Pakistan continues to be dealing with a polio outbreak as four fresh cases have emerged, pushing the national tally to 37 this year, according to health officials on October 19, 2024. Health officials said that the regional reference laboratory for polio eradication at the National Institute of Health in Islamabad confirmed wild poliovirus type-1 (WPV1) in two children-one from each Balochistan and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.

In recent cases, a girl has been affected from Pishin, and two boys from Chaman and Noshki of Balochistan, and a girl from Lakki Marwat in KP. These are the first detections of the virus within Noshki and Lakki Marwat this year; isolated cases of poliovirus were previously reported within Chaman and Pishin. The province of Balochistan was the worst hit with 20 cases, Sindh had 10, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa had five, and Punjab and Islamabad had one case each.

A gigantic fight against polio has been on going in Pakistan- especially in Balochistan and southern KP-over the last two years. Immunisation campaigns have often been suspended or delayed because of local protests, insecurity, and community boycotts. Consequently, quite a number of children did not get the necessary vaccinations, making existing patches of vulnerability for the virus to flow within those pockets.

Noshki, located near Afghanistan's border, and Lakki Marwat have also recently reported some positive environmental samples that confirm the virus is present here, said a local reference laboratory official. Samples of latest cases are currently under genetic sequencing for checking spread of virus and origin.

As the threat of polio continues to grow, Pakistan has vowed to mount a nationwide campaign against it beginning from October 28. With the zeal to tackle the menace in the most effective manner, over 45 million children under the age of five will be vaccinated across the country.

Today, Afghanistan and Pakistan remain one of the few countries where polio has not yet been eradicated. The WHO said the virus remains a potential serious public health threat in areas with low vaccination coverage and weak surveillance.

India On Alert Against Polio

The country declared itself polio-free since 2014 and has kept the disease on bay almost a decade with very robust vaccination programs; however, two cases of vaccine-derived poliovirus cases reported in recent days from Meghalaya create some amount of doubts over a possible resurgence. Experts observe that in India, despite these detections taking place, strong coverage of vaccination at 90-95% and mandatory surveillance measures keep the risk of this widespread outbreak at bay.

The experts point out, however, that such stable situation in India requires continued surveillance. "Countries like Pakistan and parts of Africa remain at a high risk because vaccination rates in those areas are much lower," Dr. Siddharth, public health expert, said. Vaccination is an indispensable act in order to avoid the spread of this incapacitating disease that manifests most importantly as a nervous system affliction leading to the paralysis of a long period.

With concerted efforts from health authorities, there is hope someday that the scourge of polio will be completely eradicated from the face of the earth and future generations will never suffer from its effects.

India's National Viral Hepatitis Control Program (NVHCP) has screened more than 210.6 million people and treated over 612,000 patients as of March 2026, according to the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare ahead of World Hepatitis Day 2026.

Viral hepatitis remains a major public health challenge. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that hepatitis caused 1.34 million deaths globally in 2015, a toll comparable to tuberculosis. In India, an estimated 40 million people live with Hepatitis B, while 6-12 million have Hepatitis C.

According to the 2021 HIV Sentinel Surveillance:

• 0.85% tested positive for Hepatitis B
• 0.29% tested positive for Hepatitis C

This is roughly equivalent to 1 in 118 people testing positive for Hepatitis B and 1 in 345 for Hepatitis C among those surveyed.

India's Plan to Eliminate Hepatitis

Launched in 2018, the National Viral Hepatitis Control Program aims to:

• Eliminate Hepatitis C by 2030
• Reduce infections, illness and deaths caused by Hepatitis B and C
• Prevent complications such as cirrhosis and liver cancer
• Reduce the burden of Hepatitis A and E

"Since 2018, India's National Viral Hepatitis Control Program has offered free screening and treatment for Hepatitis B and C nationwide. Smart use of local funding, cheaper generic drugs, and existing health programs has helped expand this care further," the government said in an official statement.

"Services are now moving from district hospitals down to local health centers, bringing testing and treatment closer to everyone," it added.

How Does It Work?

