Japan could become one of the first countries in the world to end the HIV epidemic, says the president of Gilead Sciences Japan, Kennet Brysting. The idea for now could seem a little too ambitious, but it is not entirely unrealistic, given that the availability of medicines that can prevent transmission of HIV. Drugs are not the cure, but control over the spread of virus to the point where the disease is no longer a major public health threat.

What Is The Role Of Preventative HIV Medicines?

Gilead's have two key drugs, Truvada and lenacapavir. These two are playing a crucial role in prevention. Truvada is taken as a daily pill, while lenacapavir requires two injections per year. It can make the virus undetectable in infected individuals and prevent transmission to those who are not infected yet. In trials, lenacapavir showed 100% efficacy in preventing HIV infections. This is why it is describe as "almost a vaccine".

In 2024, Japan also approved Truvada for HIV prevention, but the country has yet to approve lenacapavir for the same. Until now, people in Japan had been importing generic versions of Truvada or purchasing it from clinics that source it from overseas.

HIV In Japan

Up until now, Japan reported around 25,000 HIV infections, whereas 669 new cases were reported in 2023. For seven consecutive years, the number of new infections remained under 1,000. The downward trend thus shows that the virus has been controlled, however, getting to zero new infections remains the ultimate goal.

Brysting too acknowledged that simply having effective drug is not enough. What is important is to have a proper implementation, access and healthcare support to make sure that these treatments are widely available and effective.

What Are The Challenges In Implementation?

The biggest challenges is testing rates. There is a need to increase testing rates. At this very moment, around 86% people infective with Japan have been tested, but the goal is to increase it up to 95%, with an ideal goal of 100%. Without widespread testing, many infected people may not even know that they are infected and it could transmit the virus.

Another measure issue is the cost of preventative medication. While Japan's health insurance covers treatments for diseases, it does not cover preventative drugs. Those who purchase Truvada for prevention, pay around $470 per month. Some clinics in Tokyo offer generic alternatives too, which is cheaper, but they are not ideal.

Better Healthcare Support

Brysting expressed concern that individuals importing medications might not be consulting doctors regularly, which is essential for monitoring HIV status and overall health. Truvada users need to be tested for HIV initially and every three months, along with screenings for other infections and kidney function checks. Without proper medical supervision, there is a risk of misuse and inadequate protection.

Gilead is in discussions with Japanese authorities to improve access and insurance coverage for Truvada, and progress is being made. Japan has shown efficiency in approving critical medicines, as seen during the COVID-19 pandemic when Gilead’s remdesivir was approved in just three days.

What Is The Way Ahead?

Gilead at this moment is not only focused on HIV and hepatitis C, but also expanding into oncology with innovative treatments like CAR-T cell therapy, which strengthens a patient's immune system to fight cancer.

However, Japan’s strict approval processes can slow down drug availability. Phase 3 clinical trials often need to be conducted within the country, and Japan tends to approve medicines much later than other regions. For instance, Truvada was approved for prevention in Japan 12 years after the U.S. and nearly 20 years after its approval for treatment. inancial factors also play a role. The Japanese government adjusts drug prices annually, often reducing them, which can make long-term investment challenging for pharmaceutical companies.

Young adults who believe vaping is safer than smoking may be in for some surprising news. According to a new study, vape users presented reduced fitness and impaired blood vessel function similar to traditional cigarette smokers.

The research, published in the peer-reviewed journal ERJ Open Research, compared healthy adults aged 18 to 30 and found that both regular vapers and smokers had around 15% lower exercise capacity than people who had never smoked or vaped.

About The Study

The study involved 75 healthy young adults divided into three groups: non-smokers/non-vapers, cigarette smokers, and regular vapers who had never smoked.

Participants completed an incremental cycling test while researchers measured heart and lung function, oxygen activity, blood lactate levels, and overall vascular health.

Researchers also observed equally poor blood vessel function, reduced breathing efficiency during exercise, and early muscle fatigue in both those who vaped and smoked.

