Stomach cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the lining of the stomach. Also, known as Gastric cancer, it affects the elderly more than the adult. According to the American Cancer Society, about 6 of every 10 people diagnosed with stomach cancer each year are 65 or older. Also, the lifetime risk of developing stomach cancer is higher in men (about 1 in 101) than in women (about 1 in 155).

A health expert, speaking to a leading media house, emphasized five common symptoms of stomach cancer that should not be ignored:

1. Unexplained weight loss: Losing weight without trying or experiencing an unexplained drop in appetite, which may signal cancer progression.

2. Pain in the upper part of the abdomen: Persistent or occasional pain in the stomach area, often after eating, can become more severe as the condition progresses.

3. Frequent vomiting after meals: Nausea, sometimes accompanied by vomiting, may occur especially after meals and is linked to cancer blocking or irritating the stomach.

4. Vomiting blood, which may appear coffee-colored: This can indicate bleeding in the stomach, often caused by ulcers or tumors, and requires immediate medical attention.

5. Black, tarry stools: This occurs when blood from the stomach is digested and passed through the intestines, signaling potential internal bleeding

There are also other concerning signs that should not be overlooked such as jaundice, unexplained weight loss, early onset of diabetes, dark stools, and loss of appetite. Health experts strongly advise seeking immediate medical attention if you notice any of these symptoms. If you or a loved one experience these signs, it's crucial to visit a physician for a thorough evaluation to rule out serious underlying health conditions.

How Does Stomach Cancer Spread?

Oncologist Dr Pankaj Kumar Pande, Director–Surgical Oncology, Max Super Specialty Hospital, Shalimar Bagh, Delhi explained that this form of cancer spreads through three main pathways: Direct spread, lymphatic spread, and bloodstream.

1. Direct Spread: In its early stages, stomach cancer can invade nearby tissues and grow into the deeper layers of the stomach or spread to surrounding organs such as the oesophagus, liver, pancreas, or intestines.

2. Lymphatic Spread: Cancer cells can travel through the lymphatic system. The most common areas affected are the regional lymph nodes near the stomach, particularly those around the liver and diaphragm.

3. Bloodstream: "Cancer cells can enter the bloodstream and travel to distant parts of the body," which is a common route for stomach cancer to metastasize to distant organs.

He further explained that cancerous cells spread from the original tumour to other parts of the body through a process called Metastasis. The most common sites for the spread are the liver, lymph nodes, peritoneum, lungs, bones, and ovaries.

Amid increasing uptake of GLP-1 weight-loss drugs such as Ozempic and Wegovy, FMCG major Nestlé has realigned its nutritional drinks to meet the changing nutritional needs of users.

The company has announced plans to roll out new protein drinks designed for people taking GLP-1 weight-loss medications such as Ozempic and Wegovy in the US, Asia and Australia. Since these drugs curb appetite and can contribute to issues such as muscle loss and “Ozempic face,” Nestlé wants to help users stay healthy while their eating habits change, Reuters reported.

To better understand their nutritional needs, Nestlé is using AI to study clinical research and real-world consumer needs. It is also expanding its high-protein offerings to support muscle health, along with collagen-added products in its Vital Proteins line for skin and hair.

What Are the Protein and Nutrition Needs of GLP-1 Users?

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The number of people using GLP-1 drugs is growing rapidly, with about 16 million Americans currently taking the medications for weight loss. Globally, use remains much smaller than the potential eligible population, with access and affordability still major barriers.

But do GLP-1 users need more protein?

Dr. Navin Gnanasekaran, Longevity Physician, Apollo Hospitals, told HealthandMe that for individuals on GLP-1 receptor agonists, rapid weight loss can lead to a significant reduction in both fat and lean muscle mass. Alarmingly, up to 30-40% of the total weight lost can be muscle.

“Prioritizing protein intake and structured resistance training is absolutely critical to counteract this muscle depletion,” he said.

How Much Protein Do GLP-1 Users Need?

