After mpox outbreak, Africa is under the threat of yet another virus outbreak, this is the Marburg virus outbreak in Rwanda. So far, six people have died from the outbreak, confirmed the health minister. Most victims were the healthcare workers in the hospital's intensive care unit. As per reports, 20 cases have been identified since the outbreak was confirmed on Friday.

What Is Marbug Virus?

With the fatality rate of 8% it is the same virus family as Ebola. The main carrier is from fruit bats which spreads to humans then through the contact of bodily fluids of infected individuals, it spreads to others.

Common Signs And Symptoms

The common signs and symptoms of the Marburg virus include fever, pain, diarrhoea, vomiting and in the case of extreme blood loss, death too can happen.

So far, there is no specific treatment or vaccine for the virus. However, treatments like drugs and immune therapy are being developed as per the World Health Organisation (WHO).

Call Of Action

Rwanda says that it has intensified its contact tracing, surveillance and testing to contain the spread. It has also tracked about 300 people who had come into contact with individuals affected by the Marburg virus.

The health minister has urged people to stay vigilant and avoid any physical contact and to wash their hands with clean water, soap or sanitiser and report any suspected case.

As of now, most of the cases have spread to the capital in Kigali. In light of this, the US Embassy in the city has advised its employees to work remotely for the next week.

This is the first time Rwanda has confirmed for Marburg cases, before this, in 2023, Tanzania confirmed the outbreak, whereas three people had died of this in Uganda in 2017.

History Of Marburg

As per WHO, this virus kills half of the people it infects. In the previous outbreaks, it has killed between 24% to 88% of the patients.

The virus was first detected in 1976 after 31 people were infected, out of which 7 died in simultaneous outbreak in Marburg and Frankfurt in Germany, and Belgrade in Serbia.

The source was traced to African green monkeys who were imported from Uganda. However, other animals too are linked to the virus spread, including bats.

In the past, the virus outbreaks have happened in countries like Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. In 2005, this virus killed 300 people in Angola.

However, for the rest of the world, only two people have died from the virus in the rest of the world, with one of them being in Europe, and the other in the US. These both have been on expeditions to caves in Uganda.

COVID-19 is rising across the US again. Doctors have been reporting an increase in patients testing positive through the summer. But some physicians are noticing a change in how the illness is presenting.

Reports have emerged stating that COVID is resurfacing with new symptoms including nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea.

The CDC's latest respiratory illness data, updated August 21, shows that national and regional COVID-19 activity is increasing, although overall acute respiratory illness causing people to seek healthcare remains very low. COVID-19-related visits to the emergency room are also increasing.

Recent reports from doctors in Georgia describe patients arriving with gastrointestinal symptoms alongside, or sometimes instead of, the more familiar respiratory symptoms.

Nausea, Vomiting And Diarrhoea Are Uncommon COVID Symptoms

Although these symptoms may seem unusual compared with the classic COVID presentation, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea are not new symptoms of COVID-19.

The CDC has included nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea among the possible symptoms of COVID-19 for years. What appears to be attracting attention now is that some doctors are seeing more patients presenting with these gastrointestinal symptoms during the current summer rise.

Dr James Black, medical director of emergency services at Phoebe Putney Memorial Hospital in Albany, Georgia, said doctors are still seeing fever, cough and upper-respiratory symptoms, but added, “A lot of people are coming in with gastrointestinal symptoms - nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sometimes to the point of mild dehydration.”

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Why COVID Affects The Digestive System?

The digestive system contains ACE2 receptors, which the virus can use to enter cells. Infection and the body's inflammatory response can therefore contribute to symptoms like nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea.

Gastrointestinal symptoms can occur with respiratory symptoms or sometimes before them, which can make COVID harder to distinguish from stomach infections or food poisoning. That is why doctors say testing remains essential, especially when COVID is active in a certain area.

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What Are The Other Symptoms?

Doctors say people should not focus only on gastrointestinal symptoms. Common COVID symptoms include:

• Fever or chills
• Cough
• Sore throat
• Congestion or runny nose
• Fatigue
• Headache
• Muscle or body aches
• Shortness of breath
• Nausea or vomiting
• Diarrhoea

Also read: US CDC Says COVID ‘Growing’ In Nearly Every State: What You Should Know

When Should You Take A COVID Test?

If nausea, vomiting or diarrhoea occur alongside fever, cough, sore throat, congestion, fatigue or body aches, COVID should be considered, particularly when infections are increasing in the community. Testing can be especially important for people at higher risk of severe disease because antiviral treatment works best when started early.

Dr Gurinder Singh Sidhu, US antiviral medical lead and senior director at Pfizer, said, "People at higher risk should seek medical advice promptly rather than waiting for symptoms to become severe."

Severe vomiting or diarrhoea can also cause dehydration, so people should seek medical care if they cannot keep fluids down, are becoming unusually weak or dizzy, are urinating much less than usual, or develop breathing difficulties.

What if an old plastic bottle could become part of your next snack? Scientists at Southern Illinois University Carbondale have created a process that converts plastic and agricultural waste into ingredients for protein-rich, 3D-printed cookies.

The unusual food, called µBites, is being developed as part of NASA’s project to explore ways to produce food in environments where there are limited resources like long deep-space missions.

