“I'm not great at the advice. Can I interest you in a sarcastic comment?”

This is what ‘Friends’ actor Matthew Perry’s character Chandler Bing was known for. He was known for being funny. However, he had his own struggles in his personal life and those struggles were acute depression. He was treating it with ketamine infusion therapy which is legal in the US and the UK.

What is Ketamine infusion therapy?

Ketamine is an anaesthetic used to treat depression, anxiety and pain under supervised and controlled medical settings. However, it does have its side effects, which can lead to distortion of sight, sound and time. It can also produce calming and relaxing effects.

Ketamine increases a person’s heart rate and blood pressure. If overdosed, it can leave users confused and agitated and can cause them to hurt themselves without even realising it. It can also lead to liver damage and bladder problems.

However, when used in moderation and under the supervision of medical doctors, it can treat depression where traditional antidepressants have failed.

Prof Rupert McShane, a University of Oxford psychiatrist who runs an NHS ketamine treatment clinic told BBC that ketamine “probably turns off the area of the brain that is involved in disappointment.”

Can Ketamine Infusion Therapy Kill Someone?

In simple terms, it cannot, be if the dosage is given in a controlled setting and as prescribed. Ketamine infusion therapy uses drugs in small doses than those used for anaesthesia. It acts faster than traditional anti-depressants, but the effects also wear off way quickly. Which is why it is important to monitor patients’ mental state for relapsing back into depression and discouraging them from overdosing on it.

There are ways of giving people ketamine. One of the ways is through “infusing”, which means to use an IV drip. However, injections, nasal sprays and capsules are also methods used to give people ketamine.

Since the dosage of ketamine used in the infusion treatment is small, it being the reason of actor Perry’s death was ruled out. The medical examiner also noted that Perry’s last ketamine infusion therapy session happened more than a week before his death, which means by the time he had died, it must have worn off.

So, What Happened To Perry?

Though Perry’s last session was more than a week before, his post-mortem showed that his blood contained a high concentration of ketamine. He had died of the “acute effects” of ketamine.

If it was not his session, then how did he get ketamine?

Prosecutors alleged that his assistant gave him at least 27 shots of ketamine in four days before his death, reported BBC.

Perry has been open about his personal struggles and this is what the doctors and dealers used against him. Martin Estrada, the US attorney for California’s Central District told the BBC that people took advantage of his condition. They charged him 165 times more than what vials of ketamine cost.

Names that have come up include Dr Salvador Plasencia, drug dealers “Ketamine Queen” aka Jasveen Sangha and Eric Fleming, and Perry’s live-in assistant Kenneth Iwamasa.

Who Are These Names And What Did They Do?

Ketamine Queen or Sangha supplied drugs that led to Perry’s death. Her home was a “drug-selling emporium,” said Estrada. More than 80 vials of ketamine, and thousands of pills including methamphetamine, cocaine and Xanax were allegedly found in her house known as the “Sangha Stash House.”

Sangha is known to deal with high-end celebs and was a “major source of supply for ketamine to others as well as Perry,” said Estrada.

Dr Plasencia called Perry a “moron” while charging him $2,000 for vials that cost only $12. He sold Perry 20 vials of ketamine between September and October 2023, costing $55,000.

He was the one who taught Iwamasa, who had no medical knowledge to inject the drug. This is after he knew that “Perry’s ketamine addiction was spiralling out of control,” as per what the investigators told the BBC.

Another dealer Fleming was told by Sangha to “delete all our messages.” While Fleming pleaded guilty to conspiring to distribute drugs unlawfully, he also allegedly messaged Sangha: “Please call...Got more info and want to bounce ideas off you. I’m 90% sure everyone is protected. I never dealt with [Perry] only his assistant. So the assistant was the enabler.”

The court documents also revealed that he asked Sangha on whether the ketamine stays in your system or “is it immediately flushed out.”

Dr Pepper, Bots, Cans

The people who allegedly exploited Perry used coded language for ketamine and called it “Dr Pepper”, “bots”, or “cans.”

Selling overpriced drugs, taking advantage of Perry’s mental condition and falsifying medical records to make the drugs given to him look legitimate by Dr Plasencia is what took Perry’s life.

Iwamasa is said to have administered more than 20 shots of ketamine and three on the day Perry died. Whereas ketamine is only administered by a physician. Authorities also found that weeks before Perry’s death, Dr Plasencia allegedly bought 10 vials of ketamine and intended to sell to Perry.

He also injected Perry with a large dose, two days later. This caused him to “freeze up” and spiked his blood pressure.