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Dr. Navin said that a daily intake of at least 1.0 to 1.5 grams of high-quality protein per kilogram of body weight is recommended. Lean meats, eggs, dairy and plant-based proteins can help meet these needs.

He also recommended strength training to preserve muscle tissue. Together, adequate protein and resistance training can help support muscle mass and maintain the basal metabolic rate (BMR), which may help prevent weight regain.

Dr. Praveen Gupta, Chairman, Marengo Asia International Institute of Neuro and Spine (MAIINS), Marengo Asia Hospitals, told HealthandMe that a large number of people in India eat vegetarian diets that are already low in B12, iron and vitamin D. These nutritional gaps can quietly widen when food intake is reduced with GLP-1 drugs.

For people following vegetarian diets, familiar kitchen staples such as paneer, dal, soya chunks, hung curd, sprouts and eggs, spread across the day, can help meet protein targets without animal meat.

How Do GLP-1 Drugs Work?

Dr. Praveen said these drugs work by slowing digestion and dialing down “food noise” — the constant mental chatter around eating — which naturally cuts how much a person consumes, sometimes by half.

GLP-1 receptors are located not just in the gut but throughout the central nervous system, including regions such as the hypothalamus and hippocampus that receive direct input from GLP-1-producing neurons in the hindbrain. This is part of why appetite suppression can be so powerful: the drugs act on the brain’s hunger circuitry, in addition to slowing digestion.

Do GLP-1 Drugs Increase the Risk of Nutritional Deficiencies?

The overall appetite suppression caused by these medications can increase the risk of vitamin deficiencies. Constipation is also a common GLP-1 side effect due to decreased dietary fiber intake.

Good hydration, planned nutrient-dense meals and adequate fiber can help offset these effects.

Routine monitoring of essential micronutrients, particularly vitamin D, B12 and iron, is highly advised to ensure patients achieve sustainable, healthy weight loss without compromising their long-term nutritional well-being.

Why Protein Matters

• Reduced food intake: Appetite suppression from GLP-1 drugs can create nutritional gaps, with potential neurological consequences.
• Vitamin B12: Deficiency can cause irreversible nerve damage, including peripheral neuropathy and cognitive impairment.
• Warning signs: Unaddressed deficiencies can cause tingling, numbness, brain fog and unexplained fatigue.
• Muscle loss: A significant share of weight lost on GLP-1 medications can be lean muscle rather than fat if adequate protein intake and physical activity are not prioritised.
• Nutrition matters: Inadequate nutrition can affect both muscle and nerve tissue, making adequate protein and essential micronutrients important during weight loss.

Liver injuries reported to US poison centres increased by nearly 400% between 2000 and 2024, with acetaminophen, sold under brand names such as Tylenol, the most frequently implicated substance, according to a study.

The study analysed poison-centre calls involving liver injuries linked to “xenobiotics”—foreign substances not naturally found in the human body. These include medications, food additives, alcohol and environmental pollutants.

Acetaminophen Among Leading Causes

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Researchers identified 220,160 cases of xenobiotic-related liver injury over the 24 years. Population-adjusted exposure rates increased from 10.9 per million people to 52.9 per million.

More than 80% of the liver injury cases required inpatient care, with medications accounting for the majority of cases. Acetaminophen was the substance most frequently implicated.

“Liver injuries reported to poison centers have increased substantially over the past 25 years, with acetaminophen emerging as a growing contributor,” said Christopher P. Holstege of UVA Health.

Acetaminophen Exposure Trends

The study found that exposures involving acetaminophen-containing combination drugs decreased by 60%-85% after the US Food and Drug Administration capped the amount of acetaminophen allowed in combination prescription products.

However, potentially harmful exposures to acetaminophen alone increased steadily over the 24 years. The findings suggest that regulatory action reduced liver injuries linked to combination products, while acetaminophen alone remained a leading contributor to poison-centre-reported liver injuries.

Females had higher rates of acetaminophen-associated liver injury than males. Suspected suicide was the most common reason for exposure in both sexes.

