of participants who reported extreme daytime sleepiness developed MCR, which is a precursor to dementia.

For this study, researchers followed 445 older adults (average age 76) over three years, aiming to determine whether poor sleep could increase the risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which often leads to dementia. At the start, none of the participants had MCI, but by the end of the study, 36 individuals had developed the condition.

The researchers discovered that participants with poor sleep were more likely to develop MCI compared to those who slept well. However, when depression symptoms were taken into account, the link between poor sleep and MCI became less pronounced, suggesting that while sleep issues are a concern, mental health also plays a key role in dementia risk.

To assess sleep quality, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used, evaluating factors such as sleep duration, disturbances, and daytime alertness. Among these, "daytime dysfunction"—defined as excessive sleepiness and low energy during the day—was most strongly associated with an increased risk of MCI. Those experiencing daytime dysfunction were more than three times as likely to develop MCI as those who didn’t report such symptoms.

There are many types of dementia:

Dementia is not a specific disease. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), it is an overall term that describes a decline in mental ability that interferes with daily life. People with dementia often have symptoms like trouble remembering, thinking, or making everyday decisions. These symptoms tend to get worse over time.

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type of dementia, and it mostly affects the elderly. Each form of dementia has a different cause. Though dementia mostly affects older adults, it is not a part of normal ageing. An estimated 6.7 million older adults have Alzheimer's disease in the United States. That number is expected to double by 2060, as per data from the CDC.

In 2022, 3.8% of men and 4.2% women in US were diagnosed with dementia. The percentage of people increase with age from 1.7% for those aged 65-74 to 13.1% for those aged 85 and older. Alzheimer's accounts for 60 to 80% of all dementia cases and it is most prevalent in California, Florida, and Texas, as these states have the highest number of people.

The United Kingdom is planning to create a new normal for children by banning social media for kids under 16. The services of social media, including Instagram and Snapchat, will not be available for adolescents in the island nation. The government there is planning to follow in the steps of Australia and block social media to ensure a safe and secure childhood.

To better protect children online and tackle growing digital risks, the government plans to introduce measures that go beyond a simple social media ban. Under the proposal, children under 16 would be blocked from accessing high-risk features such as livestreaming and communicating with strangers online. These world-leading restrictions would extend beyond social media platforms to cover a broader range of online services, including gaming websites, making the policy one of the most comprehensive child online safety measures introduced anywhere in the world.

Prime Minister Keir Starmer said, Parents want to keep their kids safe and happy, but the online world has made that harder than ever." He added, "I’ve heard firsthand from families crying out for change, and we will do right by them."

He also said that any country can ban social media for under-16s and put wider protections in place to give kids their childhood back.

Other Countries That Are Planning To Implement Social Media Ban

• Denmark: Plans to ban social media for children under 15, with limited parental exceptions for those aged 13–14.
• France: Approved a bill to ban social media for children under 15, pending final legislative approval.
• India: Karnataka has banned social media for children under 16. Other states like Andhra Pradesh, Goa, and Bihar are considering age restrictions.
• Italy: Children under 14 need parental consent to create social media accounts.
• Poland: Drafted legislation to ban social media for children under 15 and require age verification.
• Slovenia: Preparing a law that would prohibit social media access for children under 15.
• Spain: Plans to ban social media access for minors under 16 and require age verification.
• Sweden: A government commission has recommended a minimum social media age of 15.
• United States: Several states require parental consent for minors, while federal legislation seeks stronger protections for young users.
• European Union: Considering stricter child safety rules, including parental consent for under-16s and a ban for children under 13.

Which Countries Have Already Banned Or Imposed Curbs On Social Media Use By Children?

There are several nations that have already banned or implemented significant mechanisms to curb social media use by children. Australia, Malaysia, and Turkey have already passed laws to ban social media for children. On the other hand, China and Greece have made arrangements to curb the use of social media by children.

The dengue virus is rapidly shifting serotypes, especially in young adults. The phenomenon is not unique to India and has been observed in several dengue-endemic countries across Asia, Latin America, and parts of the Pacific.

Dengue is caused by four closely related virus serotypes: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4. The dominant serotype in circulation can change over time, leading to new outbreaks when population immunity is low against the emerging strain.

A 2026 genomic study, published in the international journal Acta Tropica, found that DENV-2 and DENV-3 were the most common serotypes between 2019 and 2024 in South India, with dominance shifting every 2–3 years. The authors, including those from the Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, highlighted the importance of monitoring these shifts because they can alter outbreak severity and vaccine effectiveness.

A 2025 study led by researchers from AIIMS Bhopal reported the emergence of a new DENV-2 lineage that displaced the previously dominant DENV-1 strain between 2019 and 2023. The findings, published in the journal Viruses, demonstrated how one serotype can replace another in a population.

“India is witnessing active serotype shifts, and they directly explain rising severity, especially in young adults. Initial infection with one of the four dengue serotypes results in lifelong immunity to that specific serotype. Whereas, a secondary infection with a different serotype can trigger Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE),” Dr. Shikha Taneja Malik, Senior Scientific Affairs Manager, Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi), South Asia, told HealthandMe.

“Young adults who were exposed to one serotype in childhood are now encountering a new dominant serotype, making them especially vulnerable to severe secondary infections,” she added.

The four serotypes of dengue virus makes it a difficult virus; and protection against one does not always mean balanced protection against all.

"In young adults, this becomes even more important because many may have already been exposed to one dengue serotype earlier in life, while later infections may involve a different or shifting virus serotype. This can make the immune response more complex and, in some cases, may increase the risk of severe disease through antibody-dependent enhancement," Dr. Rohit Sharma, Consultant, Apollo Spectra Hospital, Jaipur, told HealthandMe.