When I Die, I Want Helping Others To Be The First Thing That’s Mentioned

Perry had always been open about his drug addictions, struggles with alcohol and his depression. He said that his openness would help others who are also struggling and wanted to be remembered by his quote which also is on the homepage of the Mattew Perry Foundation that helps others struggling with the disease of addiction: “When I die, I want helping others to be the first thing that’s mentioned.”

Five arrests have been made in the case so far.

US President Donald Trump has signed an executive order aimed at changing childhood vaccine recommendations, including moving toward separating the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine into individual shots.

The executive order, titled “Delivering Gold Standard Childhood Vaccine Recommendations for Americans,” has sparked debate over how childhood vaccines should be administered and whether combination vaccines should instead be given separately.

Amid criticism of the move, HealthandMe spoke to public health experts to understand whether splitting the MMR vaccine offers any proven health benefit and what it could mean for children and vaccination coverage.

What Does Splitting MMR Mean?

Dr. Sabine Kapasi, Global Health Strategist and a UN Advisor, told HealthandMe that combination vaccines are more than a matter of convenience.

“Combination vaccines are not simply a matter of convenience. They can reduce the number of injections and healthcare visits required, support timely vaccination and help health systems reach children who may otherwise be missed,” she said.

“The more fragmented the pathway becomes, the more important it is to understand its impact on uptake, completion and equity,” Dr. Sabine added.

Dr. Rajeev Jayadevan, former President of IMA Cochin and Convener of the Research Cell, Kerala, also highlighted the practical disadvantage of requiring parents to make additional clinic visits when vaccines that can be administered together are separated.

Is Splitting MMR Healthier?

There is currently no adequate scientific validation for the argument that giving the MMR components separately is inherently healthier, according to Dr. Rajeev.

“The argument that splitting the shots is a healthier option does not have adequate scientific validation, because the body’s immune system routinely encounters numerous antigens simultaneously and effectively in everyday life,” he told HealthandMe.

Dr. Sabine emphasized that any change to childhood immunization policy should be based on evidence rather than simply altering an established schedule.

“Any change to childhood immunization policy should therefore be grounded in transparent evidence, rigorous safety and effectiveness assessment, and real-world data on vaccination coverage and completion,” she added.

Could More Vaccine Visits Increase Hesitancy?

Separating combination vaccines could make vaccination more cumbersome for families by requiring additional visits.

Dr. Sabine said vaccination programs operate within different health systems, meaning even small changes in scheduling can have implications for access, logistics, costs and continuity of care.

“The priority should remain consistent: designing immunization systems that are evidence-led, accessible and resilient enough to protect children across populations—not simply changing the schedule for the sake of changing it,” she said.

In a post on X US Senator Bill Cassidy, a physician, also criticized the executive order and warned that breaking up combination vaccines could mean children need more shots to receive the same protection.

“It will increase hesitancy and make children less safe,” he said, urging parents to discuss vaccination decisions with their child’s pediatrician.

Former White House COVID-19 Response Coordinator Dr. Ashish Jha said European countries do not routinely split the MMR vaccine into three separate shots. “No European country splits the MMR vaccine as 3 separate shots,” he said in a post on X.

He added that Russia and Tajikistan were historical partial exceptions but have since moved to full MMR vaccination.

Are There Any Potential Advantages?

Dr. Rajeev said one potential advantage of the new approach is the separation of vaccines into essential and optional categories.

He said this could give parents greater clarity about which vaccines are considered the highest priority and potentially help address some forms of vaccine hesitancy. The expert also pointed to US policy around childhood COVID-19 and influenza vaccines, saying that making these vaccines a shared decision between doctors and parents could be viewed as a progressive step.

For years, people living with Long COVID have described a strange combination of symptoms: severe fatigue, brain fog, memory problems, slowed thinking and a loss of motivation. Researchers may have found an important clue behind at least some of these brain symptoms.

A new study published in eBioMedicine found that people with Long COVID had 16% to 20% lower markers of dopamine nerve endings in key regions of the brain, with the average reduction of around 18%.

The findings suggest that the brain's dopamine system may be affected long after the initial COVID-19 infection has passed.

What Are The Study's Findings?

Researchers from the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) and the University of Toronto used PET brain scans to examine 24 adults with Long COVID and 24 healthy, age-matched individuals.

They focused on VMAT2, a protein found in nerve terminals that release dopamine. VMAT2 stores and packages dopamine inside nerve cells. Lower VMAT2 on the scans indicated reduced dopamine nerve-terminal density. However, it does not prove that dopamine neurons have permanently died.

The reductions appeared across three important regions of the striatum, which is involved in motivation, movement and thinking. Lower dopamine markers in the ventral striatum were associated with reduced motivation. Changes in the putamen were linked with slower movement, while changes in the caudate were associated with memory difficulties.

