Stomach cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the lining of the stomach. Also, known as Gastric cancer, it affects the elderly more than the adult. According to the American Cancer Society, about 6 of every 10 people diagnosed with stomach cancer each year are 65 or older. Also, the lifetime risk of developing stomach cancer is higher in men (about 1 in 101) than in women (about 1 in 155).

A health expert, speaking to a leading media house, emphasized five common symptoms of stomach cancer that should not be ignored:

1. Unexplained weight loss: Losing weight without trying or experiencing an unexplained drop in appetite, which may signal cancer progression.

2. Pain in the upper part of the abdomen: Persistent or occasional pain in the stomach area, often after eating, can become more severe as the condition progresses.

3. Frequent vomiting after meals: Nausea, sometimes accompanied by vomiting, may occur especially after meals and is linked to cancer blocking or irritating the stomach.

4. Vomiting blood, which may appear coffee-colored: This can indicate bleeding in the stomach, often caused by ulcers or tumors, and requires immediate medical attention.

5. Black, tarry stools: This occurs when blood from the stomach is digested and passed through the intestines, signaling potential internal bleeding

There are also other concerning signs that should not be overlooked such as jaundice, unexplained weight loss, early onset of diabetes, dark stools, and loss of appetite. Health experts strongly advise seeking immediate medical attention if you notice any of these symptoms. If you or a loved one experience these signs, it's crucial to visit a physician for a thorough evaluation to rule out serious underlying health conditions.

How Does Stomach Cancer Spread?

Oncologist Dr Pankaj Kumar Pande, Director–Surgical Oncology, Max Super Specialty Hospital, Shalimar Bagh, Delhi explained that this form of cancer spreads through three main pathways: Direct spread, lymphatic spread, and bloodstream.

1. Direct Spread: In its early stages, stomach cancer can invade nearby tissues and grow into the deeper layers of the stomach or spread to surrounding organs such as the oesophagus, liver, pancreas, or intestines.

2. Lymphatic Spread: Cancer cells can travel through the lymphatic system. The most common areas affected are the regional lymph nodes near the stomach, particularly those around the liver and diaphragm.

3. Bloodstream: "Cancer cells can enter the bloodstream and travel to distant parts of the body," which is a common route for stomach cancer to metastasize to distant organs.

He further explained that cancerous cells spread from the original tumour to other parts of the body through a process called Metastasis. The most common sites for the spread are the liver, lymph nodes, peritoneum, lungs, bones, and ovaries.

Researchers at a Florida-based university claim that a tiny marine animal found in Antarctica can help scientists develop a new treatment for melanoma, one of the deadliest forms of skin cancer. These marine animals are ascidians, invertebrates known as sea squirts. Belonging to the group of tunicates, they mostly thrive in icy water.

Sea Squirts May Help Treat Melanoma

Certain species of marine animals have proven to be useful in the treatment of various types of cancer. The latest ones are ascidians or sea squirts.

Researchers from the University of South Florida (USF) claim that sea squirts, small tube-shaped marine animals that produce protective chemicals, can help fight an aggressive form of skin cancer called melanoma.

Scientists say that these sea squirts have a bacterium that makes a toxic compound. In the early stages of the study, it was found that this compound is capable of killing melanoma cells without harming healthy cells.

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The Study Addresses A Significant Challenge In Cancer Treatment

One of the biggest challenges in cancer treatment is finding drugs that destroy cancer cells while leaving healthy cells unharmed. With this study, scientists say this compound produced by the bacteria inside Antarctic sea squirts can do exactly that, marking a significant milestone in cancer research.

In experiments conducted on mice, it was seen that the compound killed melanoma cells without causing serious harm to the rodents, making it a promising candidate for future drug development.

Even though it shows immense promise, the research is still in its early stages. Before the compound can be tested in people, scientists need to confirm that it is safe and effective in larger animal studies. Clinical trials on humans may still take a while.

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There is also a challenge of harvesting large numbers of sea squirts from Antarctica, as it would damage the fragile ecosystem. To avoid that, researchers are now working on creating the compound in the laboratory instead.

Despite encouraging results, it remains an experimental approach, and several years of research and clinical testing will be needed before it can become a trusted and proven therapy for melanoma.

Marine Animals’ Contribution In Cancer Treatment

Ecteinascidia turbinata, a colonial marine invertebrate, commonly called the golden sea squirt, has contributed to the development of Trabectedin, a chemotherapy drug, used to treat soft tissue sarcoma and ovarian cancer.

One of the significant cancer breakthroughs was due to sea sponges. They led to the development of Cytarabine, a chemotherapy medication that has been significant in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and certain lymphomas for decades.

Sea cucumbers contain natural substances that can slow the growth and spread of cancer cells. Although research is still in its early stages, the results have been promising.

Researchers also found a powerful anti-cancer compound called dolastatin in sea hares. It inspired targeted cancer drugs that deliver treatment directly to cancer cells while reducing harm to healthy cells.

For the first time, starting July 1, people in the US will be able to access GLP-1 drugs for weight loss through a new pilot program offered by the federal health insurance program Medicare.

Until now, Medicare covered GLP-1 medications such as Ozempic only for certain conditions like diabetes, but not for weight loss.

The new 18-month Medicare GLP-1 Bridge Program, which will run till the end of 2027, aims to make these high-cost weight-loss medications more accessible to eligible beneficiaries.

