After mpox outbreak, Africa is under the threat of yet another virus outbreak, this is the Marburg virus outbreak in Rwanda. So far, six people have died from the outbreak, confirmed the health minister. Most victims were the healthcare workers in the hospital's intensive care unit. As per reports, 20 cases have been identified since the outbreak was confirmed on Friday.

What Is Marbug Virus?

With the fatality rate of 8% it is the same virus family as Ebola. The main carrier is from fruit bats which spreads to humans then through the contact of bodily fluids of infected individuals, it spreads to others.

Common Signs And Symptoms

The common signs and symptoms of the Marburg virus include fever, pain, diarrhoea, vomiting and in the case of extreme blood loss, death too can happen.

So far, there is no specific treatment or vaccine for the virus. However, treatments like drugs and immune therapy are being developed as per the World Health Organisation (WHO).

Call Of Action

Rwanda says that it has intensified its contact tracing, surveillance and testing to contain the spread. It has also tracked about 300 people who had come into contact with individuals affected by the Marburg virus.

The health minister has urged people to stay vigilant and avoid any physical contact and to wash their hands with clean water, soap or sanitiser and report any suspected case.

As of now, most of the cases have spread to the capital in Kigali. In light of this, the US Embassy in the city has advised its employees to work remotely for the next week.

This is the first time Rwanda has confirmed for Marburg cases, before this, in 2023, Tanzania confirmed the outbreak, whereas three people had died of this in Uganda in 2017.

History Of Marburg

As per WHO, this virus kills half of the people it infects. In the previous outbreaks, it has killed between 24% to 88% of the patients.

The virus was first detected in 1976 after 31 people were infected, out of which 7 died in simultaneous outbreak in Marburg and Frankfurt in Germany, and Belgrade in Serbia.

The source was traced to African green monkeys who were imported from Uganda. However, other animals too are linked to the virus spread, including bats.

In the past, the virus outbreaks have happened in countries like Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. In 2005, this virus killed 300 people in Angola.

However, for the rest of the world, only two people have died from the virus in the rest of the world, with one of them being in Europe, and the other in the US. These both have been on expeditions to caves in Uganda.

Nearly 750,000 eye-care products, including eye drops and ointments, have been recalled over sterility concerns in the US, according to the US FDA.

The recall covers nine products, including more than 500,000 Walgreens-branded lubricant eye-drop units, plus products sold under AvKare, Reliable-1, Cameron Pharmaceuticals, TRP The Relief Products and Major.

The massive recall was initiated in August 2026 by Sterling Pharmaceutical Services LLC, based in Dupo, Illinois. In September, the FDA labeled the recall as a Class II, meaning exposure “may cause temporary or medically reversible adverse health consequences or where the probability of serious adverse health consequences is remote.”

Also read: Nearly 40,000 Bottles Of Popular Eye Drops Recalled Due To Potential Contamination

List of Recalled Eye Care Products

As per the FDA, a total of 747,844 units of the products recalled include:

AvKare

• AvKare Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium Ophthalmic Solution 0.5%, Lubricant Eye Drops, Sterile, 0.5 FL OZ (15 mL) bottle - 12,864 packs
• AvKare Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium Ophthalmic Solution 0.5%, Lubricant Eye Drops, Sterile, 0.5 FL OZ (15 mL) EACH, 1.0 FL OZ (30 mL) TOTAL, 2 count Twin Pack - 107,377 packs.

Reliable -1

• Reliable -1 Laboratories, Sodium Chloride Hypertonicity Ophthalmic Solution, 5%, Sterile, 0.5 FL OZ (15 mL) bottles - 11083 bottles
• Reliable-1 Laboratories Lubricating Tears, Sterile, 0.5 FL OZ (15 mL) bottles - 47616 bottles

Walgreens Lubricant Eye Drops

• Walgreens Lubricant Eye Drops, Carboxymethylcellulose sodium 0.5%, Lubricant Eye Drops, Sterile, 0.5 OZ (15 mL) bottles - 301114 bottles
• Walgreens Lubricant Eye Drops, 0.5 FL OZ (15 mL) 1.0 FL OZ (30 mL) TOTAL, 2 count Twin Pack - 199600 packs.