• Covers Hepatitis A, B, C, D and E
• Free testing and medicines for Hepatitis B and C
• Digital patient monitoring through the NVHCP-MIS portal
• Focus on prevention, awareness, screening and treatment
• The NVHCP is integrated with several health programs to expand access to prevention and care.
• Universal screening of pregnant women for Hepatitis B
• Hepatitis B birth dose for every newborn
• HBIG for infants born to Hepatitis B-positive mothers within 24 hours
• Screening of high-risk groups for Hepatitis B and C
• Hepatitis B vaccination for healthcare workers and eligible high-risk groups
• Uses existing TB molecular testing machines for hepatitis diagnosis
• Refers Hepatitis B and C-positive blood donors for treatment

What Is Hepatitis?

Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver caused by viruses, alcohol, certain drugs, toxins, or autoimmune diseases. Hepatitis B and C are the most common causes of chronic liver disease and can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer if left untreated.

World Hepatitis Day 2026

World Hepatitis Day is observed each year on 28 July to raise awareness of viral hepatitis.

The World Hepatitis Day 2026 theme, “Hepatitis: Let’s break it down,” is a call to remove the barriers that stand between people and the services that can save their lives. Viral hepatitis continues to be a major cause of preventable illness and death worldwide.

Europe is battling an intense heatwave and fast-spreading wildfires, with soaring temperatures and prolonged dry conditions fueling blazes across the continent. France and Spain are among the hardest hit, with more than 360,000 people evacuated.

The crisis follows weeks of extreme heat, with temperatures exceeding 40°C (104°F) across several countries. A European Commission official said the wildfire season, which began in April, could last until early November. European Commissioner for Crisis Response Hadja Lahbib warned that wildfire damage this year could surpass previous records.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), wildfires burned 2.2 million hectares across the WHO European Region last year, up from 1.4 million hectares in 2022.

"New data reveals a sharp rise in wildfires across parts of the WHO European Region between January and July this year. Portugal and Spain have seen reported wildfires increase by more than 100% compared with the same period in 2025," said Dr. Hans Kluge, WHO Regional Director for Europe.

France and Spain Bear the Brunt

France

• More than 250,000 people evacuated
• Fires on the Cap Ferret peninsula have burned over 42,000 hectares and spread toward Bordeaux.
• A rare fire thunderstorm in Gironde generated its own winds and lightning, making the blaze highly unpredictable.

The wildfire is "unlike any we have ever seen in France" because it is "following its own logic rather than any known pattern," said Nouvelle-Aquitaine prefect Sophie Brocas. "The fire is not over and remains extremely dangerous," she warned.

Spain

• More than 116,000 people evacuated
• Around 4,300 hectares burned in Castellón province.
• More than 153,000 hectares have burned nationwide this year.

Spain's meteorological agency Aemet warned that a new heatwave beginning July 29 is expected to last until at least August 2, with temperatures nearing or exceeding 40°C in several regions.

The agency also warned of a "significant or even extraordinary" fire risk, particularly for outdoor workers, older adults, and people with cardiovascular disease.

Belgium Worst Mortality Rate

Belgium recorded Europe's highest excess mortality during the late-June heatwave, according to EuroMOMO.

Data from Belgium's public health institute Sciensano showed more than 2,000 additional deaths, with excess mortality reaching 48%, compared with 23% in France and 13% in the Netherlands.

Canada Also Facing Severe Wildfires

Canada is also battling its own wildfire emergency after nearly 34,000 lightning strikes in a week ignited multiple fires across British Columbia. Authorities have issued 25 evacuation orders, while smoke has drifted into parts of the United States.

Climate Change Behind Extreme Fires

"As climate change drives a warming world, we need to prepare for more frequent and intense wildfires," said Dr. Hans Kluge.

He noted that Europe is the world's fastest-warming region, where heat has claimed more than 200,000 lives over the past four years, while heat-related deaths have increased by 30% over the past two decades.

What Are the Health Risks?