According to a KFF analysis of 2023 Part D enrollment data, an estimated 3.8 million Medicare beneficiaries could qualify for the program.

More than 70 per cent of adults in the United States are considered to have obesity or screen as overweight. Studies have proven that GLP-1s are an effective tool in weight reduction, as well as improving other markers of good health, such as blood pressure, lipid profiles, and blood sugar levels.

What Drugs Will Be Covered?

Eligible beneficiaries will be able to access the following GLP-1 weight-loss medications:

• Novo Nordisk's Wegovy injections and tablets
• Eli Lilly's Foundayo tablets
• Eli Lilly's Zepbound KwikPen

The medications will be covered only when prescribed for weight management and when beneficiaries meet the program's medical eligibility criteria.

Who Will Be Eligible?

The program is available only to certain members of Medicare Part D prescription drug plans who want to lose excess weight and maintain weight loss.

Although the program operates outside standard Medicare Part D coverage, beneficiaries can participate only if they are enrolled in:

• An eligible stand-alone Medicare Part D prescription drug plan under Original Medicare, or
• An eligible Medicare Advantage plan that includes prescription drug coverage.

People enrolled in certain less common Medicare plans, including the Program of All-inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE), may also qualify if they also have a stand-alone Part D plan, Washington Post reported.

According to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), most of Medicare's approximately 57 million Part D enrollees are in eligible plans.

However, coverage is not automatic. Providers and pharmacists will identify eligible patients, submit the required forms and obtain prior authorization before treatment can begin. Claims, prior authorization requests and pharmacy payments will be handled by Humana, while Part D plans will not be involved in the process.

How Much Will It Cost?

Eligible beneficiaries will pay a $50 monthly copay for the covered medications.

However, because the program operates outside Medicare Part D coverage:

• The $50 copay will not count toward a beneficiary's Part D deductible.
• It also will not count toward the 2026 Part D annual out-of-pocket spending cap of $2,100.
• The copay is not eligible for the Medicare Prescription Payment Plan, which allows beneficiaries to spread prescription drug costs throughout the year.

What Happens After 2027?

The pilot program is temporary and is scheduled to end in December 2027, unless it is extended.

"It's certainly good news for Medicare beneficiaries who have been essentially shut out of the market for GLP-1s for weight loss if they wanted to use insurance coverage. However, it is a temporary program. It is not a permanent change in Medicare coverage," said Juliette Cubanski, Vice President and Director of Medicare Policy at KFF.

If the program is not extended, beneficiaries who rely on the medications may have to pay higher out-of-pocket prices or discontinue treatment beginning in January 2028, which experts said could lead to weight regain based on current GLP-1 therapies, the Post reported.

A recent study has found that a modified form of vitamin B12 therapy may prove to be a new and promising way to treat glioblastoma, one of the most aggressive forms of brain cancer.

With limited treatment options, patients are usually treated with surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Usually, the chance of survival is not bright after diagnosis.

New Vitamin B-12 Compound Shows Promise In Glioblastoma Treatment

Published in the journal Oncoscience, the research study is based on nitrosylcobalamin (NO-Cbl), a vitamin B12-based compound that contains and slowly releases nitric oxide.

The main purpose of the study was to find out whether the vitamin B-12 compound could cross the blood-brain barrier, a protective layer that prevents many medicines from reaching the brain and directly targeting glioblastoma tumors.

The blood-brain barrier is one of the biggest challenges in treating glioblastoma, as it protects the brain from harmful substances, blocking many cancer drugs from reaching tumor tissue.

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About The Study

The researchers examined how NO-Cbl affected different types of cancer cells, particularly how it moved through the body of rats with glioblastoma. The results showed that NO-Cbl had an anti-cancer effect on several types of tumors.

Most importantly, the compound was able to cross the blood-brain barrier and accumulate inside glioblastoma tumors in animal studies.

Researchers also found that the compound remained active in tumor tissue for at least 24 hours, delivering nitric oxide directly to cancer cells without affecting normal tissues.

They also tested NO-Cbl in combination with two existing glioblastoma treatments: temozolomide, the standard chemotherapy drug for the disease, and TRAIL, an experimental cancer therapy.

In laboratory-grown glioblastoma cells, the combinations alleviated cancer cell growth much more effectively than any of the treatments used on their own.

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About Glioblastoma

A glioblastoma is a fast-growing glioma, a type of tumor that stems from glial cells, which protect nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.

Glioblastoma can occur at any age but is more commonly found in older adults. The average age at diagnosis is 64.

Public figures among those afflicted include former President Joe Biden's son, Beau Biden, who succumbed to this cancer in 2015. John McCain also passed away in 2018 due to glioblastoma.

According to the MD Anderson Cancer Center, around 12,000 glioblastoma cases are diagnosed in the United States every year. All glioblastomas are grade IV brain tumors, meaning they contain the most abnormal looking cells and are the most aggressive.

About 13,000 Americans are diagnosed with glioblastoma each year, accounting for almost half of all cancerous brain tumors, according to the Cleveland Clinic. More than 10,000 people in the U.S. will succumb to the disease every year, the National Brain Tumor Society reports.

In the light of limited treatment options for glioblastoma, this study is a ray of hope as it shows promise in slowing down the growth of cancer cells by overcoming challenges like treatment resistance.