What Did The Study Find?

At peak exercise, both smokers and vapers showed significantly lower oxygen uptake and reached exhaustion sooner than non-users.

They also accumulated lactic acid more quickly, leading to greater breathlessness and increased leg discomfort during exercise. Ultrasound scans and blood tests further showed signs of impaired blood vessel function and inflammation.

Dr. Azmy Faisal, senior lecturer in cardiorespiratory physiology at Manchester Metropolitan University and lead author of the study, said, “In active, healthy young adults with normal lungs, both vapes and tobacco smoking led to worsened exercise capacity, shortness of breath, and intense leg fatigue.”

"Like smoking, our research indicates that vaping can lead to harmful changes to the blood vessels, lung efficiency during exercise, and approximately a 15% reduction in fitness compared to those who have never smoked or vaped," Faisal added.

Dr. Stamatoula Tsikrika of the European Respiratory Society commented on the findings, saying the growing popularity of vaping among young people who have never smoked is becoming an increasing public health concern.

Also read: How Smoking, Alcohol, And Vaping Are Quietly Hurting Women’s Fertility

"More and more young people who have never smoked are using vapes," Tsikrika said. "As the popularity of vaping continues to rise, so too do concerns that it is becoming normalised behaviour, functioning as a gateway to nicotine addiction and introducing serious health risks."

She noted that although e-cigarettes may contain fewer cancer-causing substances than conventional cigarettes, they can still lead to significant genetic changes.

"Vapes may contain lower levels of cancer-causing substances, but they can still trigger genetic changes such as DNA damage and inflammation, which are linked to increased lung cancer risk," Tsikrika said. "For people who have never smoked and are therefore not using vapes as a cessation method, the health consequences of vaping are becoming harder for policymakers and the tobacco industry to justify."

Also read: Friends Can Have A Big Impact On Vaping Habits, Study Suggests

Smoking Vs Vaping

The researchers, however, caution that the study does not suggest that vaping is equally harmful as smoking in every respect.

Traditional cigarettes still strongly remain linked to major disorders like cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and many other life-threatening illnesses.

But the new study indicates that when it comes to cardiovascular fitness, breathing efficiency, lung function and blood vessel health in young adults, vaping may offer far less protection.

The U.S. government's Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) recently announced partnering with the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to fast-track the development of psychedelic-assisted therapies to treat veterans living with mental health issues like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and more.

After years of interest, 2026 has marked a major policy shift, with the White House, Congress, and the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) all actively participating in accelerating research into treatments like psilocybin, MDMA, and ibogaine.

“America owes every veteran the best care our nation can provide,” said HHS Secretary Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. “We’re not going to wait while promising treatments sit on the sidelines. Thanks to President Trump’s leadership, HHS and the VA are working together to develop safe, FDA-approved innovations and transition them from research into care so veterans can access the treatments they deserve.”

The collaboration comes as a bipartisan group of lawmakers introduced a new bill in Congress that would require the U.S. Department of Defense to evaluate how ongoing psychedelic research, particularly those involving psilocybin, could benefit service members who are active on duty and veterans transitioning back to civilian life.

“President Trump opened up a world of possibility for treating Veterans and others with mental health conditions, and VA is proud to be part of this important work,” said VA Secretary Doug Collins. “Today’s MOU ensures effective cooperation with HHS as we try to turn research into life-changing treatment.”

Also read: Under HHS's 'Make Hospital Food Healthier' Pledge, Trump Administration Pushes Hospitals To Offer Healthier Food

Initiative To Accelerate Treatments For Mental Illnesses

The initiative was accelerated this year in April when President Donald Trump signed an executive order directing federal agencies to ramp up research, regulatory review, and appropriate patient access ways for psychedelic medicines targeting serious mental illnesses.

According to the White House, the goal is to expand the scope of scientific research while ensuring safety and regulatory requirements, rather than recklessly legalizing psychedelic drugs for general medical use.