Also read: Can Long COVID Be Prevented Before It Starts? Study Suggests Early Paxlovid May Help

The Dopamine Factor

When dopamine production is disrupted, people can experience problems that go far beyond mood swings or low motivation.

The changes were also detected in people who had been living with Long COVID for as long as 4.6 years. This could help explain why some Long COVID patients report that even simple tasks feel unusually difficult or that they struggle to find the motivation to do things they previously enjoyed.

Long COVID is already known to involve a wide range of neurological symptoms, including fatigue, headaches, cognitive problems, anxiety and depression.

A 2026 review in Nature Reviews Neurology noted that approximately 6% of people who have experienced acute COVID-19 may develop this post-COVID condition.

Also read: Are Women More Likely To Experience More Severe Neurological Symptoms Of Long COVID Than Men? New Study Finds

Scope Of Treatment

The study does not mean that people with Long COVID have Parkinson's disease, nor does it establish that dopamine loss causes all Long COVID symptoms. The researchers also acknowledge that the study was small and that the findings show an association rather than proving cause and effect.

Still researchers say that the findings suggest that medications which enhance dopamine function, including dopamine precursors and drugs that reduce dopamine breakdown, could be investigated as potential treatments. They plan to launch a clinical trial targeting dopamine function in people with Long COVID.

More About Long COVID

Long COVID is a debilitating condition that can persist for months or even years after a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Long COVID is an infection-associated chronic condition marked by fatigue, cognitive impairment, exercise intolerance, and multisystem dysfunction.

It has affected an estimated 400 million people worldwide and continues to have significant health, social, and economic consequences. Despite the ongoing risk, prevention strategies have received relatively little attention.

Dry or burning eyes are often brushed aside as side effect of ageing. But new research suggests that for postmenopausal women, the problem may be more than just eye irritation.

A recent study in Post Reproductive Health found that postmenopausal women had more severe signs of dry eye disease (DED) than both younger women and men in the same age range.

Researchers say the condition is caused largely by tear-film instability and dysfunction of the meibomian glands, the tiny glands in the eyelids that produce the oily layer of tears.

The study included 319 participants: 102 postmenopausal women, 105 age-matched men and 112 younger healthy women.

Researchers assessed symptoms, tear production, tear-film stability, damage to the eye surface and meibomian gland function.

Postmenopausal women had the highest rate of severe dry eye, affecting 24.5%, compared with 16.2% of age-matched men and 18.8% of younger women.

They also had higher scores for dry-eye symptoms, more straining of the of the ocular-surface, shorter tear-break-up time and greater meibomian gland dysfunction. 20.6% of postmenopausal women reported burning.

Effect Of Menopause On Eye Health

Also read: Experimental Menopause Drug Shows Promise Mid-Stage Trial, Reduces Hot Flashes By 83%

The connection between eyes and menopause lies in the significant hormonal changes women face as they enter menopause.

The ocular surface, lacrimal glands and meibomian glands are affected by sex hormones, including oestrogen and androgens. When hormone levels change during and after menopause, these tissues may also function differently.

One of the important consequences of menopausal hormonal shifts is the disruption of the tear film. The tear film is like a thin protective coating over the eye. It contains an oily outer layer that slows evaporation. The meibomian glands produce this oil.

When these glands do not work properly, tears can evaporate too quickly. Doctors call this condition evaporative dry eye.

Dry Eye Does Not Mean The Eyes Have Stopped Producing Tears

Also read: Post-Menopausal Women Face A Higher Risk Of Fatty Liver Disease: How Falling Oestrogen Levels Impact Liver Health

Dry eye does not necessarily mean the eyes have stopped producing tears. In many postmenopausal women, the tears may not remain stable on the eye for a long time.

As the oily layer becomes impaired, tears evaporate faster. This can increase tear concentration, trigger inflammation and damage the ocular surface, creating a cycle of dryness and irritation.

Hormonal changes during menopause may contribute to this process, although researchers are still working to understand exactly how individual hormones influence dry eye.

A 2026 review also highlights increasing evidence that hormonal changes may interact with immune and inflammatory pathways on the ocular surface, rather than simply reducing tear production.

What Symptoms Should Postmenopausal Women Watch For?

Persistent burning, itching, grittiness, redness, light sensitivity, watery eyes or fluctuating vision can all occur with dry eye disease.

The latest study also found that clinical signs of disease were more severe in postmenopausal women even though symptom scores did not always differ significantly from other groups. This finding makes eye examinations particularly important during and after menopause.

The researchers concluded that recognising these differences could improve diagnosis and help doctors better understand the hormonal contribution to dry eye disease.