Extreme heat and wildfire smoke can seriously affect health, especially among:

• Older adults
• Children
• Pregnant women
• People with heart disease
• People with chronic lung conditions

"Smoke can travel long distances, worsening heart and respiratory conditions and affecting mental health. Fires can also disrupt access to healthcare and other public services," Kluge said.

Health Effects of Wildfire Smoke

Exposure to wildfire smoke can cause:

• Eye, nose, and throat irritation
• Persistent coughing and breathing difficulties
• Reduced lung function
• Bronchitis
• Asthma flare-ups
• Increased risk of heart attacks and strokes
• Premature death in severe cases

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can penetrate deep into the lungs and bloodstream, increasing the risk of long-term heart and lung disease.

WHO Safety Advice

The WHO recommends:

• Follow evacuation orders immediately.
• Limit outdoor activities when air quality is poor.
• Wear a well-fitting mask if exposure to smoke is unavoidable.
• Seek immediate medical attention if you experience chest pain, severe shortness of breath, or worsening respiratory symptoms.

A new study suggests that when you eat may be just as important as what you eat to support brain health as you age.

Researchers have found that restricting food intake to an 8 to 9-hour window each day and avoiding food for at least four hours before bedtime may help reduce age-related cognitive decline, particularly among older adults living with overweight or obesity.

The findings were presented at the American Society for Nutrition's NUTRITION 2026 annual meeting. The study supports the notion that fixed mealtimes could support healthy ageing beyond weight loss.

What Did The Study Find?

Led by researchers at Rutgers University, the study is based on 47 women aged 50 to 79 years who were overweight or obese.

All participants were enrolled in a six-month weight-loss programme and asked to consume 500 fewer calories per day. They were then divided into two groups:

Time-restricted eating group: Ate all meals within an 8 to 9-hour window, typically between 10 am and 6 pm.

Control group: Spread meals across a more conventional 12-hour eating window.

Both groups lost around 6.8 to 7 kg over six months. However, participants who followed the shorter eating window performed significantly better on tests assessing spatial planning, problem-solving, and executive function.

Researchers also noticed that they also committed fewer memory and learning errors.

Why Could Meal Timing Matter?

Also read: Scientists Say Changes In Brain In Your 40s & 50s May Influence Dementia Risk

Following fixed meal times can regulate the body's circadian rhythm, the internal biological clock that keeps sleep in check, metabolism, hormone release, and other essential brain functions.

Eating earlier in the day and avoiding late-night meals may improve metabolic health, reduce inflammation, enhance insulin sensitivity, and support healthier brain function over time. These factors are known to lower risk of cognitive decline.

Lead investigator Professor Sue Shapses, nutritional scientist at Rutgers University and Rutgers-RWJ Medical Center, said, "Losing weight alone will ward off some of the aging-related cognitive decline, and these data suggest that there may be additional benefits if you stop eating four hours before going to sleep and reduce food intake to 8 to 9 hours per day, compared with the usual eating window of 12 hours per day."

She added, "These outcomes suggest a better ability to remember information during everyday tasks and reducing mistakes related to memory, attention and problem-solving. Reductions in the eating window predicted greater improvements."

Can It Influence Dementia Risk?

Also read: Japanese PM Sanae Takaichi Sleeps 3 Hours A Night: How Much Sleep Do You Really Need?

The researchers stress that the study does not prove that a 9-hour eating window prevents dementia. Instead, it suggests that meal timing could become one of several lifestyle strategies to support cognitive health.

Dementia risk is influenced by multiple factors including age, genetics, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, physical activity, sleep, and diet. Time-restricted eating may eventually become part of a broader prevention approach if future research confirms these findings.

Dementia Risk Gets Influenced During Midlife

A recent study found that brain undergoes immune changes during 40s and 50s that could influence the risk of dementia.

Researchers found that the hippocampus, the brain region responsible for learning and memory, experiences a major shift in its immune cells during the 40s and 50s.

Once this immune environment changes, it may make the brain more vulnerable to inflammation and cognitive decline.

The findings suggest that this change could lead to chronic inflammation associated with Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia in the future .