Most psychedelic compounds, including psilocybin, MDMA, and ibogaine, remain classified as Schedule I substances under federal law.

Also read: As Part Of Trump’s Great American Recovery Initiative, US Announces 281 Million Funding To Tackle Addiction

Mental Health Challenges Faced By Veterans

Mental health challenges remain one of the most pressing issues U.S. veterans face after their military service. They are prioritised because they face a disproportionately high burden of PTSD, depression, suicide, and traumatic brain injury among former service members.

While conventional treatments, including antidepressants and psychotherapy, help many patients, a substantial number do not achieve lasting relief.

Researchers hope psychedelic-assisted therapy, administered under carefully supervised clinical settings alongside psychotherapy, may offer another option for people who are still struggling despite existing treatments.

Growing Interest In Psychedelic Medicine

The interest in psychedelic medicine has grown rapidly over the past decade. Studies have suggested that MDMA-assisted psychotherapy may help alleviate PTSD symptoms in some patients, while psilocybin-assisted therapy has shown promise for treatment-resistant depression in clinical trials.

These therapies differ from recreational drug use because they involve carefully screened patients, controlled doses, trained therapists, and structured treatment plan and follow-up sessions.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has validated El Salvador for eliminating trachoma, the world's leading infectious cause of blindness, as a public health problem.

El Salvador is the first country in Central America and the second in the Americas to achieve this milestone.

"I congratulate El Salvador on this remarkable achievement. It is a testament to the power of political commitment, strategic investment, and community engagement," said WHO Director-General Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus.

"El Salvador's success is a vital step towards our global target of eliminating trachoma worldwide by 2030 and a clear signal that a healthier, more equitable future is within reach," he added.

El Salvador's Journey To Trachoma Elimination

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Between 2023 and 2026, El Salvador conducted targeted assessments in communities identified as at higher environmental and social risk. The surveys found no evidence of active trachoma transmission.

As per the WHO, "no cases of active disease were detected in children, and no adults were found to have advanced trachoma capable of causing blindness". These findings confirmed that trachoma is no longer a public health problem in the country, the UN health agency said.

El Salvador's achievement was supported by a coordinated approach that included:

• Strengthening primary healthcare services
• Improving water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH)
• Expanding eye health services, including adult vision screening
• Collaboration between government agencies, communities and international partners

The country has also established trained health personnel, integrated surveillance systems and the capacity to detect and treat trichiasis—the advanced stage of trachoma in which eyelashes turn inward and can lead to blindness.

What Is Trachoma?

Trachoma is a bacterial eye infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. It can spread from person to person through contaminated fingers, fomites and flies that could come into contact with discharge from the eyes or nose of an infected person.

Environmental risks like poor hygiene, overcrowded households, and inadequate access to water and sanitation facilities can also lead to trachoma.

Repeated infections can scar the inner eyelid, causing the eyelashes to turn inward—a condition known as trichiasis. Without treatment, the eyelashes scratch the surface of the eye, potentially leading to irreversible blindness.

Read More: Wegovy More Likely To Cause Rare Blindness Than Ozempic And Other Similar Drugs, Recent Study Finds

Trachoma Still Persists In Parts Of The Americas

Although El Salvador has eliminated trachoma as a public health problem, the disease remains endemic in rural and remote areas of Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala and Peru.

WHO recommends that countries maintaining elimination continue surveillance and ensure access to quality eye care services to prevent the disease from re-emerging.

WHO Criteria For Elimination

WHO defines elimination of trachoma as a public health problem based on three key criteria:

• Trichiasis prevalence of less than 0.2% among people aged 15 years and older.
• Active trachoma (trachomatous inflammation–follicular) prevalence of less than 5% among children aged 1–9 years in every previously endemic district.
• A functioning health system capable of identifying and managing new trichiasis cases.

With this achievement, El Salvador joins 64 countries worldwide that have been validated by WHO for eliminating at least one neglected tropical disease. Seven of these countries are in the Americas.