The researchers say that the technology could also have applications in disaster-afflicted zones and areas where there are acute food shortages.

Can Plastic Be Turned Into Food?

The process starts with polyethylene terephthalate (PET), the type of plastic commonly used to make water and soft-drink bottles.

Researchers first break down PET, along with discarded corn stalks and leaves, using a process called oxidative hydrothermal dissolution.

It uses water and oxygen at high temperatures and pressures to turn the tough waste materials into smaller molecules that microbes can use.

The researchers then use specially programmed yeast as tiny biological factories. The yeast converts compounds derived from the waste into proteins, fats, acids, vitamins and flavouring molecules.

The resulting mixture is mixed with ingredients like fibre, starch and sweetener before being moulded into cookies using a 3D printer.

Also read: Microplastics Found In Anchovies’ Edible Muscle: What It Means For Brain Health

Researchers Say The Idea Came From Two Global Problems

Associate Professor Lahiru Jayakody, who leads the project, said the team was initially looking for ways to turn plastic waste into more valuable products. “Why not focus on making food? Because plastic is carbon and food is carbon,” Jayakody said.

He added that the researchers are using microbes to solve problems created by humans. He said, “Microbes are very clever. So, we are using their traits to solve the problems we created.”

The approach could possibly tackle two problems simultaneously — plastic pollution and the need for reliable food sources in environments where conventional agriculture is impossible.

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Could These Cookies Actually Be Safe To Eat?

The researchers say their current data show that the µBites are safe to eat, but they have not yet undergone human taste testing. The research team is awaiting approval before conducting human trials.

Preliminary smell evaluations were promising. Most participants said they would be willing to eat the product in an environment where there is no food source. That distinction matters because turning plastic into food ingredients does not mean people are eating plastic itself.

The PET is chemically broken down first, and microbes then use its carbon-containing components to produce new biological molecules.

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Why NASA Is Interested In Plastic-Based Food?

Long-duration space missions present a particularly difficult food challenge.

Astronauts cannot realistically carry unlimited supplies of fresh food, while growing enough crops in space requires substantial water, energy and equipment.

A system capable of turning waste materials into food ingredients could therefore help reduce the amount of food and raw materials that need to be transported from Earth.

The researchers envision the technology eventually being useful in submarines, disaster-response situations and other isolated environments, in addition to space exploration.

Heart disease is the leading cause of death globally and in the United States, claiming roughly 17.9 to 19.8 million lives each year. Cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks and stroke account for roughly one in every three deaths worldwide.

To date, there is no single vaccine that cures or prevents heart disease itself. However, researchers from the University of Oxford found that the currently available shingles vaccine, Shingrix, may significantly lower the risk of heart attack and stroke.

Published in the journal Nature Medicine, the observational research, based on health records of 70,000 people in the US, showed that people who received the recombinant shingles vaccine were less likely than unvaccinated people to have heart attacks, strokes or heart failure.

“Given the global burden of cardiovascular disease, these findings, if confirmed in clinical trials and mechanistic studies, would have important implications for public health,” the researchers said in the paper.

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What Did The Study Find?

The Oxford researchers tracked the health records of 70,000 adults aged 60 and over for seven years after vaccination, which involved an initial dose and a booster.

Shingrix was associated with a 12% reduction in cardiovascular events — including heart attacks, heart failure and stroke — in the first three and a half years after vaccination.

By the end of the follow-up, the vaccine was associated with a 4% lower risk of cardiovascular disease.

While this represents a small change in absolute risk, the overall impact could be significant.

“If confirmed in a randomized controlled trial, the effect of Shingrix would be equivalent to antihypertensives,” co-author Maxime Taquet, associate professor of psychiatry at the University of Oxford, said at a media briefing.

What Is Shingrix?

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Shingrix is the recombinant herpes zoster (shingles) vaccine. Shingles is a painful, often serious flare-up of the chickenpox virus from childhood. It can cause a rash and nerve pain that may persist for months or years after the rash clears, a complication known as post-herpetic neuralgia.

In 2006, Zostavax became the first vaccine available against shingles and was based on a weakened version of the chickenpox virus. It was succeeded by Shingrix in 2017, a more effective recombinant vaccine that uses newer vaccine technology.

How Could Shingrix Reduce CVD Risk?

Research is ongoing and more definitive evidence is awaited. According to experts, Shingrix may help reduce cardiovascular risk because shingles may increase the risk of heart and vascular diseases.

Separately, the vaccine could be having broader effects on the immune system that suppress inflammatory proteins.

“This study remains observational, even though it’s a natural experiment, and so we are keen to see results from randomized controlled trials. And one of them is underway,” Taquet said, The Guardian was quoted as saying.

More Research Is Needed

“If confirmed, Shingrix could prevent hundreds of thousands of cardiovascular events in the USA alone, and may be the first vaccine that protects the heart and the brain,” Taquet said.

While shingles vaccines are currently offered mainly to middle-aged or older people, others could possibly benefit, too. Taquet said more people should be vaccinated against shingles, STAT News reported.

“If these findings and the findings we provided for dementia help sort of nudge that, then that’s great. And if they are then confirmed in randomized controlled trials, the benefit might be enormous, for the people and for the economy and the health services,” he said.

“If this helps people get the vaccine, then that’s great. But they should get it for the shingles protection in the first instance.”