TRP The Relief Products

• TRP The Relief Products Gentle Eyes Lubricant Eye Drops, Carboxymethylcellulose sodium 0.5%, Sterile Eye Drops, 0.5 FL OZ (15 mL) bottles - 14538 bottles

Major LubriFresh

• Major LubriFresh P.M. Nighttime Ointment, Net wt. 0.125 oz. (3.5 g) tubes -34368 tubes

Lubricant Eye Drops-Cameron Pharmaceuticals

• Lubricant Eye Drops-Cameron Pharmaceuticals, Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium 0.5%, Eye Lubricant, 0.5 FL OZ (15 mL) bottles - 19284 bottles

Why Is Contamination In Eye Drops A Serious Concern?

Read More: FDA Links Lettuce To Cyclospora Outbreak That Infected Almost 13,000: Here's Why Mexico Disputes It

Eye drops are different from other medicines as they are intended to be strictly sterile at all times. The FDA notes that ophthalmic medicines pose a heightened risk because they could bypass some of the body's natural defences.

Contaminated eye drops can introduce microorganisms directly onto the eye and potentially cause infection.

Depending on the type and severity of contamination, an eye infection can cause symptoms ranging from redness and irritation to pain, discharge, vision changes and, in severe cases, serious damage to the eye. This is why sterility is a major safety requirement for ophthalmic products.

This particular recall is based on a potential contamination and lack of assurance of sterility. It does not mean that every bottle is contaminated or that everyone who used the product will develop an infection.

The FDA has not indicated that every user of the recalled product will experience adverse effects. However, consumers who have a recalled bottle should stop using it rather than taking the risk.

What Should You Do If You Have The Recalled Eye Drops?

If you have the recalled bottle of eye drops, check the lot number and expiration date on the packaging. If your bottle matches the recalled product, stop using it.

Consumers should also follow the recall instructions for returning or disposing of the product and can contact a healthcare professional.

The FDA also advises people to stop using eye drops and seek medical advice if they develop eye pain, discharge, changes in vision, or significant discomfort.

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has concluded its investigation into the country’s largest Cyclospora outbreak. It said that there is strong evidence linking the illnesses to recalled shredded iceberg lettuce from Taylor Farms de Mexico. But Mexico is disputing how conclusive that finding is.

The outbreak sickened 12,883 people across 21 US states, according to the FDA. The agency said its investigation found environmental evidence of Cyclospora at locations where the lettuce was grown and processed, although it could not determine exactly how the contamination occurred.

FDA's Investigation

The FDA conducted inspections and collected samples from several iceberg lettuce farms and a processing facility in Mexico.

Two environmental samples tested positive for Cyclospora. One came from a tank containing wastewater at the Taylor Farms de Mexico processing facility, while the other was collected from a drainage ditch at an iceberg lettuce grower identified during the agency’s traceback investigation.

The FDA said these findings, together with epidemiological and traceback data, provided strong evidence connecting the outbreak to recalled shredded iceberg lettuce from Taylor Farms de Mexico.

However, the agency acknowledged that there was not enough evidence to conclusively establish how the lettuce became contaminated.

Mexico Dispute's FDA Claims

Also read: Biggest Cyclospora Outbreak In US Ends: After 13,000 Sick & 2 Dead, Lettuce Contamination Mystery Remains

Mexico's Health Ministry said the FDA investigation did not conclusively identify the source of contamination.

Mexico's food-safety regulator, Cofepris, said testing by its national reference laboratory found no Cyclospora in raw materials, finished products or water from the facility investigated in connection with the outbreak.

Cofepris also argued that environmental findings alone cannot prove that agricultural products were the source of the infections.

In other words, Mexico is not necessarily disputing that Cyclospora was detected in the environment. Rather, it is questioning whether those findings establish that contaminated lettuce was the source of the outbreak.

What Does The FDA Say?

Also read: Broccoli Sprouts Linked To Salmonella Outbreak In US: 22 Cases Reported, FDA Says

The FDA's says that the environmental findings should be considered alongside the other evidence. The agency said the positive samples demonstrate that Cyclospora was present in the environment where the lettuce was grown and processed.

Combined with epidemiological data and findings from traceback, this supports the link to recalled lettuce from Taylor Farms de Mexico.

The FDA has also said it remains confident that all recalled iceberg lettuce connected to this outbreak has been removed from the US market.

How Did The Outbreak Begin?