Alcohol and Other Substances

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Alcohol was the second most common cause of liver injuries, although it was far less common than acetaminophen. Alcohol-related injuries were more frequent in men than women but increased in both sexes during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Researchers also identified increases in liver injuries linked to stimulants and street drugs, herbal and dietary supplements, and environmental toxins. However, these were much less common than injuries associated with acetaminophen and alcohol.

“Medications should always be taken as directed by clinicians and per pharmaceutical label instructions,” Holstege said. He also advised caution with emerging substances that are not regulated.

Why Tylenol Is Linked To Liver Injuries

"Acetaminophen is widely available without a prescription, and it’s contained in many combination medications — more than 600. It’s likely that many people taking acetaminophen do not realize they’re taking too much since, for example, you take acetaminophen tablets for the achy feeling that comes with a cold and also use a combination cough medicine that contains acetaminophen," Howard E. LeWine, Chief Medical Editor, Harvard Health said.

Tylenol and Autism Claims

The debate has also triggered legal action, as Texas sued Kenvue over alleged failures to warn pregnant consumers, and a US appeals court this month revived more than 500 private lawsuits making similar claims.

An immunity-enhancing peptide that has been used in more than 30 countries has gained attention as a possible treatment for Long COVID.

But in the US, the peptide, thymosin alpha-1 remains unapproved. The FDA raising concerns about how the synthetic peptide is developed, formulated and dosed.

Thymosin alpha-1, also known as Tα1 or thymalfasin, is a 28-amino-acid peptide originally derived from the thymus. It is designed to modify the immune response rather than simply suppress inflammation.

Research suggests it can enhance T-cell activity and antibody responses, which has made it particularly interesting in conditions involving immune dysfunction.⁠

Peptide And Long COVID Connection

Research has found that Tα1 may help restore aspects of immune balance in people with post-acute COVID-19.

A 2023 study found that the peptide improved immune homeostasis in blood cells from people with Long COVID. Its effects are particularly evident among patients with more severe initial disease and certain persistent symptoms.

The proposed idea is that rather than simply treating individual symptoms such as fatigue or brain fog, Tα1 could potentially correct some of immune abnormalities underlying them.

The Long COVID findings are still largely based on laboratory and early-stage research. They do not yet establish that injections of Tα1 improve Long COVID symptoms in a large, well-controlled patient population.

Also read: Diabetics Must Undergo Retinal Screening To Protect Eye Health: AIIMS Doctors

So Why Hasn’t The FDA Approved It?

Tα1 has been studied for several conditions, and it is approved in many countries. But FDA approval requires evidence for a specific product, formulation, dose, safety profile and effectiveness.

In the US, thymosin alpha-1 is not FDA-approved for Long COVID or another general medical condition.

The FDA has also raised specific concerns about compounded Tα1. In a 2024 review, the agency evaluated proposed injectable Tα1 products and highlighted concerns including product stability, concentration and the possibility of immune reactions caused by peptide aggregation.

The proposed 3 mg/mL formulation also differed from the 2 mg/mL concentration used in clinical studies reviewed by the agency.

Another crucial distinction is that the biological activity in a peptide does not mean that a particular manufactured product is safe and effective at a specific dose.

Also read: Early Trial Examines A One-Time Treatment That Could Replace Statins To Manage High Cholesterol: Study

Is The Peptide Truly Capable Of Treating Long COVID?

Some research regarding the peptide’s efficacy on Long COVID is encouraging, but the evidence remains limited. Studies of Tα1 in acute COVID-19 have also produced mixed results.

One clinical study found that it did not alter disease progression or mortality in non-severe COVID-19, although it shortened viral RNA shedding and hospital stay.

Other research has suggested potential benefits in severe disease, but these studies have limitations.

That uncertainty matters even more for Long COVID, where symptoms can vary dramatically between patients and the biological mechanisms remain incompletely understood.

The FDA’s decision does not mean research into Tα1 has been halted. A US clinical trial is currently evaluating thymalfasin as an immune-response enhancer given around COVID-19 vaccination, with the study assessing safety and whether it can improve