Shifting Serotypes: A Global Trend Beyond India

Countries including Brazil, Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Sri Lanka have also reported periodic serotype shifts that altered outbreak patterns and sometimes increased severe dengue cases.

Researchers have also documented a gradual shift in disease burden from children toward adolescents and young adults in some regions. This occurs because:

• Previous exposure patterns change over time.
• Urbanization increases transmission among older age groups.
• Childhood immunity profiles evolve as dominant serotypes change.
• Secondary infections with a different serotype can increase the risk of severe disease.

India's Indigenous Dengue Vaccine: DengiAll

DengiAll is India's first indigenous tetravalent dengue vaccine. Developed by the Indian pharmaceutical company Panacea Biotec, it is designed to protect against all four serotypes of the dengue virus and requires only a single dose.

The indigenously developed dengue vaccine is expected to play a crucial role in protecting the 10–20 age group, who are most susceptible to severe dengue cases, Dr. N. K. Arora, Member of the National Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation in India (NTAGI), told HealthandMe.

"Most dengue infections are mild, and treatment protocols have improved significantly over the years. However, the disease can become severe, particularly among adolescents and young adults aged 10–20 years. This is why the indigenous dengue vaccine is being eagerly awaited, as it has the potential to provide an important layer of protection for this vulnerable age group," he said.

The vaccine expert noted that the indigenous dengue vaccine is currently undergoing trials.

“The trials will take at least two and a half years, which means by the end of 2028, we will have the results,” Dr. Arora said.

Brazil's Vaccine Setback Raises Questions for India

Also read: Dengue Is Spreading Beyond Monsoons And Into New Regions Across India, Says Expert

Meanwhile, Brazil has suspended its Butantan-DV dengue vaccine after the death of two people who received the shot, which was proven to be over 80 percent effective in preventing the risk of severe disease for up to five years

This suspension, announced on June 8, is a crucial wake-up call for India, said experts, as the Butantan-DV is pretty similar, if not identical, to DengiAll. Both are also based on the same core viral strains developed by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH),

"Brazil’s recent experience with its dengue vaccination campaign should be viewed as an important safety signal for India, especially as India prepares for the possible rollout of DengiAll," Dr. Rohit said.

"Before any large-scale rollout, India must carefully study whether the vaccine produces strong type-specific protection against all four serotypes and whether there is any risk of imbalance in immunity," he added.

A dengue vaccine can be a major public health tool, but it must be supported by transparent data, long-term safety monitoring, and region-wise surveillance of circulating dengue serotypes, the experts said.

The Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is accelerating rapidly, with health authorities reporting 72 new confirmed cases in the last 24 hours, one of the largest single-day increases since the current epidemic began.

The latest government data shows that the total number of confirmed Ebola infections has reached 782, while 29 additional deaths were recorded over the same period, bringing the overall death toll to 181.

The outbreak's case fatality rate (CFR) has also increased to 23.1 per cent, up from approximately 21 per cent previously, indicating that the disease continues to pose a serious public health threat.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Uganda has reported 19 confirmed Ebola cases and two deaths as of June 14.

The outbreak involves the rare Bundibugyo strain of Ebola, for which there is no approved treatment or vaccine.

Outbreak Reaches New Areas

Health officials confirmed that the virus has spread to two additional health zones:

• Nia-Nia Health Zone in Ituri Province
• Mabalako Health Zone in North Kivu Province

Most infections remain concentrated in eastern Congo:

• Ituri Province – cases reported in 20 health zones
• North Kivu Province – cases reported in 34 health zones
• South Kivu Province – cases reported in one health zone

Recoveries Offer Hope

Despite the rising numbers, Congolese health authorities reported that 40 patients have recovered from Ebola since the outbreak began.

Five new recoveries were announced from the health zones of Rwampara, Mongbwalu, and Mambasa.

The Ministry of Health emphasized that early medical care can improve survival chances, urging anyone experiencing symptoms to seek treatment immediately.

Also read: Ebola Survivors May Face COVID-Like Memory Loss and Brain Issues For Over 7 Years: NIH Study

Ebola Spreads In Orphanage

The outbreak has spread in an orphanage after two orphaned infants died from Ebola. Six more babies were identified as suspected Ebola cases at the orphanage of 69 children in Bunia, a city in Ituri province, at the epicentre of the outbreak in Congo.

Now, all children and staff are being monitored for symptoms, while four nuns who cared for the infants have reportedly fallen ill, the Guardian reported.

The situation highlights ongoing challenges facing response teams, including community mistrust, delayed reporting of symptoms, and difficulties tracing contacts in affected regions.

'Blind Spots' in Ebola Outbreak

The World Health Organization (WHO) last week warned that there are still many "blind spots" in the Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, suggesting the spread of the deadly disease may be much wider than official estimates.

"There are still many blind spots in some areas that are high risk," said Olivier le Polain, a WHO epidemiologist in Beni, eastern Congo, according to Reuters.

"Surveillance really needs to be strengthened in those areas."

Another major challenge is a shortage of beds that medics can use to isolate patients, he said. There were only 250 available across the three affected provinces.

"I'm really worried," WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said in an exclusive interview with STAT News.

He noted that due to political instability and mistrust among communities, contact tracing rates are currently around 50 per cent. "It should reach 95 per cent. The virus is ahead of us."

Lamenting that "the community is not collaborating," he said some people are being hidden from health authorities, while high levels of displacement make it difficult to locate and monitor contacts.

What Is Ebola?

Ebola is a highly lethal viral hemorrhagic fever first identified in 1976. Over the past five decades, it has caused over 30 outbreaks, primarily in Central and West Africa.

Symptoms include fever, headache, weakness, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle pain, sore throat, and unexplained bleeding. This eventually leads to severe complications like bleeding, organ failure, and death.