Also read: Popular Potato Chips Brand Recalled, Classified Under Highest FDA Risk Level Over Salmonella Contamination

The investigation initially focused on people who had reported eating shredded iceberg lettuce, including lettuce served at Taco Bell locations.

By July, FDA traceback investigators had identified Taylor Farms de Mexico as a common supplier of shredded iceberg lettuce associated with affected locations. The company subsequently recalled iceberg lettuce sourced from central Mexico.

The CDC declared the outbreak over on September 11, although the FDA continued investigating how contamination occurred.

What Is Cyclospora?

Cyclospora is a parasite that causes cyclosporiasis, an intestinal infection usually acquired by consuming contaminated food or water.

It can cause prolonged diarrhoea, stomach cramps, nausea, fatigue and weight loss. Symptoms can persist or return if the infection is not treated.

The scale of the outbreak in the US was massive. Before 2026, the largest recorded US cyclosporiasis season occurred in 2019, with around 4,700 illnesses documented nationwide. This single outbreak alone resulted in nearly three times that number.

At its peak, more than 1,000 infections were reported in a single day before the recall. By August, infections had fallen to fewer than two per day on average, after which the CDC determined that the outbreak was over.

The FDA now says it is confident that all recalled iceberg lettuce linked with this outbreak has been removed from the market.

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has classified the recall of a jalapeño avocado salad dressing as Class I, its highest-risk recall category. This comes amid a multistate Salmonella outbreak that has left 488 people sick and hospitalised 65.

The recalled dressing, made by Salata Dressings, contains diced jalapeños that may have been contaminated with Salmonella. The FDA initially announced the recall in August, but elevated it to a Class I recall on September 29.

The bigger outbreak, linked to jalapeño peppers imported from Sinaloa, Mexico, and distributed by Coast Citrus Distributors, was declared over by the CDC on October 2. No deaths were reported as of now.

Why Was The Salad Dressing Recalled?

Salata Dressings recalled its Jalapeño Avocado Dressing after being informed that diced jalapeños used in the product may have been contaminated with Salmonella.

The FDA says the affected dressing was distributed in Georgia, North Carolina and Texas. About 1,724 cases of the product were affected, including 12.5-ounce bottles and one-gallon jugs.

The bottles that were recalled have a black cap and specific best-by dates of November 5, 13, 18 or 25, 2026. Consumers should check the FDA recall notice for the affected lot numbers before consuming the product.

Also read: Drinking Raw Milk Hospitalizes 2 Young Girls in US With Nearly Fatal E. Coli Infection: Health Risks Explained

What Does An FDA Class I Recall Mean?

A Class I recall is the FDA's most serious recall category. It is used when there is a probability that consuming a recalled product may cause serious health consequences or death.

The classification does not mean that every product is contaminated or that everyone who consumes it will become seriously ill. It reflects the potential severity of the health risk.

Is The Dressing Linked To The Bigger Salmonella Outbreak?

Also read: Biggest Cyclospora Outbreak In US Ends: After 13,000 Sick & 2 Dead, Lettuce Contamination Mystery Remains

The salad dressing recall is part of a much larger Salmonella Javiana investigation. The FDA and CDC traced the outbreak to jalapeño peppers from Sinaloa, Mexico, distributed by Coast Citrus Distributors. As of October 2, 488 people in 34 states had been infected, with 65 hospitalisations.

Of 308 people interviewed during the investigation, 281, or 91%, said they had eaten at a Mexican-style restaurant before becoming sick. The investigation identified a common grower in Sinaloa as the likely source of the contaminated jalapeños.

However, FDA investigators could not determine exactly how the peppers became contaminated. By the time investigators inspected a distributor, no jalapeños were available for testing. Environmental samples collected during the inspection tested negative for Salmonella.

Symptoms Of Salmonella

Salmonella infection can cause diarrhoea, fever, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting and headache. Symptoms generally begin within several hours to several days after exposure.

Most people recover without specific treatment, but infection can become serious, particularly in young children, older adults and people with weakened immune systems. The bacteria can occasionally enter the bloodstream and cause more severe infections.

Anyone who has the recalled Jalapeño Avocado Dressing should not eat it. The FDA and manufacturer advise consumers to return the product for a refund or dispose of it.

People who have consumed the recalled dressing should watch for symptoms of Salmonella infection and seek medical advice if they develop severe or persistent illness.